According Colpron anglicisms dictionary published in Quebec , can be classified into six categories anglicisms :

• Anglicism the semantics : this is the attribution to a word in a sense it has in English ( false friends ), or the literal translation of an idiom English;

  Domestic flight to domestic flight; definitely for definitely ("definitely"), "I'm sorry" to excuse me, "your honor" to "Mr. (or Madam) Justice."

• Anglicism the vocabulary : it is the borrowing of English words or phrases used as such;

  feedback (feedback, comments, appreciation)

• Anglicism the syntax : the layer of syntactic constructions unique to the English language;

  be empowered to (<in charge of): to be responsible for

• Anglicism the morphological : these are errors in word formation (gender, suffixes, etc.).

  assets of a company (<The Asset) assets

• Anglicism the phonetic : it is a mistake in pronunciation;

  percent (Canadian dollar) pronounced / snt / instead of / sn /

• Anglicism the graph: it is the use of a spelling or typographical following use Anglo-Saxon;

  job of the decimal point instead of comma and quotes ("") instead of French quotation marks (")

  use of capital letters to nouns as in: Association Most Beautiful Villages of France , the only exception to this rule is the capitalization of words making up a symbol : you write well SNCF SNCF rather, it preserves the capital when the symbol is explained, in deference to the reader.

Anglicisms in French

The use of French contemporary is marked by many anglicisms .

Do not forget that if the trend has reversed in recent decades, before the eighteenth ^century the English had taken over the French language than the other, which makes some of the current French were anglicisms of Gallicisms in English at one time (eg, obsolete). tiemble remember you talking about in Franglais? that the word manager comes from domestic, as our "housewife" and bluntly management (It should be in both cases ensure current affairs, manage a budget, delegate, etc.).

Many anglicisms used a century ago (we found in Alphonse Allais ) have fallen into disuse today or forgotten. Anglicisms latest as computer software or have disappeared, driven out by computer (more accurate, computer designating any type of computer, even analog) or software (which makes perfect counterpart to material ).

The number and frequency of anglicisms and speakers vary by area of specialty. Some fields are filled in, as the economy , but especially the computer. This is indeed subject to numerous borrowings from English (the jargon computer Anglo-American) as in the rest of world music is to Italian cuisine or fashion ... and the French, so the lingua franca of fact between the computer world is English. Moreover, most programming languages have a vocabulary derived from English, so that programmers have a natural tendency to think in English.

The French, however, helps to internationalize terms: Computers, neologism coined in 1962 by Philippe Dreyfus , was acclimated in Informatics in the late 1970s in the Anglo-Saxon, he unified the formerly compartmentalized disciplines therein respectively named Computer Science and Data Processing. Another good French neologism, telematics (appeared circa 1982), designating the synergy of IT and telecommunications, have caused or there compunication compucation (contractions of computer communication, 1 / communications between computers, 2 / telematics).

Many anglicisms have French equivalents. Their job is no longer motivated by a gap in the French lexicon, but the unification of the vocabulary used to facilitate the transmission of specialized knowledge without ambiguity and rapid change. So, in other areas such as zoology and botany , the use of Latin is generalized to name plants and animals.

Propagation anglicisms

Some French television journalists, whose function requires a mastery of French , however, introduce into it anglicisms . Lexical, syntactic or phonetic, these layers minds of viewers in a highly leveraged fashion that ensures their rapid acclimation in French, by the mere fact that these unusual terms and felt so great as new .

Acclimatization anglicisms

While some English words which have been in mass in the French in the eighteenth ^{and nineteenth} centuries have retained their original spelling, others over time have conformed to the habits of the French spelling. And "coat", which comes from riding-coat, "liner", which is packet-boat, and "bowling", which has a bowling green, in the examples cited by tiemble Do you speak Franglais? . It is also the case of "bowl," derived from bowl (spelled thus in 1826), "Partner" coming from partner (spelled that way in 1836) and "neurosis" resulting from neurosis .

