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Chevrons (<>) Hooks ( Eye of the apostrophe The apostrophe is shaped like a comma placed high. "Commas freed from gravity, which nailed on the baseline," says Jean-Pierre Lacroux , and, for example Lacroux, typographically, it does not exist . The apostrophe should necessarily be curved, but many fonts to represent it by a slash and, in cases where the bar is curved, the eye is frequently absent. Unicode segregates different eye and the apostrophe its various functions: sign typographical punctuation, diacritical mark or letter. He recommends using the quotation mark "" '(U +2019) as typographic apostrophe , . Patrick Andries, Unicode expert, made the same recommendation . Signs near the apostrophe  Correct representation of the various eye of the apostrophe and signs near There are several signs that, although close to the apostrophe, should not be confused with it. It is common for people employed in a typesetting less applied, the apostrophe instead of a half ring right in the transcription of Semitic languages. The use of an apostrophe "right" is not recommended because it exists for the transcription of these two languages consonants notes that the half-rings, one turned right and one left: the apostrophe right can no longer differentiate the two. Thus, In French The apostrophe In French , the apostrophe serves typographical sign marking the elision of final vowels a and e of certain words, and i in terms of the conjunction if followed by the pronoun it. The elision is when those words are followed by a word beginning with a vowel or h mute. Thus we have: the apostrophe + the apostrophe, the + bird bird, if it it + that + he / she she / he almost Isle + peninsula the + man man, + hotel hotel, hospital + hospital. With regard to the words beginning with h, it is necessary to know if it is silent or sucked. With words beginning with an aspirated h, the elision does not happen and therefore we do not use an apostrophe. Thus we have: the hedge, beans, haste, the owl, the cover, the hut, etc.. The apostrophe is a brand of comfort, both oral and reading. This practice, very common in French, applies only to certain words, mostly monosyllabic. words whose final vowel may be elided - Monosyllabic words: the, of, me, me, te, se, it does that, as the conjunction if, only when it is followed by the subject pronoun he.
- Other words and phrases: even when, as some, though, because no matter what, as (the) only.
The elision of the final silent e is not underlined by the apostrophe in other cases. We write because the kitchen is large and bright. Some words may not be preceded by an apostrophe The elision can not be made before: - eight, eight, eleven, eleventh, one (only when used as a name, number or a number). Thus, we have:
"A total of eight books - A package of eleven pounds - the one on this street - A one-liter bottle - the eighth - the eleventh day." An exception with the phrase "the eleven-hour broth" which can also be written: "the stock of eleven hours." The indefinite article a can be preceded by an apostrophe.
"She looked at him worried." - yes - "Millions" yes "
- Before words beginning with them followed by another vowel with which it forms a Additional examples
- the avalanche + avalanche - "The avalanche has killed five people."
- + the tree tree - "The little boy was hiding behind the tree."
- + coat on the coat - "The clothes he wore was beautiful."
- + I live I live - "I live in rue Lepic".
- + send me me - "Can you send me an email.
- as well + with - "He sees clearly only with glasses."
- up + where far - "How far will she? "
Other uses If uses other than elision are considered faulty, there is however anecdotally other uses. - There are still so archaic, with the function of a hyphen in words such as grandmother or much in the absence of elision. According to the good use of Grevisse Mauritius , the apostrophe can also be used as quotes , poetry .
- It was in the French typography XVII - late eighteenth century to replace an end by placing grave accent after a capital E: E 'is equivalent to.
English The apostrophe is commonly used to indicate letters omitted due to amussement : - in abbreviations , as gov't for government ("government");
- in contractions such as can not for cannot (can not) and it's for it is ("it") or it has (it has).
The most common use of the apostrophe, however, is related to the genitive English, which normally marks an ending -s added to the desired word. This suffix is separated from the word with the apostrophe, which plays a role demarcation morpheme (as in other languages): Oliver's army "Olivier + Difficulties The proper placement of an apostrophe in English, can significantly change the meaning of a statement. We take particular care to the following cases. The apostrophe in it's ("it" or "it has") marks a contraction of it is or it has well. The possessive (adjective or pronoun) its (his, her, "" his, hers, "when the possessor is neutral ) has no apostrophe. You might remember that there is no apostrophe in possessive pronouns history (male), hers (female) and its. Who's means "is" or "who." We do not confuse the possessive of who, Whose "with" / "who": the personal responsibility "Whose It Is Is The Oldest member who's (literally" the person whose responsibility it is the member who is the most old "). You're means "you Disappearance of the genitive-s-s after another When a name is used in the plural-s, the genitive does not take extra-s but the apostrophe is retained: lady's hat, "the hat lady" (singular) but ladies' hats, "(s) hat (x) ladies (plural). Irregular plurals-s are not normally constructed in the genitive: child's hat, "the hat of the child", children's hats, "(s) hat (x) of the children." A name ending in singular-s may not receive an additional s-genitive. Again, the apostrophe is retained: Jesus' parables ("the parables of Jesus"). This usage is most common in the United States of America, especially with the old names: Eros' statue (the statue of Eros "), Herodotus' book (" the book of Herodotus'). Modern names ending in-es (pronounced with / z / not / s /) sometimes follow this rule: Charles 'car (the car of Charles') while the standard that should be taught to write as Charles's. By extension, we also do the same with words ending in-x or-z. (At oral pronounced the 's, such as "Jesus'" is often pronounced / di: zss /.) There are irregularities, they found mostly in place names : if one finds London a St James's Park (James is a singular ending in-s) ago Edinburgh a Princes Street , which should be written with an apostrophe Princes as is plural; Tip To verify that an apostrophe is well placed, it should change the word order of sentence for the part before the apostrophe is the last word of the statement: - the boy's hats The Hats of the boy;
- the boys' hats The Hats of the boys.
