Phonologically, the Bavarian has a, and three degrees of aperture / a /:

• is the classic / a / Mid-closed-specific French (dunckles / a /)
• a is the / a / median (Mittlerer / a /)
• and is the / a / half-open (Helles / a /) from / e / grave accent of the Old High German or (/ a / umlaut ). It says so in the Bavarian / laa / instead of / leer /, / Rdl / instead of / Rdchen /.

These are three phonemes discriminating (and Hungarian has the same distinction).

The "/ a / umlaut" appears in the formation of the diminutive of the words-or-al.

Below are some examples of vowel:

Aperture from / a / and tonic accent

Has not placed under the main stress is always half-open, and we do not notice this at the opening mid-written by an accent. This applies, for example, the indefinite article is never pronounced and has terminated (eg the plural of nouns and comparisons). In other words, stress tends to close the aperture of the / a / whatever. In some words, emphasis on strong / a / Pronunciation of place names

All place names ending in-ing or from a radical-a-must be imposed if necessary with a half-open. Thus we say Plattling (not Plattling *) and Gchinger (instead of * Garching) and Gmisch (instead of * Gmisch), but Graz (not * Graz - the city of Graz was named the Middle Grtz age, hence the / a / Mid-Open).

Distinguished from the sound o

he open and closed

Diphthong

Bracket historical evolution of its ei

Consonants

occlusive

Fricatives

Sonantes

glottal stop

Grammar

Morphology

The Article

In Bavaria, the nouns are divided according to their kind. Gender is usually not recognizable name itself, but the definite article that accompanies it:

The definite article referring to the feminine singular,-, often likened to its original name that follows him: before he became t'-f-, h-, s-, z-, B'-before-b , m-, p-and G'-before-g,-k. For example:

F before it can also become p'-: p'Frau.

Instead, the a href = "% C3% Article_ind A9fini" title = "Indefinite article"> indefinite article is identical for all three types in nominative (case of the grammatical subject). Unlike high German , Bavarian knows also indefinite article for plural (as in French):

In basilect , the a year before becoming a vowel. Bottom-Bavarian indefinite article in plural approaches of his oi, in Carinthia donkey and the definite article always has the vowel (de, never-)

The article in Bavarian declines. Most nouns have lost the kind of case, the mark of the event is focused on the article.

The noun

The noun belongs to the Bavarian words with inflection, the main characteristic being the genre , as in other Germanic languages, which is hardly dependent on the designated object, so it must be learned for each word.

Gender of a noun

The grammatical case of a noun is marked by the article (see above). In most cases, the gender of a noun Bavarian is the same as the corresponding word in High German. There are some exceptions:

* In Bavaria, "der Paternoster" (rare) is also masculine.
** This change, based on the fact that the Latin words in-us and the German words in-er are almost always male, shared with the Bavarian High German and Bavarian slang and High German in everyday language.
*** Especially in the usual expressions "jeds Monat" (jeden Monat each month), "nchste Monat (nchsten Monat next month)," letzte Monat (letzten Monat last month), but never for names of months: Monad da Mai (May).

The plural

The Bavarian has retained three of the four German cases: nominative , dative and accusative. The last two coincide in part. The genitive in expressions that are frozen. As in High German , the noun is rarely declined, but the case appears through the article. There are several classes of variation that stand out mainly in the case of plural: a rough classification can be made between the low declination (or class N) and declination strong (or Class A).

Weak nouns

Weak nouns usually end in-n in the plural. Many women already weak ending with-n in the singular. The plural form is either identical to the singular, is obtained by adding a-a (by analogy with the strong nouns). The men have a weak ending to the singular in all cases except the nominative, generally-n (and the plural in-n also).

Among the nouns small (W1) include the masculine and feminine ending-n in the plural, and all women with the plural ending-an (mostly ending in singular-ng, the vowel is epenthetic ay. All male and neutral with the singular end in-i also fall into this class. Many nouns corresponding High German , however, are strong.

Strong nouns

In the case of high variation, there is no termination stating the case. The only change is the sudden the word number, ie the difference between singular and plural. There are several ways to mark the plural. The strong and neutral men use the ending-a, which comes from the ending-er of the Middle High German and is still used in High German Modern. However, there are words that also belong to this class (with a plural-a) I never owned a plural in-er. The feminine plural is often built with the ending-an, as for example the word Endung (termination) itself: o Endung, zwoa Endungan.

We can separate nouns into several classes according to their plural. The most common options are the umlaut or suffixation, both of which can also be combined. For termination of the plural, one finds-n (low declination), and has, for the Umlaut, there are several variants:

The examples above illustrate the classes 1 and 2 strong nouns, whose trademark is an umlaut in the plural. Class S1 does not have another plural marker that umlaut (no termination). Found in this class only male and female. Class S2 is marked by the umlaut and the ending-a. You can find a few men in this class and many neutrals.