In the twentieth ^century, the spelling is unchanged in most cases. In derived forms of borrowing, however, the French language is the rule:

• "Upgrade" (upgrade): adding the ending-er to upgrade
• "Mixing" (mixture of various sound sources): add the ending-age to mix
• "Dragqueenesque (transvestite, wild): added the ending-esque Dragqueen
• "Football" (soccer related): adding the ending-cations in football

The French Academy ensures that are affected neither the phonological system nor the morphology or the syntax of the French language. She believes that while some loans contribute to the life of the language, others are harmful, unnecessary or avoidable. The Academy is therefore working to make a selection by his dictionary and his warnings, as well as the role it occupies in the device for enriching the French language established by a decree in 1996 , and offers, in collaboration with the terminology commissions , French equivalents listed in the database FranceTerme , accessible to professionals and the general public via the Internet .

Anglicisms unfashionable

Sometimes the movement of the user sweeps out of the everyday discourse of English words in vogue lately. In The Adventure of French words from elsewhere, Henriette Walter provides examples of what she calls "anglicisms" cheesy "" : thus we no longer talk of "kids" and "teenagers" but of "children" and "Teen" (truncation of a good French word), take a "drink" is reminiscent of a bygone era and the adjective "smart" (meaning of "smart") has more course at all.

Policies Anglicisms in Belgium and Quebec

Anglicisms are more numerous in countries where French is in daily contact with English. This is the case of bilingual countries like Canada (especially Toronto , where we use very many anglicisms, especially in the fields of mechanics and construction), Belgium , where the government sometimes uses Anglicisms ( one hand, this avoids the use of Dutch or French words that might favor one or another community, on the other hand, some ministers are not proficient in another language well, English is supposed to enable them express themselves more easily).

In some parts of Quebec , the use of Anglicisms is common. But in a region where French is in constant interaction with English, but this use is declining, mainly because of language led a fight for several centuries. The creation of neologisms by the Office de la langue French (OLF) is common and their use is mandatory. For example, in a school production written in French, you write "email", not "email", or lose points .

Francophone countries create neologisms as they deem appropriate, particularly in information technology ( web to web, abbreviation of World Wide Web , e-mail to e-mail spam for spam, etc.).. An institution very active on the neologisms is the Quebec Office of the French language. However, experience shows that a translation is universally accepted that if properly chosen: before the (semi-) creation of the couple hardware and software, general purpose today, agencies had tried to impose IRONMONGER mentaille and apparently hastily modeled on hardware and software to be successful.

False anglicisms

Besides anglicisms can find what is called false anglicisms, that is to say lexemes taken in the English language (they have the spelling and pronunciation), but are not used in this way in the original language, so that some do not exist.

French examples:

• clay pigeon shooting clay pigeon shooting = (Brit.) or skeet shooting (Amer.)
• a = a male bluesman blues musician / singer
• = a blow dry blow-dry
• parking parking lot = a (Amer.) or a car park (Brit.)
• a = a tennis player tennis

Examples in German:

• ein handy = mobile phone (Brit.) cell phone (Amer.)

List of anglicisms common in French

Quality anglicism following examples is verifiable in the literature given in the bibliography. However, French is a living language, new anglicisms appear regularly. This list is not exhaustive.

• Semantic
  • make (<Realize / director): realize, notice
  • assume (<takes to) (in Canada): assume, suppose
  • initiate (<Initiate): begin, commence, inaugurate, initiate, implement ...
  • finalize (<finalize / finalize): complete, finish, polish, enter, put the finishing touches on
  • opportunity (<Opportunity): opportunity, possibility, prospect, chance, bargain
  • period (<delay) (in Canada): delay
  • Obviously (<Evidence) (Canada): evidence
  • Evidence (<proof): Demonstration
  • Alternative : Another option (in French alternative consists of two possible solutions)
  • Overall: For the world, global warming,
  • Digital (<Digital digit to mean "number"): Digital
  • contributor (<contributor): editor (a section of newspaper), associate (as a collective work)
  • patent (<patent): patent
  • benefit: cost (rent is what "makes" an investment in French, the first meaning of "benefit" is not in finance but rather the moral domain)
  • system (<System) network, set
  • Customs Tariff (<customs tariff): 1 / duty, 2 / Nomenclature
  • traffic (<traffic) circulation
  • education: teaching and even sometimes the word "school"
  • exciting (<exciting): exciting, "super", "brilliant"

"The anglicism kills anglicism": it may happen that he has any more reason to be because it becomes unnecessary to use force (eg 'system (s) of transportation "for" transportation ").

