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Croatian
Hrvatski
Spoken in Croatia , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Serbia ( Vojvodina ) and other countries
Region Central Europe
Number of speakers 6000000
Typology SVO + free order accentual
Classification by family
Official status
Official language of Flag: Croatia Croatia , Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia-Herzegovina , Flag of Serbia Serbia ( Flag of Vojvodina Vojvodina ) Flag: Austria Austria ( Flag of Burgenland Burgenland )
Governed by Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje , Vijee normu hrvatskoga standardnog za jezik
Language codes
ISO 639-1 hr
ISO 639-2 hrv
ISO 639-3 hrv
IETF hr
Sample
Article I of the Declaration of Human Rights ( see text in French )

lanak 1.

Sva ljudska bica raaju is Slobodna Jednak i u i dostojanstvu pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom svijeu i i trebaju jedno prema drugome postupati u Duhua bratstva.

change Consult the documentation of the model

Croatian (Croatian, is a South Slavic language spoken by the Croats. From the perspective of sociolinguistics , it is an Ausbau language , that is to say a separate language with its own standard. This was based on the dialect chtokavien the linguistic entity called 'language Serbo-Croat "at the time of the former Yugoslavia. From the point of view of comparative linguistics is one of the standard variants of a single language, the other based on the same dialect chtokavien being the Serb , the Bosnian and Montenegrin

  • 5.8.1 Particles dependent (nesamostalne estice) Distribution and status

    The total number of Croats are estimated at about six million. So about those of Croatia and other former Yugoslav republics can say they speak Croatian, it can not say how many of those countries bordering or more or less distant know at least that available statistics do state. The Croatian is also spoken by minorities in neighboring Croatia or near where they live since the days of the Austrian Empire and / or the former Yugoslavia and in the emigration

    Country Number of persons Personal Status Year Source
    Croatia 4 265 081 of Croatian language 2001 Crostata
    2 054 mother tongue Croat-Serbian
    Bosnia-Herzegovina 14.3% of a total population of 4,590,310 people Croatian ethnicity 2008 CIA World Factbook
    Chile 380 000 (estimate) of Croatian Croatian diaspora
    United States 374 241 of Croatian 2000 U.S. Census Bureau
    Argentina 250 000, of which 8000 were born in Croatia (estimate) of Croatian Croatian diaspora
    Germany 225 309 Citizens of Croatia 2007 Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland
    Austria 131 307 Croatian speakers 2001 Statistik Austria
    19 412 speakers of Croatian Burgenland
    Switzerland 100 000 (estimate) of Croatian 1996 Hrvatski Centar Informativni
    Canada 71 725 Croatian speakers 2001 Statistics Canada
    Serbia (in Vojvodina and Kosovo , in villages and Janjevo Letnica) 70 602 Croatian ethnicity 2002 Zavod za Republiki Statistiku
    Australia 56 540 born in Croatia 2006 Australian Bureau of Statistics
    Brazil 50 000, of which 15 000 were born in Croatia (estimate) of Croatian Croatian diaspora
    Slovenia 35 642 Croatian ethnicity 2002 Statistini urad Republike Slovenije
    Italy 20 712 Citizens of Croatia 2004 ISTAT
    2 081 belonging to the Croatian minority in Molise 2001 Centro Internazionale sul Plurilinguismo
    Hungary 14 779 Croatian speakers 2003 Magyar Kzponti Statisztikai Hivatal
    Peru 6800, 800 were born in Croatia (estimate) of Croatian Croatian diaspora
    Romania (in Banat ) 6 355 of Croatian language 2002 Institutul Naional of Statistics
    269 mother tongue caraovean
    Montenegro (regions of Kotor and Bar ) 6 811 Croatian ethnicity 2003 Zavod za Statistiku
    2 791 of Croatian language
    Sweden 6 158 born in Croatia 2008 Statistiska Centralbyrn
    Uruguay 5000 (estimate) of Croatian Croatian diaspora
    Republic of Macedonia 2 248 Croatian ethnicity 1994 Dom i Svijet

    The Croatian language in Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia, in Vojvodina province . Montenegro , it is official in areas where there is a Croatian population. The Croatian has the status of minority languages in Austria (Burgenland), Italy (Molise) and Romania. In the latter country, it is used in public administration in the localities where the Croatian minority is 20% of the population, and in the media, being taught as a mother tongue in public, until baccalaureate.