Greengrocers' apostrophes (single quotes from the grocer) Misplaced apostrophes, especially with an "s" in plural, are named Greengrocers' apostrophes (or, ironically, Greengrocers apostrophe's), "the grocer's apostrophe" (literally, the "vendor of fruits and vegetables"), in Due to frequent occurrences believed to be erroneous on handwritten signs that can be found in their store, indicating potatoe's ("potato") or cabbage's ("cabbage"). In other languages and spelling systems Amussements other than the elision The amussement certain phonemes ( apocope and apheresis ) is marked with an apostrophe in Gaelic (where there are amussements mandatory and optional, as in English). For example, Gaelic Scotland : is thee! leam a bhith ag dannsadh 's Separation of the morphemes The apostrophe may be used to separate morphemes , especially in words felt like foreigners or specific. Thus, in Dutch , it can be used in some foreign plurals to separate the radical from the termination of plural irregular: foto's, taxi's. The method is found in Turkey : it is primarily used in proper names and plays a role here too separator (between the radical and suffixes). So often we find zmir'de wrote, "Izmir" instead of zmirde. We have also seen that English is sometimes even, in rare cases, however. Separation of syllables in the transcript In some transcripts , which pnyn ( Romanization of Mandarin ) and several transcripts of Japan ( Nippon-shiki , Hepburn , for example), the apostrophe used to clarify ambiguities in separating the syllables that would otherwise read in several ways polysyllabic words. For example, Changan pinyin spelling is ambiguous: does it read or chan gan chang year? The ambiguity disappears once one writes Chang'an, the apostrophe indicating the virtual separation between the two syllables and chang year. In fact, Changan should read chan gan chang year and is being characterized by the apostrophe (you do not write chan'gan). For Japanese, it is with the nasal moraque ambiguities which can be found: in that language, in fact, there is a spot for one more consonant and can not be in the final syllable and opposing simple nasal consonants exist in early syllable. In a polysyllabic word, the break between syllables is not always evident in the transcript and kan'i (three moras: ka + n + i) can be differentiated kani (two moras: ka + Ni) that we use the apostrophe. This detail becomes important when we know that the spelling in kana changes radically. For example, written kan'i while kani written ( hiragana ). Brand palatalization It is often used as the apostrophe, is a Latin spelling or in the transcriptions and transliterations , note the presence of palatalization. She is playing a role combining adscrit (the apostrophe does not normally placed on or under a letter in this case is a different kind of diacritical marks, as a decimal sub-or superscript). The case of the Slovak and Czech is significant: while the palatalization in these languages is usually indicated by the hacek , it is customary for printed text, replacing it with an apostrophe after the stem consonants, are t d, l and the capital L. This practice improves the readability but is not required with all letters, so we find the following pairs: - T ~ t glottal stop
In various spellings or transliterations and transcriptions, the apostrophe indicates a glottal stop ( glottalisation In international phonetic alphabet and spelling in Latin of certain African languages , the typographical apostrophe placed after a voiceless consonant indicates that it is a ejective. In some African languages (but not PLC in most common cases, where the letters are used to butt : / , /), it can also precede a consonant sound to indicate the character injective ; inversely , the spelling consonant + silent apostrophe is quite rare in African orthographies, glyphs with a character being preferred stock (, ). We must therefore consider here the apostrophe as a consonant (noting ultimately a glottal stop) as part of a digraph. Thus, API Draw In the traditional transcription of the Armenian , the left half-ring note that the aspiration of a consonant, often replaced for reasons of typographical convenience overthrown by an apostrophe curved symbol that is used exclusively for the same function in the transcription of the Chinese languages. Thus, the digraphs k or k 'is read Tone  Niaboua text with the high tone indicated with the apostrophe. In the transcription of certain African tonal languages (like the Angas , the Bete , the