• Lexical
  • weekend (not in Canada): weekend
  • mailing (France): Direct Mail
  • email (France) email
  • challenger: 1 / applicant / claimant to the title; 2 / competitor, opponent, rival
  • charter (airplane) flight, as opposed to a flight that is not a regular flight
  • chat / chat: chat (behind a computer) or chat
  • checker (in Canada, France): (depending on context) to watch, check, monitor, (France) control
  • corner (football, soccer): wedge shot
  • dispatch (verb): to distribute, ventilate
  • Hoaxes: Hoax (used in the context of the Internet)
  • hype (in France): (noun fem.) hype, media frenzy, (adjective) connected, in the coup, fashionable
  • Leader: (if applicable) principal officer, Issue 1, boss, chief, leader, guide, figurehead, leader, lead horse (horse racing)
  • Low cost (used in apposition) at low cost, low-cost, low-end
  • manager (name): (if applicable) director, manager, manager, impresario
  • mug: bucket
  • news (in France): (the) information, (the) news, (the) new, (the) news (the) news, (the) echoes
  • Pipeline: 1 / (as appropriate) oil pipeline , gas pipeline; 2 / (computer) line instruction decoding
  • primetime (in France): prime time, early evening, early evening
  • smartphone: ordiphone
  • test: test, test, test (in French, means test "to his will")
  • toaster: toaster

• Syntactic
  • in charge (<in charge of): responsible, responsible
  • is under control (<under control) is controlled
  • make sense (<to make sense) (France, not Canada): having a sense
  • make sense (<to make sense) (in Canada) have a meaning
  • good morning (<good morning) (in Canada): hello
  • based (<based): 1 / (<based in) with an address, resident in, with its neighborhoods, having its registered office, located at; 2 / (<based on) based on, based on
  • be under the impression (<To Be Under The printing) (Canada): feel
  • Me, an actor ... (Quebec): Me, actor ... (useless article preceding a profession and in the case of apposition)
  • Kuwait City (also Panama City, Mexico City - cities where people speak Spanish) so that we can say and write in Kuwait (city) and Kuwait (countries), Mexico City and Mexico
  • our lives (<Our Lives): our life
  • have a green thumb (<To Have a green thumb) (in Canada): a green thumb
  • pay attention (<to pay attention) (in Canada): pay attention, pay attention
  • supposed to be (<To Be Supposed to Do) (Canada): supposed to be

• Phonetic
  • Israel decided I z instead of I rael rael ss
  • Anglicism pronounced Anglis z m instead of m ss Anglis

• Charts
  • Initial capital letters for names of months and days: March instead of March, Tuesday instead of Tuesday
  • Saudi Arabia: Saudi, Arabia
  • Cyprus: Cyprus (Latin Cyprus)
  • language: language
  • a, b, and c: a, b and c
  • Mr: M. (short for sir)

Anglicisms in other languages

German Anglicisms

• Sinn machen, haben: make sense (copied from English to make sense)
• computer: computer
• fair breast to be fair (in German gerechtfertig breast)

Chinese Anglicisms

The term "anglicism Chinese" refers to the incorporation of words, phrases and concepts in English and Chinese language should not be confused with the term "Chinglish", which means broken English or hesitant used by Chinese speakers.

We distinguish:

• Phonetic borrowing: for example the expression ( bash ) instead of the word "bus" because of the similarity in pronunciation;
• Anglicism the syntactic: it gives the phrase in Chinese word order of the English sentence;
• Anglicism the semantics: for exampleor(Network), used to make the word "net."

Spanish Anglicisms

In Spain , the adoption of English words is common in the economic and computer science, a phenomenon that purists are a very evil eye.

Some of these borrowings are included phonetically and even gave derivatives:

• boicot (boycott), which was formed the verb boicotear
• lder (leader), which was formed on the noun liderazgo
• estndar (standard), which was formed the verb estandarizar

Another type is the layer anglicism semantics, the process of integration and oportunidad which, under the influence of English Opportunity, to replace Ocasin.

Also the derivative of a word authentic (castizo), manufactured using a suffix - or cin - miento and tracing the English, as posicionamiento formed on posicin (layer positioning of English).

Finally the layer morphology (or crypto-anglicism) of translating the shape by its foreign equivalent Aboriginal and articulo-lider leader for product (flagship).