    Regional variants

    Main article: Croatian Burgenland.
    Distribution of Croatian dialects in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina

    The regional variations are considered to Croatian two perspectives: morphological First, phonological then.

    1. Taking the form of distinction interrogative pronoun meaning "what" (STO, and it kaj), there are three dialects :

    2. Another division, which overlaps with dialects, is made from the way the sound has evolved from an Old Slavonic , which is referred to as the "yat". According to this criterion there are three variants named izgovori (pronunciation):

    • ikavienne in which "yat" has evolved into eg in words 'man' and 'river'. This pronunciation is not standard, but it is the majority (two thirds of all Croats), used by most Chtokaviens: in Lika, in Dalmatia , Slavonia, in central Bosnia, so the majority of the coastal Tchakaviens and on most islands, and a minority of Kajkavian (valleys Kupa, Dobra, Sutla, etc..).
    • kavienne where 'yat' gave This pronunciation, which is not standard is that a third of Croatians, especially Kajkavian Tchakaviens and North-East of Istria.
    • (I) jkavienne in which "yat" became (pronounced "ye") in some words and ("iye") in others This pronunciation is the rarest among the Croats rural (7% to 10%), partially used by the city of Chtokaviens Slunj and nearby hamlets (Central Croatia), in the Dubrovnik area and Herzegovina Eastern Europe. However, it is the only accepted pronunciation of the Croatian standard.

    History

    Main article: History of Croatia.

    The beginnings

    The first texts written by Croats seem to ninth century. They are written in Old Church Slavonic , with the alphabet Glagolitic. Shortly after, we also adopt the alphabet Cyrillic. The Latin alphabet is used only from the fourteenth century , coexisting for some time with the first two. The use of the Glagolitic lasts until the end of the fifteenth century , and some coastal areas until the early nineteenth century.

    The oldest pieces date from the Glagolitic Croatian kept XI century and most among them are etched in stone, as the stele Baska (island of Krk ). This is the first text in Old Slavonic with elements of the vernacular. It is remarkable for its size and importance of the text, which for the first time mentions the Croatian people.

    Stele Baska , shortly before 1100.

    Until the second half of XV century , literature is written in Slavonic Croatian church. Its heyday is the fourteenth - fifteenth centuries, as exemplified by such works as the Missal of Duke Novak ( 1368 , district of Lika , in northwestern Croatia), and the Gospels of Reims ( 1395 ). This book written in Croatian Glagolitic and party arrived at Reims, was the text of the Rite to which the kings of France was perhaps oath. Other books from this period are the Missal of Duke Hrvoje ( 1404 , of Split in Dalmatia ) and the first printed missal ( 1483 ). So the Croats were the only ones Catholics of Europe who were authorized to Rome not to use the Latin in the liturgy , or the Latin alphabet.

    Missal of duke Novak

    The twelfth - fifteenth centuries, the south Slavic language spoken in the territory of former Yugoslavia is fragmented into many dialects, grouped in the dialects that exist today.

    • The first dialect is different from others is the tchakavien in which texts are written the first Croatian secular, with elements of Slavonic, in the thirteenth century: View of the country of Istria ( 1275 ) and the Codex Vinodol ( 1288 ). The first Croatian dictionary, the work of Faust Vrancic ( 1595 ), is mainly that of the dialect tchakavien.
    View on the country of Istria (1275): One of the first texts Croatian secular, with elements of Slavonic.
    Codex Vinodol, 1288.
    Missal Croatian Vatican.
    • The last to enter the Croatian literature is the dialect Kajkavian in 1578 , with the work Postil, of Antun Vramec. This dialect comes to assert because the regions where it is spoken are the only ones not to have fallen under the sway of the Ottoman Empire. It was used until the early nineteenth century by many writers, the most famous are Bla Djurdjevic , Andrija Jambrei and Titus Brezovaki.

    The modern Croatian and its standardization

    Croatian modern, that is to say slightly different from that of today, began to predominate in the XIV - XV centuries. His first statement is the important Croatian Missal Vatican.