Class S3 contains all the masculine, feminine and neutral without umlaut in the plural and with the ending-a, here the most feminine ending in singular the ending-n from the origin of the dative. Some men whose root ends in a vowel have the ending-na in plural:

The last class consists of strong S4 the plural nouns, eg Fisch (masc; fish) and Schafer (neutral sheep). In some dialects the plural of these nouns are expressed by a lengthening or shortening of the vowel. This class contains mainly male and neutral. All women in-n which historically belong to the class of low susbtantifs, may also be classified here, as their plural is not marked 'ntn - ntn "Ente" (duck). These women are changing, however, to the S3 class with a plural-a (see example Ein "Eule" above).

There are also some irregular plurals:

The following words exist only in the plural: Leid (Leute, people), Hian (Hhner, poultry), Fiacha (das Vieh, livestock).

Declension of the noun

In standard German, all men have a weak ending for all cases except the nominative, but it is common to omit the language spoken. In Bavaria, this trend is much stronger and only a few weak men retain their endings, eg 'Has "Hase (hare) and' Bua 'Knabe, Junge (boy):

Baua, "Bauer" (farmer), Debb, "Depp" (fool) and others are available as Has. The word Rab, "Rabe" (Raven) is available as Bua: for all cases except the nominative,-m takes the place of b in the root-Ram. The plural Rama is rare.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Like many Slavic and Romance languages, the Bavarian has for some of the personal pronouns form a full and contracted forms ^{(1st and} 2nd person singular dative; ³ rd person singular and plural in the accusative). There are also comparable to the German "Sie", a form of politeness used in direct discourse.

* These forms "sound less" Bavarian.

When the combination of personal pronouns in that contract-s, we insert the vowel-a-. Unlike the German, there are several possible arrangements. One can also have multiple meanings. Here are some examples:

Note: s (e) ("sie") in (1.a) and (1.b) is as ambiguous as the phrase in German ⁽³ rd person feminine singular ^or 3rd person plural.

Possessive pronouns

The possessive pronouns have the singular endings for the three different types, unlike the plural when we have the same ending. For example, the Bavarian Meina, which corresponds to German "Mein". It comes this way:

Deina pronouns and breast comes in the same way. Iara pronoun ("ihrer") is modeled as the standard German Bavarian initially used the pronoun Seina also for female owners.

Indefinite pronouns and interrogative pronouns

Indefinite pronouns koans ("keiner" in German) and oana ("einer") are available as possessive pronouns above. As in German, these pronouns can be combined with iagad-("irgend-).

It was also the indefinite pronouns Ebba, Ebbs ("jemand, etwas", someone, something) that exist in the singular and are as follows:

These pronouns do not differ by gender.

Wea interrogative pronouns, WAS ("wer, Was" which, what) are available:

Conjugation of the verb

The Bavarian has only one time simple present. All other times are made. Like fashion, there are more indicative of the need and the subjunctive (Konjunktiv) which corresponds to the subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II) standard German.

Code

As in German, the prefix is a mode of reality. It is formed by adding different endings to the root of the verb and is usually quite close to the German code. Plural endings differ in part from the German. The endings are the same for strong verbs (irregular) and weak verbs (regular). Here, for example conjugations in the present indicative of macha (machen, do) and breccia (brechen, break):

* See the next paragraph.
** It should be noted that in some regions (eg Carinthia ), the German-t for third person plural is preserved. In Swabia it is the plural ending for all persons (mia, ia, if machet).

The first person plural, there is also a newer form that is most frequently used, except in the last sentence in a subordinate clause where this form is grammatically incorrect: the ending-an is replaced by the ending-ma, this giving Machme here. The origin of this form is explained below under historical parenthesis.

However, there are verbs that deviate from this pattern because their root ends with-g or-b. The usual termination of the infinitive,-n, respectively then becomes ng-or-m. We then have a change of root for the declination, as in leng (legen, posing little verb) or gem (geben, giving, strong verb):

For strong verbs with-e in their roots, it was more a change of vowel in the singular,-e becomes-i, also in first person (unlike German, where this change does that intervenes for the second and third person singular). Is added by no Umlaut cons: st Schlagt (German: first Schlagt).

Imperative

The need exists in Bavaria, as in German or French as the second person (singular and plural) and the first person plural and the polite form (which is in French but in the second person who German and Bavarian is combined as the third person plural). The imperative is built according to the following rules:

• for the second person singular, we use the root word without ending with a vowel change as in the present tense for verbs strong. It does not use personal pronoun subject: mach!, Fr!, Kimmie!, Gib!, ..;
• for the second person plural is added to the root termination-ts, which corresponds to the shape of the present indicative. The use of the personal pronoun is optional: machts!, Fart!, Kemter!, GEBTA! ...
• first person plural, we use the present indicative form which ends in-a. The use of the personal pronoun is optional: Machme!, Farm!, Kemmer!, Gema! ...
• for the form of politeness is added - (a) n to the root. Furthermore, the use of the pronoun is the time required in its contracted form - 'S: Machan'S!, Farn'S!, Keman'S!, Gem'S! ...