Finnish Anglicisms

Anglicisms Finnish fall into four types:

• Phonetic imitation,
• Layer lexical
• Layer grammatical
• contamination spell.

The official language rejects the use of Anglicisms, assuming that the Finnish language, spoken as written, has enough own resources. This does not include borrowings.

Computer jargon abounds phonetic imitation and svappi to "swap". Other areas are also affected music for teens, anticipating scientific games on display, fashion, cars and, to some extent, scientific specialties.

The lexical layer consists, for example take the phrase "killer app" (application designating a superseding all others like it) and make tappajasovellus, that is to say, literally a "killer application".

Some speakers, especially those frequented the English language, have created a layer of Finnish grammatical English pronoun "you" used with the meaning of an indefinite pronoun, as in the phrase "You can not live for ever" (No one does is eternal).

In Finnish, the elements of compound words are not separated except when they bear a symbol or a numeral, in which case the hyphen is required. The individualization of components by a space or a hyphen is an example of contamination of the English spelling.

Another example of contamination is the adoption of spelling English spelling even when the word is pronounced in Finnish. And "to chat (via keyboard chat, Thatcher) will be noted chattailla sttill instead of his pronunciation.

Italian Anglicisms

If we tried, under Benito Mussolini , to "purify" the Italian ruling out anglicisms and other "pollutants" of language, today it is no longer the case and English terms are adopted without adaptation, and in computer science:

• computer: computer
• Hard disk: disk
• Mouse: Mouse (computing)

Polish Anglicisms

Due to the increasing influence of English in the twentieth ^century and the twenty-first ^century, Polish has borrowed many words.

• The first loans have mostly concerned the terms of diving and sports:
  • kil (keel) (French: keel)
  • maszt (mast) (French: Mast)
  • krykiet (cricket) (French: Cricket)
  • Running (jogging) (French: running jog)

• The most recent loans are in competition with existing Polish equivalents and therefore are not accepted by all speakers:
  • meneder (manager) (French: an American manager, director, manager, agent) instead of kierownik
  • ATV (quad bike) (French: four-wheel motorcycle) instead of czterokoowiec
  • monitoring (CCTV) (French: Continuous monitoring, monitoring) in place of nadzor, Dozor
  • W czym Moge pomoc (How Can I Help You) (French: how can I help you?) Instead of W czym Moge suy

• Some anglicisms related to the advent of consumer society:
  • dyskont (discount store) (French: teaches at deflated prices)
  • market (supermarket) (French supermarket)
  • lajfstylowy (lifestyle) (French: lifestyle)
  • Marketing (marketing) (French: merchandising, marketing)

• In the fields of computing and networking, under English rule, lack of creative neologisms:
  • login (French: login, user name)
  • komputer (computer) (French: computer)
  • Monitor (French: monitor, screen)
  • czat (cat) (French: keyboard chat, chat, chat)
  • On-line (French: online, Internet)
  • Interfejs (interface) (French: interface)

References

Bibliography

• tiemble , Tell you Franglais?, Gallimard, 1964.
• Gilles Colpron, The Dictionary of anglicisms, Issue ^4, Beauchemin, 1998 ^(1st edition 1970)
• Maurice Pergnier, Anglicisms. Danger or enrichment for the French language?, Presses Universitaires de France, 1989
• Alfred Gilder, And if you speak French? Test on a universal language, foreword by Claude Hagege, Le Cherche Midi Editor, 1993
• Michle Lenoble-Pinson, and alternatives Anglicisms French, Duculot - De Boeck, 1994
• Henriette Walter , The Adventure of French words from elsewhere, Robert Laffont, 1997

Related articles

• Francization (a phenomenon linked to the cultural influence of civilization French)
• Anglicization (a phenomenon linked to the cultural influence of the Anglo-Saxon civilization)
• Franglais
• Denglisch
• Spanglish
• Layer
• Idiom
• Expression or political neologism
• False Anglicism

External Links

• Page on anglicisms Quebec put into perspective by comparison with those of French European
• French verbs derived from English and computer video games
• For a review of historical and etymological references anglicisms spent in the TLF (i) tracks and reflections
• Self on anglicisms by the University of Montreal (theory and exercises free)

• Portal Language
• French Portal