Boris Yeltsin
Boris Yeltsin
Mandates
1 stPresident of the Russian Federation
25 December 1991 - 31 December 1999
Election	25 December 1991
Re-election	3 July 1996
President of the Government	Yegor Gaidar Viktor Chernomyrdin Sergei Kiriyenko Yevgeny Primakov Sergei Stepashin Vladimir Putin
Predecessor	Job Creation
Successor	Vladimir Putin
Chairman of Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR
29 May 1990 - 25 December 1991
Election	29 May 1990
Predecessor	Vitaly Vorotnikov
Successor	Replacement by the President of Russia
Biography
Date of Birth	1 February 1931
Place of birth	Boutka ( USSR )
Date of death	23 April 2007 (76 years)
Place of death	Moscow ( Russia )
Nationality	Russian
Party	CPSU (prior 1990) Independent (after 1990)
Spouse	Nana Yeltsin
Children	Tatiana Diatchenko
Occupation	Politician Russian
Signature
Presidents of the Russian Federation
change

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin Yeltsin or ^Youth

It is the first of three children and Klaudia Vassilyevna Ignatievich Nikolai Yeltsin, a man who, in education, believed that the hard way. He has a difficult childhood in a family concerned with survival. In 1935 , Boris Yeltsin's father moved the family to Beriozniki , and he becomes a worker at the construction site of an industrial complex. The family knows the discomfort and promiscuity, sleeping on the floor of the single room she occupies in a wooden hut. Child, Boris Yeltsin is a bustling energy that is to be elected class representative for all studies. Academically, he never knows difficulties. During the war, he steals two grenades RGD-33 in a military depot, and blew them lost two fingers of your left hand (thumb and forefinger). Boris is a fighter. He keeps his nose boxer battles left by a stick.

In his autobiography, All the way!, He said that, very young, he had to fight against stupidity and wickedness. Upon his graduation graduation, the party in full swing and Boris to speak. Followed by teachers, parents and students, he accuses the teacher of primary school sadism. The school principal, shocked, decided to withdraw his degree, a gesture which automatically closes the doors of all schools of the Soviet Union. The young Boris challenging the decision so much so that an inquiry into the work of the teacher and principal that pays him his diploma. The teacher, she is returned. By this time the young Yeltsin passion for several sports, but the volleyball wins. He became champion at regional level.

The teenager Yeltsin was fascinated by ships. He made a request to enter the construction section of the Polytechnic Institute of the Urals in Sverdlovsk. Parallel to his studies, he is part of the team's first division volleyball in the city. This division was composed of the twelve best teams of the Soviet Union. From this period, says Boris Yeltsin, that he has the habit of sleeping only four hours a night. He must travel around the country to compete in volleyball, which requires him to fly his sleep for his studies. Overworked, the teenager died of a heart condition. To graduate as an engineer, Yeltsin wrote a memoir on the TV towers. In 1955 , the topic was blank, which forced him, he says himself, to make all plans and calculations.

Boris Yeltsin in September 1955 this factory heavy construction pipe where it was assigned. He spends a year learning the practice of 12 specialty construction. Completed this year, the young worker feels ready to become a foreman. Immediately appointed, he began to make war on the wing, which are used for construction workers. Boris Yeltsin was always presented as a practical man.

While he leads a team of prisoners, the young foreman decides to pay them a salary based on merit rather than their usual salary. His method of calculation ensures that the wages of inmates decreased by more than half. An inmate arrives at his office armed with a hatchet and the amount of restoring the old order of pay. Boris Yeltsin refused. The inmate threatened to kill him, but the foreman yells at him to fuck off. What the other, completely baffled, because on the spot. From 1956 to 1963, Boris Yeltsin held after the foreman, the positions of foreman, chief engineer, then chief executive of the construction of a complex of public works. Meanwhile, he joined the Communist Party in 1961.

Member of the Communist Party

It adheres in 1961 to Communist Party of the Soviet Union and became in 1969 the official party. Yeltsin led from 1977 section of the party of Sverdlovsk Oblast, in which capacity he will order the demolition of the villa Ipatiev , which were massacred in July 1918 , Tsar Nicolas II and his family. Later he regretted giving that order. Immediately elected, he presented a short program of action based on the principle of concern for people. He then proceeds to renew the workforce at the highest level. Boris Yeltsin would never lose touch with the people. So he decides to visit once every two years the 63 towns that make up the Sverdlovsk region and to organize meetings with workers. It was the " period of stagnation , during which the country is neglected by Brezhnev.