    The first elements of standardization are from the seventeenth century , also called time of Slavism Baroque , standardization is reflected in the literature of that era. Which contributes substantially to the formation of the modern Croatian is:

    • activity linguist Bartulis Kai. This Jesuit wrote the first Croatian grammar (Institutionum illyricae linguae libri duo, Rome, 1604 ), based mainly on the dialect chtokavien, but with many elements tchakaviens. The same Kai reflects the Bible in variant (i) jkavienne chtokavien dialect. Kai work that has influenced even the development of Croatian literature is the Roman Ritual ( 1640 , over 400 pages), first translation of a book of Catholic liturgy in a language alive.
    • the work of another Jesuit, the Italian Giacomo Micaglia (known in Croatian Jakov Mikalja). It publishes Thesaurus lingvae illyricae ( Loreto , 1649 ; Ancona , 1651 ), dictionary-Croatian Italian - Latin , based on essentially the same dialect pronunciation chtokavien to (i) jkavienne.

    The Illyrian movement

    The standardization of Croatian is closely linked to the awakening of national consciousness of Croatians, who follows the general trend in Europe of the early nineteenth century . From 1812 , Sime Starevi published in Trieste a "New Illyrian grammar" (in Croatian, Nova rioslovnica ilirika). He was the forerunner of what is called the "Croatian National Revival" which was led by the Movement Illyrian , which involved mostly young intellectuals of bourgeois origin. His head was Ljudevit Gaj , linguist, politician, journalist and writer of original French. In his book Krtke osnova horvatsko-slavenskog pravopisanja (Abstract of spelling Croatian-Slavonic) ( Buda , 1830 ), he proposed the alphabet used by the Croatian still today, based on the Latin alphabet with diacritical borrowed alphabets of the Czech and Polish , as well as spelling phonemic. This graph is subsequently generalized to the whole territory inhabited by Croats, instead of spellings Italian, German and Hungarian used in the respective regions.

    It was then imposed itself as the standard unit of Croatian based on the dialect pronunciation chtokavien to (i) jkavienne, literature in other dialects fell into disuse.

    The ideology of the Illyrian movement was not limited to Croatia. His ideal was the unity of all Slavs of the south, Slovenia and even Bulgarians , who all lived under foreign domination, in a utopian nation Illyrian. His aspirations were consistent with those of some scholars Serbian , which led to the linguistic idea of language Serbo-Croatian. There was indeed a convergence between reform a href = "Vuk_Stefanovi% C4% C5% BEi 87_Karad%% C4% 87" alt = "Vuk Stefanovi Karadi"> Vuk Stefanovi Karadi for the Serbs , who founded the standard it on the same dialect chtokavien, and that of Ljudevit Gaj. This manifested itself, among other things, the "Agreement of Vienna ( 1850 ), signed by seven Croat and Serb scholars (including Vuk Karadzic ), at the initiative of Slovenian linguist Franc Mikloi , establishing some common standards for languages Croatian and Serbian.

    From that time, the linguistic field interferes with the political field, and until today, the relationship between Croatian and Serbian oscillating from one era to another between the idea of a single language and that of two languages apart, according to historical events that pass through their speakers.

    In the second half of the nineteenth century, movements for independence intensified. For many Croats that independence is feasible only in union with other South Slavs, and first with the Serbs. Bishop Croatian akovo , Josip J. Strossmayer develops in 1866 the first program of unification of South Slavs of the Austrian Empire , using the term "Yugoslav" and based in Zagreb, Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts. Two main schools are emerging while in languages:

    • The school called "Zagreb" seeks to develop the Croatian turning to other Slavic languages (the Slovenian , the Russian , the Czech ), while accepting the standard elements of dialects and tchakavien Kajkavian.
    • The school called the "Croatian vukoviens" or "young grammarians' follows the ideas of Vuk Karadzic. Their influence is noticeable in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, finally managing to impose phonemic spelling and standard-based chtokavienne.

    XX century

    Distribution of nationalities. Croats (orange), Croatia and elsewhere, have almost all native speaker of Croatian . Is reintroduced into the language many words more or less out of use for decades, and it creates neologisms based Slavic.

