Transliteration is the operation that consists of replacing each grapheme of a writing system a grapheme or grapheme group from another system, regardless of pronunciation. It therefore depends on the target writing system, but no tongue.

Transcription is the process consists of replacing each phoneme (this is called phonological transcription) or each sound ( phonetic ) of a language group or a grapheme grapheme a writing system. It depends on the target language, a single phoneme may correspond to different graphemes depending on the language question.

For example, the Russian letter transliterates (which illuminates not necessarily on its pronunciation), but is transcribed in French tch and ch in English (which matches the same sound, despite two different scripts).

More detailed definitions

Transliteration is the operation that consists of replacing each grapheme of a writing system a grapheme or grapheme group from another system, regardless of pronunciation. In other words, writing a word or text written with a system, in another writing system. The transliteration is to be lossless, so it should ideally always be possible, knowing the rules of transliteration, to reconstruct the original text from the transliteration. The two writing systems should be equipotent: a transliteration can be ambiguous and should be bijective. To achieve this objective, transliteration systems often define complex conventions for dealing with graphemes of the writing of origin with no obvious correspondence in writing of arrival.

Transliteration opposes this to the transcript, which substitutes for each phoneme (this is called phonological transcription) or each sound ( phonetic ) of a language group or a grapheme grapheme a writing system. More simply, it is writing to a particular system of words or phrases spoken. The transcript also aims to be lossless, so ideally it should be possible, knowing the rules of transcription, to reconstruct the original pronunciation from the transcript. For languages whose spelling is phonetic or phonetic equivalents (eg the Spanish or Vietnamese ), we can consider that the traditional text is a transcript.

The border between transliteration and transcription fades however when a transliteration system used as a starting point a purely phonetic writing system. For example, the Hanyu Pinyin can be simultaneously considered a transcription system of Chinese language and as a system of transliteration of bopomofo. In practice, there are also systems that combine transcription and transliteration, that is to say that transliterate a part of the original writing and the rest as they transcribe the pronunciation.

The romanization system is either a transliteration of a non-Roman script (like Cyrillic or Arabic ) to a Latin script or transcription in a Latin script of a language using non-Latin script. Some systems of romanization have a status of official standard national or international standards ( ISO ).

Uses

Languages can be transcribed in different ways, as in the example of China.

Common uses for the transcription and transliteration

Transcripts and transliterations can be used in a text note for terms from foreign languages not using the same writing system. Thus, languages using Latin script use different methods of romanization to rate the words Russian , Chinese , Japanese , etc..

Uses of transcription

In learning a foreign language, even when the target language uses the same writing system as the language of instruction, transcription is useful for setting the correct pronunciation in writing. For example, for a speaking learners of German , one could write Chteufleur to explain about the pronunciation of the name of the scientist Stffler.

For languages with writing systems logographic (which implies a very high number of graphemes, as in Chinese ), use of a transcript is very useful in teaching writing for children (this Transcription is a romanization, as Hanyu Pinyin used in China or not, as bopomofo used in Taiwan ).

Uses of transliteration

The stability of the resulting graph (via the regulatory standards such as ISO and GOST mentioned on this page) and the possibility of retro (find the original alphabet) intend to use the transliteration requires a rigorous treatment of the writing.

It is therefore preferred by libraries . Conversely, there is no codified system of transliteration from French into Arabic, Russian or Georgian.

It is also used in linguistic and philological research to a wider audience than specialists in the relevant language: types, descriptions intended for general magazines, etc. etymological research.

Different types of transcripts

Transcription depends often uses the language of the transcriber. For a given language, a francophone can transcribe the sound (in cats) by the digraph ch, while someone chooses sh English, German and Polish sz sch.

A transcript phonetics can be done using the International Phonetic Alphabet. It aims to represent the sounds as they are issued.

• We denote such a transcript in square brackets. For example, the French word priest is transcribed Examples

  Cyrillic

  Main articles: Transliteration of Cyrillic and Transcript from Russian into French.

  The best-known international standard for transliteration of Russian bears number ISO 9 . In its latest version (1995), the system maps each character Cyrillic Latin character unique, which makes transliterations perfectly reversible without any ambiguity.