In 1978 , Mikhail Gorbachev was elected Secretary of the Central Committee for Agriculture. Boris Yeltsin has met the new secretary when he was first secretary of the Stavropol. At that time, the two men helped each other, Yeltsin supplying building materials to Gorbachev, while it provided food to Boris Nikolayevich. After the election of Gorbachev, their relationship remains set fair for a while. In 1981 , Boris Yeltsin is elected central committee member. In 1984 , he became a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet , then head of the Department's construction of the Central Committee Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( CPSU ), before being elected secretary of the committee.

A few months after that election, 22 December 1985 , the Politburo to Yeltsin says the party leadership in Moscow. It replaces the apparatchiks in the office of Town Committee and 23 of the 33 first secretaries of district committee that he believes the slowing perestroika , or restructuring of the economy, the party machine and the bureaucracy. Boris Yeltsin, the apparatchiks seek only to ensure their well-being.

The first secretary then tackles the problems of Moscow : overcrowding, long queues, crowded transport, dirt, drugs, prostitution and corruption. Yeltsin dismembered organizations that collect jars of wine in state stores. He noted not only for its bustle, but also by his outspokenness.
It organizes meetings with the people and takes the bus and subway workers with to see for himself the situation in the transit, and to listen to criticize political leaders. Boris Yeltsin is also in favor of perestroika. For him, it requires that they be removed privileges apparatchiks and he can understand the hesitation of Gorbachev. His statements irritate the Politburo, who sees a brand of demagoguery. Yet in February 1986 he was elected alternate member of the Politburo.

The beginning of the end, according to the expression of Boris Yeltsin, began a session of the Central Committee on October 21 1987. The agenda of the meeting focuses on the report that Gorbachev must present the November 2 , during the celebrations ^of the 70th anniversary of the October Revolution. Boris Yeltsin asked for the floor to denounce the slow pace of the apparatus of the Central Committee and Secretariat, who ruin all attempts to improve the situation in the capital. It also accuses the national secretariat, and namely Yegor Ligachev , the number two party, to intervene in the choice of city officials and districts. He claims: "The corrupt, rotten are here among us, and you know it perfectly! . His speech caused an outcry. Ligachev adopts the tone of one who has been unjustly accused. Follows a general offensive. Boris Yeltsin is accused of all crimes. Those who do not take the mic shouted their opposition from their seats. Comrade Yeltsin is forced to make self-criticism and fate of this session completely demoralized. Several sources testify that he had a heart attack as a result of this meeting and had to be hospitalized.

On November 11 , the penalty falls. During a committee meeting in Moscow's Party, Boris Yeltsin is removed from office. Since the advent of Gorbachev as head of the Central Committee, many party members were returned, but this is the first time a man appointed by the secretary general - who is, moreover, an ardent defender of perestroika - was dismissed. The ouster of Boris Yeltsin is a victory for conservatives, who resist change. On November 18 , the disgraced appointed vice-chair for the construction, which corresponds to a ministerial post. Boris Yeltsin is an alternate member of Politburo. On 18 February 1988 , he was "liberated" from this position.

Purgatory Yeltsin does not last long. On ¹ May 1988, we find it on the stands of the parade in Red Square. A month later, he gives an interview to U.S. television network CBS , and another at the BBC in London. It calls for the resignation of Yegor Ligachev, whom he accuses of being the "primary responsibility" of the late perestroika and to oppose the reduction of privileges for members of the unit.

On 14 January 1989 , an important step was taken in view of his political comeback. A cheering crowd in a Moscow district elects Boris Yeltsin as its candidate for elections to the "Congress of People's Deputies" of the Supreme Soviet. Shortly after his election as parliamentary candidate, he is in favor of multiparty, Mikhail Gorbachev denounced a month earlier. His statements earned him more popularity. Boris Yeltsin soon attracts the sympathy of intellectuals.

