Language Aluku , the Ndjuka and Paramaka consists of three dialects, very close to each other and can be considered variants of one language. These are Creole -based English. The term commonly used by speakers to refer to the three variants is the neng (in Aluku and Paramaka; pronounced or the nengee (in Ndjuka) which is sometimes added "language". This language differs significantly from Saramaka and Sranan Tongo (Surinamese language) which are formed on a basis other than English. The term e-neng is preferable to that of taki taki , generally used to refer to all languages of the maroons , even Sranan Tongo Sranan or ('language of Suriname "in neng / taki taki). It is the language of Bushinengus ("men of the woods," men of the bush; neng from negro) and especially that of Bosch.

This language is known by the following alternative terms:

• aloukou or bonus for those of Aluku ;
• Ndyuka, Djuka, Aukan, okanisi to that of Ndjuka ;
• paramacca or Pamak (the latter is a self- ethnonym ) for Paramaka (cf. Paramaca for this variant).

These languages have five vowels, either short or long (eg fo "four" foo "bird") and sixteen consonants. Unusually in Creole languages, they also present a two-tone ( tonal language , examples: DII (high-low) "dear" opposes dii (low-high) "three") that play an important role to mark the denial. There are no proper adjectives verbs but adjectives. The name is invariable (gender or number) but may, if necessary, a definite or indefinite articles which mark the number. The construction of the possessive is done either by simple juxtaposition of possessor / possessed either by interposing between the fu possessed and the possessor (examples: a kownu Pikin; has Pikin kownu fu "king's daughter"). The verb is invariable but is often preceded by time marks, appearance or fashion. It is an SVO language.

Geographic distribution

In French Guiana , the Aluku speak on the Maroni (municipalities of Apatou , Papachton , Maripasoula River Lawa ) but also in towns ( Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni , "village Saramakas" in Kourou , Cayenne ), the Ndjuka in the town of Grand-Santi on the Maroni, in the Saint-Laurent- Mana , particularly on county roads between St. Lawrence and Mana (CD8, CD9 and CD 10) and the Paramaka: Islands Langa Tabiki , Bada Tabiki off of Apatou. Elsewhere in Guyana, is spoken in the Aluku Cottica giblets ( Suriname ), the Ndjuka Suriname, on the river Tapanahoni River and the river Cottica and by emigrants in the Netherlands while Paramaka is spoken on the shore Left of the Middle Maroni.

Number of speakers

• Aluku: about 5900 in Guyana;
• Ndjuka: about 14 000 in Guyana (more than double in Surinam);
• Paramaka: 2800 in Guyana (as in Surinam)

History

If Ndjuka and Paramaka are slaves of marronage who escaped early in the colonization of Suriname (then under British rule (until 1667), the Aluku were formed later (mid- ^eighteenth century ). The first two have signed peace treaties while Aluku, often in war, fled to French Guiana in the early ^nineteenth century.

Publications and media

There is a book interdialectal "including bonus (that is to say Aluku), and the Ndjuka Paramaka, which has been reissued: Lexicon and Grammar bushi-neng (commonly called takitaki), Mr. Bindault ( 1995). In 2002, four issues are published a weekly bilingual French-neng (e) A Libi fu Liba A, probably suspended from publication.

Notes and references

• IETF language code : djk-Pamak

See also

• Ndjuka (language)
• Paramaca (language)
• Language
  • language list
    • Languages by family
      • Creole languages
        • English-based creole (in)
          • English-based creole Guyana

• Language portal
• Suriname portal
• Guyana Portal

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