  We can give a simple example of the difference between transliteration and transcription: either the surname ; it should be transliterated according to ISO Gorbav 9 (equivalence a unique character: while C must correspond to one and vice versa ), but will be transcribed Gorbatchof, Gorbachof or Gorbachev, according to the language of the transcriber (approximate phonetic equivalent taking into account the usages of the target language, here the French respectively , English and German).

  The ISO standard 9-95 (and related standards including GOST 7.79 - 2001 Russian) is applied in cases where you have to transcribe the unambiguous word or Cyrillic text in Roman characters, regardless of pronunciation , then to fill reconstitute without loss during computer processing or in libraries. The standard is not intended to substitute for the phonetic or be used to transliterate the names. It provides for the observance of traditional norms and aesthetic based on the phonetic and not necessary in the application fields other than the algorithmic processing of text (GOST 7.79 - 2001. Paragraph 4).

  The Russian standard GOST 7.79 - 2001 - System "B" departs significantly from the ISO 9 standard by adopting the two-letter phonemes instead signs diacritic .

  There are also other standards of transliteration of Russian into the Latin alphabet, which the ALA-LC and BGN / NCP .

  Greek

  Main article: Romanization of Greek.

  The transcript of the ancient Greek did not raise major problems: indeed, the Greek alphabet of the time was relatively ambiguous (a grapheme is most often a single phonetic interpretation) and a transcript will be very close to a transliteration. For example, " " may be transcribed and transliterated Gnothi seauton Gnthi seauton. The transliteration will just jump the accents and vowel quantities. You can find the original, even from a transcript blurred.

  The modern Greek is more difficult to treat. In fact, its pronunciation has changed , giving rise to a number of phonemes written in different ways as well as phonetic values of letters some very remote from our habits. One of the changes the most "embarrassing" is the iotacisme , which was to rule Hebrew

  Main article: Transcription of Hebrew.

  A code official transliteration of Hebrew into Latin characters was published in 1956 by the Israeli Academy of Hebrew .

  For example, one can cite the name "Joshua" (Hebrew: ), transliterated into y ^e HOSu `.

  False transliterations or translations?

  In the media messages, it is common practice a transliteration of representing roughly a foreign word in accordance with its fuzzy graph of origin. When the alphabet is already starting Latin , this false transliteration is most often abandoning the diacritics and other symbols do not exist in the language. The result is, however, read like a transcript but it sometimes has nothing to do with the pronunciation of departure.

  For example, the surname of a politician is made by Gorbachev. The Russian , normally written without umlaut (which is mainly used in textbooks; the surname is commonly written in Cyrillic ), here is pronounced .

  The case is very common with modified Latin alphabets, such as the Polish. Extended characters absent from the current keyboards are simply omitted, without, however, we adapt the spelling to better represent the actual pronunciation. Thus, the name of Pope John Paul II , Wojtyla (with an L, pronounced Transliteration in interpretation

  In the middle of the interpretation with the deaf or hard of hearing, the transliteration is the process of reproducing the sound message message visible on the lips for the benefit of deaf people who lip-reading practice. The term "oral interpretation" is also used to refer to transliteration.

  References

  1. Regeln fr die wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken in Alphabetische Katalogisierung (Instruktionen alaphabetischen Kataloge fr die Bibliotheken von der Preussischen May 10, 1899), 4. Nachdr., Leipzig, 1965.
  2. As in linguistic research in the lexicographical sources. However, the reference dictionary Chinese-Russian volume of IM in 4 Oshanin Related articles
     • Linguistics
     • Romanization (contains a list of major romanization)

     External Links

     The has entries for " transcript "and" transliteration ".
  • Introduction to Practical Romanization, Transliteration, transcription, on the site of the National Library of France
  • extensive standards of transliterations (English)
  • J. Page Poitou, University Lyon 2
  • Virtual Keyboard for 36 languages
  • Romanization standards used in the catalog Bulac

  Writing
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  Types of Writing	Alphabet Abjad Alphasyllabaire Syllabary sinogram Cuneiform Logograms Pictogram Braille Shorthand
  Domains	Typography Spelling Graphology graphematic Morphology

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