On March 26 , 89.44% of the electorate voting for Boris Yeltsin in Moscow during the first free elections since the advent of the communist regime. This election is also marked by a surge of reformist candidates and the defeat of many conservatives. In mid- July , the Soviet Union is paralyzed by strikes and strike threats. Boris Yeltsin and Andrei Sakharov , also elected, form, with the 269 deputies of the Supreme Soviet that promote an acceleration of reforms, a parliamentary group called the Interregional Group , to make their voices heard. This is a first in the USSR since the early 1920. In April 1990 , Boris Yeltsin publishes End!. Two months before the release of his memoirs, newspapers and magazines publish extracts, which feasted upon its conflict with Mikhail Gorbachev.

Presidency of Russia (1991-1999)

George H. Bush and Boris Yeltsin at the signing ceremony of the START II Treaty in the St. Vladimir Hall of the Kremlin in Moscow on 3 January 1993

1990

In February and March 1990 were held in all republics of the parliamentary elections, except in Georgia where they will be held in October. In Russia , the vote was set for March 4. The Democratic Bloc, which is part Yeltsin, the wind in their sails. In Moscow, a demonstration for democracy drew 100,000 people. On 4 March, the Democratic Bloc won all the seats in Moscow and Leningrad , in Siberia and the Far North. Boris Yeltsin was elected in Sverdlovsk by 80% of the vote.

Meanwhile, Mikhail Gorbachev is amend the constitution to create the post of President of the USSR and it was elected on March 14 by members and not by the Soviet people. The first meeting of 1062 members of Congress Russia was held on May 16. They should elect the President of the Russian Federation and the 400 deputies of the Russian Supreme Soviet. Three candidates are standing: Boris Yeltsin, Prime Minister Vlasov (Gorbachev's favorite) and an ultra-conservative.

On the first ballot, Yeltsin missed an absolute majority by 23 votes. Gorbachev makes every effort to prevent his election. Reassured after several rounds of voting, he went on official visit to Canada and the United States. May 29, Yeltsin defeated Vlasov. All indications are that men have negotiated Gorbachev, in his absence, the terms of a cohabitation with Yeltsin.

Moscow is now the host of two opposing powers: the Soviet Union, represented by Gorbachev, and that of Russia, played by Yeltsin. However, the Russian Federation occupies 76% of the territory of the USSR and has 52% of its population. The country is on the brink of moral collapse and political. The 59 year old man with white hair seems to be the only one still embody the hope of the people.

The day after his election, Boris Yeltsin proposed to the Russian Federation "wholly independent" within 100 days, while wishing to maintain a dialogue with Gorbachev. Then undertakes a war of laws and powers with the central communist. The Russian Congress adopts the June 8 , a text proclaiming the superiority of Russian laws over Soviet laws, four days before adopting a declaration of sovereignty. On June 12 held the first meeting between the presidents of the republics, under the chairmanship of Gorbachev. Boris Yeltsin brings the fresh declaration of sovereignty, placing himself on the side of the republics declared independence. It was during this meeting what launched the idea of reforming the Soviet Union by the principle of "variable geometry" which included "elements of federation, confederation and community," according the words of a spokesman for Gorbachev. Less than a month later held the ^28th Congress of the CPSU, which renewed the Secretary General in his duties. Boris Yeltsin left the Congress of the CPSU, after rendering his party membership card.

On 19 July 1990 , the Russian parliament decides to appropriate banks and savings banks, a measure immediately declared illegal by President Gorbachev.

On July 23 , a Russian-Soviet commission set up to draft a common economic program. It completes its work five weeks later. The presidents of Russia and the Soviet Union appear together Aug. 30 on TV to unveil an economic partner, which should enable the communist economy to move to a market economy in 500 days. The first 100 days will be devoted to establishing the conditions for change, and the 100 days following the privatization policy. Then it will take 100 days to stabilize the currency before restarting the application within 100 days thereafter, to finally spend 100 days at the start of growth.

The Russian Supreme Soviet adopted the plan on Sept. 12. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR rejected the October 16 , adopting a plan of Soviet Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov.

The Russian president was the victim of a car accident on Sept. 21. Two days later, Gorbachev took the opportunity to ask its parliament to grant him special powers. Temporary withdrawal from public life Yeltsin favors conservatives.

Throughout the month of October happens a palace revolution in the Kremlin. Gorbachev's advisers who are supporters of cohabitation with Yeltsin bowsprit.