    Phonetics

    Correspondence spelling-pronunciation

    Letter Phonetic transcription Pronounced roughly as in
    A,
    		tch eque
    C, C
    		ti in (t wet)
    D, d
    		di cable (s wet)
    Dz, dz
    		English g in
    E, e
    		li (the wet)
    M, m
    		gn e indi
    O, o
    		c. Has
    T, t
    		v oice
    Z z
    bi Volio da radimo. 'The chief wants us to work.' Ostao I bez 'lipstick by djinn'. This is not made in writing.
  • In future , the t of the suffix of the infinitive is written but not spoken: these Pjevat. 'You sing. "
  • There is an ongoing debate among linguists as to whether the group sounds from the old Slavic "yat" should be transcribed or I EJI . Indeed, EJI is pronounced as a diphthong / I / by a majority of speakers of Croatian, not / IJE /.
  • The proper names of foreign languages using the Latin alphabet as written in the language of origin. Therefore, we can add to the above letters q, w, x and y.

    • Vowels

    Croatian vowel trapezium. - The schwa Central / / is not a discriminating perspective phonological.

    The system vowel Croatian standard is simple, with five vowels (all monophthongs ). Although significant, the difference between long and short vowels are not represented in the Croatian spelling.

    previous Central posterior
    Vowel i / i / u / u /
    Aperture median e or o or
    Open vowel a a

    Changes made phonetic writing

    mix a ~ (nepostojano has called 'a labile')

    A phoneme / a / euphonic appears certain forms of name , but also of the adjective , and disappears at other forms: not 'dog' / psa 'dog' Dobara 'good' / dobra 'good'. In the case of radicals ending in two consonants, it has appeared in genitive plural between the two consonants: radical Sestri, nominative singular Sestri, genitive plural sestara.

    Alternating l ~ o

    The names and adjectives ending in-or ao-eo (posao 'work', ENEV 'gay') were once in the history of the language ended with a / l / drive (posal, Vesel) which evolved / o /, but only at a word. The / o / becomes / s / he is no longer in final position, but followed by ending (posle 'Labour', the genitive of the name; vesela 'gay', the feminine of the adjective).

    Assimilation of consonants

    When two consonants, one deaf and one sound come into contact by adding an ending or a suffix to a word, the first consonant is assimilated by the second ( regressive assimilation ): muted if the second consonant is muffled sound system if it is sound. Thus,

    the voiced consonants b g d DJ, z , dz become
    the voiceless consonants p k t , s , , and vice versa.

    For example, rob 'slave' is formed by adding the suffix-stvo, name ropstvo slavery ', where / b / becomes / w / under the influence of the first consonant of the suffix, / s / who is deaf.

    palatalization

    Some consonants ending of the nominative case form of a name or located at the end of the stem of a verb can undergo a change called palatalization , under the influence of a vowel beginning an ending or suffix. The most frequent cases:

    • K, g and h to e become post-alveolar :
      • k> c - k radna worker '> (case vocative ) '(Oh!) the worker! "
      • g> - vra g 'devil'>
      • h> - of h 'soul'>
    • The same consonants become alveolar before i (nominative of masculine plural):
      • k> c - k Vojna 'soldier'> 'soldiers'
      • g> z - prijedlo g 'proposal'>
      • h> s - h ora 'Nuts'>
    • Palatalization before d (pronounced as 'y' in 'eyes') is also called wetness. It causes:
      • d and t become alveolo-palatal : d> t> C
      • l and n change in palatal : l> lj, n> nj
      • z become post-alveolar: z> Z, S>

    Some examples of wetting: mla of young '> younger 'madder' 'fast'> 'faster'.

    Accentuation

    The emphasis that strikes one of the vowels of a word has a double character in Croatian. It is a tone of intensity, that is to say the vowel in question is pronounced with more force than others (as in French ) but also tonic (or musical), the stressed vowel is pronounced in a tone higher or lower than the others. There are four kinds of stress, combinations between the ascending or descending nature and duration of the vowel (long or short). Emphasis is noted that in literature language , foreign language textbooks and dictionaries. Their symbols are those of the examples below:

    • emphasis along down: P i vo 'beer'
    • Emphasis long amount: P i sati 'write'
    • emphasis falling short: vj tar 'wind'
    • Emphasis short amount tac 'father'

    In polysyllabic words, the focus can not knock down the first syllable. The words of one syllable can have an accent down.

    Croatian emphasis is mobile, with one limitation. In the case of words with more than one syllable, the emphasis may strike any vowel, but the last rule that applies to foreign words as well, which is, for example, pronounce all the words with French emphasis on the penultimate syllable instead of the last.

    Unaccented vowels can be long or short. The loungers are noted, except in the ordinary written by a macron (Zena 'woman' / Zena 'women', the genitive plural name). A long syllable may be sluggish after a stressed syllable.

