History European settlement in the Northern Territory took place over a period of about forty years. This colonization moved permanently from 1870, notes the arrival of the English language on the spot, but the Chinese language. To communicate between these two groups and the local Aborigines, a pidgin developed throughout the territory. From 1900, pidgin Northern Territory: "Northern Territory pidgin English" (NTPE) spread and was well understood (understand that nobody spoke pidgin as their first language, a pidgin can become a language only with the evolution language).
For the Northern Territory Pidgin is creolised, so the language can adapt to become a language speakers and 100% independent, a new linguistic community should develop in the future of the language area. The first place where this process has been done is the Roper River Mission (Ngukurr), where the points of settled farming, as well as residential areas.
During this period relations between indigenous and European origin populations have been strained, the colonists spoke of "war of extermination" ("war of extermination"), the Aborigines had to bravely defend the heart of their land. Anyway, the land could be seized by settlers when a company specialized in the breeding took control of much of the region. The settlers were more determined to seize the lands of indigenous conducting expeditions.
The European settlement and land grabbing have particularly weakened the indigenous population, which is a major factor in the development of the Creole, the effect radical social change has been accompanied by large communication difficulties.
The second condition for the development of the Creole was the creation of a new linguistic community, which appeared when the Anglican missionaries established a refuge for Aborigines in the region of Roper River in 1908. This led to what gather about 200 people from eight different indigenous peoples, who thus spoke different languages. Even if adults were multilingual children, because of frequent meetings or rallies around ceremonies, had already acquired a new language. Pidgin language of the Northern Territory. During their lives, these children, first born of the new community, were involved in development of pidgin as a language in itself.
Although relations between missionaries and Aborigines were friendly, they are not the same missions that were behind the development of Kriol. In fact, they tried to introduce the English language standard as usual mission. The children used "colonial" in class, and English was the language to speak to the missionaries.
The Kriol has really blossomed. It is truly a Creole because Kriol became a mother tongue for a number of its speakers, it has been a cultural appropriation, using the encounter of two worlds traditions differentiated and used to both of the two linguistic basis "Koori (aboriginal name of Aborigines, which means" human being ") and European.
The Kriol was not recognized as such as a language until the 1970s, mainly because of the "academic" language, which disdained what he considered an "incorrect form" of English rather than real language.
Varieties of Kriol
-The Kriol is particularly widespread in the region of Katherine , but there is little difference between varieties of Kriol spoken in some regions and Kriol speakers prefer to refer to their language by using the local name. Anyway, the point of view of the Kriol language varieties are very close. There is debate on the differentiation of varieties of Kriol names, to show different social meaning of language or even that these varieties should rally behind the banner "Kriol". These differences are not very important: Mari Rhydwen compares this debate that are the varieties of British English, American and Australian.
The Kriol-Roper River (Ngukurr) is also spoken in Barunga and the Daly River region. The speakers speak a variety quite intelligible to Creole, but speakers of the Daly River region do not consider themselves speakers of Kriol. There is the question of whether these varieties should be seen as differentiated forms of Kriol in order to strengthen the identities of the regions or whether the varieties should be seen as the Kriol and thus have a better opportunity to create programs for bilingual education.
Kriol Baibul: first complete translation of the Bible
On May 5, 2007, the first complete edition of the Bible into Kriol was officially launched in Katherine in the Northern Territory. This is a significant advance in the consolidation of literary language as mother tongue, translation began in 1978. Over nearly 29 years, a team of native speakers in language Kriol led by the Reverend Canon Gumbuli Wurrumara and specialists from the Society for Australian Indigenous Languages (SAIL English) worked to produce this edition of the Bible-which is the first example of Australian Aboriginal language Bible. The translation was a joint project of the "Bible Society, the Association of Lutheran Bible Translators," the "Church Missionary Society, the Anglican Church, the association of" Wycliffe Bible Translators' and SAIL.
Current issues
The problem faced by many communities in northern Australia is that children are considered Creole if they spoke English, but a "bad English" so they do not receive an education with English as a second language. On the other hand, the fact that we do not perceive as having a creole language, they are denied access to education in their traditional language.
The only federal official bilingual Australian Kriol is at Barunga, which was built during the primary Department of Gough Whitlam from 1972 to 1975 and has successfully introduced the Kriol as a means and object of study. The Australian federal government funding is too low for further development programs in Kriol. Although Kriol is widely spoken (for aboriginal language), the transition is written at a minimum, with the exception of the Bible. This is in addition to the low literacy rate in Kriol, the same goes for literacy in English, this means that the traditional myths are not recorded in written form. What may happen is that people in Ngukurr must rely on the texts of Barunga, which can lessen the distinction of identity between the two language groups. In any case, indigenous cultures have no tradition of implanting in the writing, then the lack of written versions of texts can be understood as part of the oral nature of storytelling among Aborigines.
The Lord's Prayer in Kriol
Dedi langa hebin, Neim yu im countless haibala in melabat wandim enibodi nomo yu garra yusum nogudbalawei Neim.
Melabat wandim yu garra kaman in jidan bos langa melabat, ola in melabat wandim Pipul iya langa ebri Kantra irrim yu garra wed in teiknodis langa yu laik seimwei olabat dum deya hebin langa.
Melabat Askim yu Blanga gibit melabat daga Blanga tudei Dagat.
Melabat larramgo fri detlot Pipul hu ting dumbat nogudbala melabat langa, melabat in Askim yu Blanga larramgo melabat of fri.
Melabat Askim yu nomo Blanga larram enijing testimbat melabat countless adbalawei, in yu nomo larram Seitin deigidawei melabat brom yu.
Ol detlot ting yu na melabat Askim, Dedi, dumaji yu bos ola in pawa kaman brom yu in yu na det countless shainiwan milk in melabat kaan lukbek enibodi langa. Langa oni na yu.
Amin.
Notes
References
- (In) This article is partially or entirely from the article in English entitled " Australian Kriol language "(see the list of authors )
- Harris, John (1993) Gaining and Losing a language: the story of Kriol in the Northern Territory. In Walsh, M & Yallop, C. (Eds) Language and Culture in Aboriginal Australia, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra.
Related articles
External Links
Template: Languages of Australia
(1 votes, average: 4.00 out of 5, rated)
Loading ...