The Soviet Union is crumbling and the Soviet attack on all fronts, with rising nationalisms. In November, Yeltsin signed with the Ukraine and Kazakhstan treaties in which the republics recognize their sovereignty. On November 17 , Mikhail Gorbachev has a project to ensure its automatic majority against Russia and the republics major meetings of the board of the federation. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the plan with enthusiasm. The Soviet Parliament strengthens the powers of the President of the USSR.

If the Soviet Union disintegrated, the communist regime crumbled in spite of all his plots to keep the status quo. On December 25 , Gorbachev passed by the Congress of Deputies Soviet plans for a new union treaty without consulting the republics. Under this provision the State sovereignty is reserved to the central level. The day before he announced the holding of a referendum on the EU on the whole territory of the Soviet state.

1991

The year 1991 was marked by open confrontation between Yeltsin and Gorbachev. On the night of 12 to 13 January , the Soviet army stormed the television tower of Vilnius , in Lithuania. The army fired on demonstrators, killing 15 people and injured over 150. Gorbachev hesitates to go further and the Lithuanian emerged strengthened from this coup failed.

January 13, Boris Yeltsin condemned the attack and recognizes the sovereignty of the Baltic States, Lithuania , the Estonia and Latvia. On January 20 , it manifests in Moscow to denounce the coup. In March 1991, the referendum on the Union draws attention. On March 9 , the Union project is published and Russian President calls his followers to make war with the central government. On March 10 , some 300,000 Muscovites appear to demand the resignation of Gorbachev and encourage people to say "no" to the referendum, scheduled for March 17. Boris Yeltsin is absent from the event, but his supporters are playing a recording in which he states that believe in Gorbachev was "a mistake and a waste of time."

In Russia, there are actually two referendums held on the same day. The first focuses on the conservation of the Union. The second, more important for Boris Yeltsin, on the election of the President of the Russian Federation by direct universal suffrage. The proposal will be endorsed more than 70% of the people. The first presidential election by universal suffrage is set at June 12.

17 to 21 April , Russian President toured France , where he is greeted coldly. Back in Moscow, he accepted the principle of a new text of the Treaty of Union on April 24.

Saturday May 18 marks the official launch of the campaign for the presidential election. Yeltsin the reformer will be the main opponents of former Soviet Prime Minister Nikolai Ryzhkov, a conservative and former interior minister of the USSR, Vadim Bakatine.

The election campaign was marked by the usual disinformation efforts. This will not prevent the Russian electorate, June 12, 1991, to Boris Yeltsin, 60 years, President of the Russian Federation, composed of 18 autonomous republics and autonomous regions. Yeltsin is the big winner, not only because he won, but also because his election forced Gorbachev to join its positions.

The Russian president began touring the United States. Upon his arrival in Washington , he recognizes the merit of having Gorbachev launched perestroika, which led to the election of the first Russian president by universal suffrage. Meanwhile, Mikhail Gorbachev undergoes criticism of some of the most influential members of the Communist Party. On July 10 , Boris Yeltsin is enthroned with great pomp in the presence of representatives of all republics and with the blessing of Patriarch of All Russia.

In August 1991, the Conservatives attempted coup during the holidays of Mikhail Gorbachev.

The conspirators wanted to prevent the signing of the Treaty of Union, scheduled for August 20 , announcing the end of the USSR. Moreover, Boris Yeltsin wants to appoint the prime minister of Russia at the head of a central government reduced to coordinate relations between the republics. Finally, Gorbachev Conservatives suspect of wanting to liquidate the Communist Party. The threat of the coup weighs over a year. On 19 August, the junta's failure pronounce Soviet president, while tanks and armored vehicles invaded the city. However, the Russian president has friends and supporters within the Soviet security forces, which allows him to escape arrest and reach safely to the Russian parliament, despite the tanks around him. Yeltsin harangue the crowd, mounted on a tank, and the Russians called for civil disobedience and general strike.

On the evening of August 20 , three men were killed in a clash between soldiers and the crowd. The next day, the death toll rises to ten. In the eyes of Moscow, officials of the coup led the army to fire on the people. On the evening of August 21 , the coup leaders who do not commit suicide are sent to prison.