dan , the Godi , the Grebo , the Karaboro the Kroumen TEPO the muan the niaboua , the wan , the Wob , or Yaoure ) the apostrophe is used as a diacritic to indicate a specific tone. The character Unicode (U +02 BC modifier letter apostrophe) is preferred for apostrophe (U 0027) or '(U +2019). By Grebo, niaboua, and Wob Yaoure, double apostrophe (U +02 EA modifier letter double apostrophe) is used to indicate the high tone and differentiate it from your mid-top, shown with the simple apostrophe. In mathematics and physics The right apostrophe is often used to represent the sign Mathematical premium , the symbol of the measures in feet (in competition with ft) and minutes of arc A '(or A' ideally) would read "A prime" and 12 '(or 12, ideally) is "12 feet" or "12 minutes of arc. However, it should not be used for minutes time (abbreviated as min). Unicode, however, provides a distinctive character (see below in the table: # Encoding apostrophe ). Some scientific computing software know how to interpret the apostrophe right as a bonus. And Mathematica (but not Maple ) reads f 'as the derivative of f (this only works if f is a function of one variable). In computing | name | glyph | Unicode | codePage 1252 | MacRoman | Feature HTML |
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| single quote or apostrophe ( ASCII ) | Oo 'Oo | 0027 U = 39 | 0x27 = 39 | 0x27 = 39 | | | quotation mark | Oo 'Oo | U +2019 = 8217 | 0x92 = 146 | 0xd5 = 213 | ' | | modifier letter apostrophe | Oo Oo | U +02 BC = 700 | | | | | modifier letter turned comma | Oo Oo | U +02 BB = 699 | | | | | modifier letter reflected comma | Oo Oo | U +02 BD = 701 | | | | | modifier letter right half ring | Oo Oo | U +02 BE = 702 | | | | | modifier letter left half ring | Oo Oo | U +02 BF = 703 | | | | | vertical line modifier letter | Oo Oo | U +02 C8 = 712 | | | | | combining comma above | Oo o oo | 0313 U = 787 | | | | | combining comma above right | Oo o oo | 0315 U = 789 | | | | | Armenian apostrophe | Oo Oo | A 055 U = 1370 | | | | | quotation mark tumbled | Oo 'Oo | U = 2018 8216 | 0x91 = 145 | 0xD4 = 212 | ' | | quote semicolon less | Oo Oo | U +201 A = 8220 | 0x82 = 130 | 0xE2 = 226 | , | | quote-comma tumbled higher | Oo 'Oo | U +201 B = 8221 | | | | | comma | Oo Oo | U +002 C = 44 | 0x2C = 44 | 0x2C = 44 | | | grave accent (flush) | `Oo oo | 0060 U = 96 | 0x60 = 96 | 0x60 = 96 | | | acute accent (flush) | Oo 'Oo | U +00 B4 = 180 | 0xB4 = 180 | 0xAB = 171 | ' | | premium | Oo 'Oo | U = 2032 8242 | | | ' | | Premium Reflective | `Oo oo | U = 2035 8245 | | | |
- Note: The codes are identical to the Unicode code ASCII to 127, identical to the codes and ISO 8859-1 to 255.
Unicode recommends the use of quotation mark (U +2019) to represent the apostrophe . The single quotes are used in many computer languages to delimit strings. In some languages, the single and double quotes are equivalent. Thus we can unambiguously surround a string with double quotes single quotes and vice versa, without using an escape character. This is for example the case of languages with this syntax XML as XHTML :
<img src = alt ='cui cui.jpeg' "l'oiseau" />
Some languages distinguish between a single character and a string. In this case, the simple characters are surrounded by single quotes and strings in double quotes. Example in C language , which displays "ABCD":
putchar ('A');
puts ("BCD");
Of scripting languages use single quotes to enclose strings, double quotes to enclose strings that undergo interpolation of variables, and the grave accent to enclose strings that are replaced by the output of the computer control to contain. For example, the script Unix shell following:
A = `date` # A is the result of the date command
echo 'date: A'
echo "date: A"
Poster:
date: A
Date: Fri, 31 December 2004 7:39:43 p.m. CET
The single quotes are used to mark typographic emphasis in syntax wiki software MediaWiki. Thus, surround a word with two apostrophes puts it in italics , the three represented in bold : ''italique'' italics, '''gras''' bold. Uses quotation marks in computer languages | Types of quotes | Languages |
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| Single and double quotes equivalents | SGML , XML , JavaScript | | single quotes for characters, double chains | C , C + + , OCaml | | single quotes for strings, double variables to interpolate | PHP | | single quotes for strings, double interpolate variables, grave accent for orders | Unix Shell , Perl | References
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