Auxiliary

The Bavarian uses three auxiliary verbs: sei be), ham have) and doa (n) do). In standard German, the three auxiliary breast, haben and werden.

sei be)

* These forms are rare.
There are also many forms and samma hamma in the indicative and the subjunctive wama and wradma. The past participle is gwen.

ham have)

The past participle is also ghad ghbt or in certain regions.

doa (n) / dua (n) / Dean / Diane how)

It exists to doa (n) many regional variants. The vowel of the root can vary from-oa-/-ea-(mostly in the mid-west Bavaria),-ua-(rather in the dialects of the east) and-ia-(Tyrolean). Moreover, a-n can be added to the infinitive in certain regions.

* These forms are rare and there is a variant in which the-d is replaced by-a-r-i Darada, etc..

Irregular Verbs

Some frequently used verbs are subject to irregularities, including:

ge hiking)

STE standing)

Modal verbs

Past

Present participle

Adjectives

Variation of the adjective

As in German, the adjective epithet position is declining. The variation depends on whether the adjective accompanies a noun with definite article or indefinite. Declination indefinite applies when the noun is adjective (that is to say employee himself as a noun). The following tables illustrate these two forms of the adjective Deutsche (German in French), to which we add the with the exception of neutral singular :

In position attribute of the subject , as always in German, adjectives are invariable:

Comparative and superlative

In Bavaria, the suffix-a is used to form the comparative. In some cases, the radical is also changed: added umlaut , vowel change or the final consonant. The variant western Bavarian way provides the following examples:

The shape of superlative varies by region: while sometimes used a form similar to the suffix-st in German, in other cases it is the comparison that will be used in place of superlatives. Thus, the phrase "Max Mller is the largest of twelve children. "(German" Max Mller ist der grte der zwlf Knaben ") results in Bavaria by the following variants:" Vo zwif Buam Is Da Max Mller Gressan am (comparative) / am gretn (superlative) / or more rarely d grete / da Gressani. "

Alongside this construction of the superlative (called weak), there are also some strong adjectives flexion:

Adverbs

In Bavaria (but not in standard German), we differentiate adverbs adjectives from which they are formed by adding the ending-a or-e. For example:

Koide schmeggt of Besse. - Das schmeckt kalt besser. (It's better cold.)
Fast httn's'n lewad has eigrm. - Fast Hatten sie ihn lebendig eingegraben. (They would almost buried alive.)
A NA dreggad has kimmstma ned ins Haus! - So dreckig kommst mir nicht ins Haus of! (You will not get so dirty with me!)

Numbers

Numbers in Bavaria ending for most in-e. They are invariable and do not decline. Oas for the number 1 is an exception.

The numbers often contain unusual succession of consonants, which make them difficult to pronounce for a speaker that is not the native language. Here is a list of most important numbers:

The numbers are substantivized Bavarian male, contrary to standard German as they are feminine:

Morphosyntax

Prepositions

Usage of prepositions

Disappearance of prepositions

Locations and directions

Bracket historical clitisation in Bavaria

Syntax

Word order

Construction Alternatives

Glossary

Greetings

The Bavarian has a large variety of shapes to greet or take leave. Here are the most important of them:

Note: Although "Enk" corresponds to "you" plural, it is sometimes used as a form of politeness (reported and written by the capitalization).

Vocabulary specific

Week

The names of days listed below are far removed from standard German. They were indeed influenced by the Gothic , another Germanic language now extinct. However, they are endangered and are still used in rural areas. Many speakers do not know Bavarian indeed not.

Word formation

Verbal Particles

Names Collective

Diminutive

Writing Bavarian

The Bavarian is often written (by poets or musicians), some writing conventions have emerged, which were used in this article. Often a spelling close to that of standard German is used, although the pronunciation is different. Here are some tips on pronunciation and writing conventions used:

• The r after a vowel, with the exception of a, and before a consonant (also at the end of a word) is usually a semi-open (). Some Bavarians pronounce sometimes strongly rolled r after o or u.
• The r after a, before a consonant, is often spoken on the contrary, and in this case strongly rolled, as it is before or vowel. This also applies at the end of a word.
• Unstressed-er is pronounced as a semi-open but shorter.
• Concerning a and its variants, refer to section # Phonology above.
• and e are pronounced as in German ( in French) and i like, even if linguists noted slight differences.
• Ai and oi is pronounced roughly like English have it in bread.
• ei is pronounced as in German (about ouch) with sometimes a slight deviation to him.
• g before f, s and sch is pronounced k. gh consistently pronounce k ghabt, ghitn and so on. As an anecdote, this is also valid in the word Jo gh urt. For this reason, writing Jogurts (both spellings are in German) seems strange to many Bavarians.

Literature

• (Of) Ludwig Merkle , Bairische Grammatik (Heimeran Verlag, Munich 1976 )
• (De) Karl Weinhold , Bairische Grammatik ( Berlin 1876 )

References

• (De) This article is partially or entirely from the article in German entitled " Bairische Sprache "(see the list of authors )

See also

Internal Links