The Russian president wants to take advantage of the adventure by placing his men at the controls of the federal government. Gorbachev knows this and is quick to replace the coup. On August 23 , Soviet President confronts the Russian Parliament. In front of television cameras, he tries to exonerate his ministers, but Yeltsin forces the president of the USSR to read a document proving that all his ministers, except one, supported the coup. While the Soviet Cabinet is then replaced by men of Yeltsin.

On 25 August 1991, Boris Yeltsin suspended the activities of the CPSU and confiscates his property. The suspension will be transformed into dissolved on November 6. Finally, the fate of the Supreme Soviet is set from 26 to 29 August. On September 5 , the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR which is scuttled.

On October 28 , Russian President denounces economic agreement signed by the presidents of eight republics and Gorbachev, when he presented his economic program before the Russian Parliament. On November ¹ , a reform of the Russian Constitution gives the president greater powers. On November 15 , Boris Yeltsin decided to combine the functions of president and prime minister.

The Soviet Union saw its final hours. Ukrainians vote for independence in a referendum held on December ¹. Russian President recognizes the independence of Ukraine before returning to the chairmen of two other Slavic republics of Belarus, on December 8 , to see the "disappearance of the USSR" and create a "community of independent states", the IEC.

Gorbachev tried to object, but it will be in vain. On December 20 , the Russian government seized the Soviet Central Bank. The presidents of 11 former Soviet republics, including Yeltsin, meet the 21 December. They adhere to the IEC, which marked the end of the Soviet Union and deletes the post of President of the USSR. All agree that the permanent seat on the Security Council of the UN that had the USSR to return to Russia. Yeltsin and Gorbachev meet one last time before Christmas Eve. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev announced his resignation and the Russian president took control of the 27,000 nuclear weapons of the Soviet Union. Boris Yeltsin is now the master of Russia, but a sick Russia economically and politically.

1992

The year 1992 begins in Russia by the price liberalization. Consumers, faced with a market economy, face an explosive inflation: 200% for the month of January! It will reach 2600% in 1992, and 1000% the following year. The ruble him plummeting. RBL 220 to U.S. 1 in early January, he spent 420 RBL at the end of the year. Moreover, political uncertainty delaying foreign investment. Popular discontent begins to settle. The Russians receive their salary, but he is not keeping pace with inflation. Worse, pensions adapt more slowly and are retired major victims of inflation.

On 17 June 1992 the President of the United States, George Bush and Boris Yeltsin agreed in Washington to reduce their nuclear arsenals by two thirds. This US-Russian summit will be followed in January 1993, the visit of President of the United States in Moscow. This last sign the treaty with Boris Yeltsin Start II on reducing strategic weapons. It's the end of the Cold War.

Boris Yeltsin is optimistic, but not vice-president, Alexander Rutskoi , nor the Speaker of Parliament, Ruslan Khasbulatov.

Boris Yeltsin wants the CIS gets a conventional defense "unified". He turned down on this issue from the Ukraine, Moldova and the Azerbaijan in February. But the denial did not stop. The President signed two decrees, one creating a Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, and the other creating the Russian armed forces, an army "multinational". Russia is on the verge of collapse, but on May 31 , 18 of the 20 autonomous republics of Russia sign the Treaty of the Russian Federation.

We begin to talk openly about the alcohol abuse of the head of the Russian state. While his arrival in the Uzbekistan , the May 14 , is broadcast on television, everyone can see that the president is drunk.

In December 1992 President Yeltsin replaces Prime Minister Yegor Gaidar by Viktor Chernomyrdin. In addition, the Chairman announced for the month of April 1993 to hold a referendum to resolve the crisis between the Parliament.

1993

The crisis between Yeltsin and the parliament will continue until April 25, the date of the referendum. In March 1993, members refuse to extend the emergency powers granted to the President. They also refuse to hold the referendum called by the president to assert his authority. March 20, Boris Yeltsin deprives Congress of Deputies of his powers by introducing a system of government by decree until the referendum valid. Parliament would like to impeach Yeltsin. On March 26 , the president escaped impeachment, his popularity has pushed back the House.

It finally 58% of participants in the referendum that will give them the confidence to Boris Yeltsin on April 25 1993. Encouraged by this result, it commits the ultimate showdown with the Congress of Deputies. On April 29 , the president unveiled a draft constitution that strengthens his powers, a project which will be ratified on July 12 , after a constitutional conference. Boris Yeltsin is facing a new political crisis, a month and a half later, when the Central Bank of Russia withdrew the rubles in circulation before 1993. In September , Yeltsin dissolved the parliament and call early elections to get rid of a congress of deputies too communist for his taste.

Parliament does not take long to retaliate by dismissing Boris Yeltsin and by replacing Alexander Rutskoi. Conservative MPs dissatisfied with the economic reforms locked into the parliament building, September 24, with their leaders, Parliament Speaker, Ruslan Khasbulatov and Rutskoi.

Supporters of the conspirators gathered around the parliament building to defend against the elite troops sent by Yeltsin. Patriarch Alexy II serves as negotiator for both sides. Its action fails and the president declares state of emergency on 3 October. The next day, Boris Yeltsin ordered two special commandos to storm the parliament. The conspirators surrendered and were imprisoned Rutskoi and Khasbulatov.

The official death toll of that day amounted to some 150 deaths, although many Russian journalists the amount to several hundreds . Mais le parti de Boris Eltsine aura plus de siges la Douma que le parti de Jirinovski, avec 96 siges contre 70.

Bill Clinton et Boris Eltsine, le 13 janvier 1994.

Aprs 1994

Eltsine avait besoin d'une guerre fulgurante et victorieuse en Tchtchnie pour prouver son peuple que la Russie tait encore une superpuissance et asseoir ainsi son autorit la veille de l'lection prsidentielle. ^{The power to Yeltsin seen by Russians}

Boris Yeltsin in 1999

The period of Yeltsin's presidency is generally regarded as negative by a majority of Russians. The privatizations carried out massive in dubious circumstances, the " shock therapy "(attempt abrupt transition to a market economy), the corruption at the highest echelons of power (the oligarchs within the leadership), the media wars between competitors political and economic groups through the press in the hands of private interests, explain the indifference among others (51%) and disapproval that the Russian population feels towards him. In May 2007, "47% of respondents believe that the Yeltsin era has brought Russia more harm than good. 26% of respondents have a different view " believe that the contempt or hatred of the Russians vis--vis Yeltsin and his good reputation in the West , due to its policy of unwavering support for the United States, to tax evasion in massive profits Western countries (from Great Britain by financial investments in the stock market or sports clubs, from France and Spain through the purchase of properties, etc..), and the fact that whole sectors of the economy Russia was then moving from Western hands (example Yukos , with almost completed negotiations, led by Mikhail Khodorkovsky , the oil company to resell at a major western group).

Death

Yeltsin died on 23 April 2007 at the age of 76. According to medical sources quoted by the Interfax news agency, his death was due to cardiac arrest. The coffin of Boris Yeltsin is focused on April 24 by a guard of honor in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior to be exposed to the public until April 25 at midday (with a break in the night). Russian President Vladimir Putin , the former Prime Minister Yegor Gaidar , former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and international personalities, former U.S. presidents George Bush and his successor Bill Clinton , former President of Finland Mauno Koivisto , the Polish Lech Wasa the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev , the former British prime minister John Major , Prime Minister of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych , Prince Andrew of York , the Minister French Foreign Minister Philippe Douste-Blazy , Chair of the Constitutional Court Spanish Mara Emilia Casas , the former premier Italian Giulio Andreotti , the Ambassador of Japan Yasuo Saito , President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko , President of Armenia Robert Kocharyan , President of Lithuania Valdas Adamkus , Prime Minister of Tajikistan Oqil Oqilov , Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan Almaz Atambayev , the former president of Georgia Nino Burjanadze , Chairman German Horst Koehler and President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves attend a funeral service on April 25.

Boris Yeltsin's body was then transferred to the Novodevichy Monastery Cemetery. On 23 April 2008 , the anniversary of his death, a monument in the form of the Russian tricolor flag was solemnly inaugurated by Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev.

References

Yeltsin's grave in 2007 at the Novodevichy cemetery

Bibliography

• Boris Yeltsin, Memoirs, Coll. Testimonials docs, Flammarion, ( ISBN 2080680188 )
• (In) Herbert J. Ellison, Boris Yeltsin And Russia's Democratic Transformation, University of Washington Press, ( ISBN 0295986379 )

See also

• The Yeltsin years: 1992-1999

• Portal for Russia
• Portal Policy

Leave a Reply

Frequently Asked Questions