    As can be seen in this example, the character of the accent and vowel length have a functional value. Here they mark two different cases in the declination. Instead the emphasis has also a functional value, for example in the declension of adjectives in brief form (see Declination of adjectives ).

    Grammar

    Morphological type

    From the point of view of morphological typology , Croatian is an inflected language and at a high level compared to the French, that is to say that the name, adjective and pronouns are declined, with distinct forms marked by endings to perform a particular function syntax in the proposal , and verbs are combined , the forms are distinguished also by personal endings.

    Name

    Genus names

    Croatian names can be of three kinds :

    • male , usually recognizable by their ending consonant in the nominative singular: gra d 'city'. Names ending in-eo-ao and are still male and belong to the same class as those in consonant declension. There are also male names ending in-a: male first names (Nikole), names of occupations 'Duke'), etc.., Which decline as the female.
    • female , usually ending in-a in the nominative singular: ruk a 'hand'. There are also feminine nouns ending in consonant: Rados t 'joy', 'thing', which are a class apart in declination.
    • neutral , ending in-o or-e in the nominative singular: kol o 'circle' 'field', declined as the male consonant.

    Declension names

    In Croatian, the declination is characterized by seven cases , the names are grouped into four classes of variation, according to their endings in the nominative singular. Here is the regular variation of four names of two classes of variation with the largest number of names.

    Case Male Neutral Women
    animated inanimate singular plural singular plural
    singular plural singular plural
    Nominative jelen 'deer' jelen i izvor 'source' izvor i Salt o 'village' salt Zen 'woman' zen e
    Genitive jelen has Jelen has izvor has izvor to salt salt Zen Zen
    Dative jelen u jelen ima izvor u izvor ima u salt salt ima Zen i Zen ama
    Accusative jelen has jelen e izvor izvor e salt o salt zen u zen e
    Vocative jelen e! jelen i! izvor e! izvor i! salt o! salt! Zen o! Zen e!
    Instrumental jelen om jelen ima izvor om izvor ima salt om salt ima zen om Zen ama
    Rental o u jelen jelen o ima o u izvor o izvor ima o u salt ima o salt o zen i ama o Zen

    Notes:

    • The accusative singular of masculine nouns is the same as their animated genitive singular, while the accusative singular of masculine nouns is like their inanimate nominative singular.
    • The ending of the genitive plural is /-a / quantity time. This differentiates mainly the genitive plural genitive singular masculine nouns and neutral, and the genitive plural of feminine nominative singular.
    Functions of cases
    Case Position (s) Home (s) Example
    Nominative About Ovaj uenik I Dobara. 'This is a good student. "
    attribute There I uenik. 'He was a student. "
    Genitive Completion of the name expressing the possessor knjiga uenik a 'book of the student'
    Dative indirect object Dajti uenik u dobru ocjenu. 'Give a note to the student. "
    Accusative direct object Vidima uenik has. 'I see the student. "
    adverbial of place of a verb expressing movement Idem u grad. 'I'm going to town. "
    Vocative to call, talk to someone Ueni e! 'Hey! Students! "
    Instrumental additional instrument (inanimate) Reem kruh ovim noz em. 'I cut the bread with the knife. "
    additional support (animated) Idem u grad uenik s om. 'I go to town with the student. "
    Rental complement instead of a verb does not express the displacement It Zivi u grad u. 'He lives in town. "
    addition we are talking about Reci Nesto mi o tom u uenik. 'Tell me something about that student. "

    The adjective

    Categories of adjectives

    • Qualifiers : Dobara 'good', Jutarnji 'Morning'
    • Matter: drveni 'wooden'
    • membership: ovjekov 'human' Babin 'of (the) grand-mother'. These adjectives are formed from nouns by adding the suffix-ov or-ev to male and female-in to.

    Forme brve et forme longue

    Adjectives can have two forms, short and long. The short form is characterized by an ending consonant in the nominative masculine singular, and the long form - the ending-i in the same case:

    • bratov 'brother' - short-form adjective
    • hrvatski 'Croatian' - long-form adjective

    Almost all adjectives have two forms, the long form being obtained by adding-i to the short form: bogata> bogata i 'rich'. In their case, the short form is also called indeterminate (or indefinite), and the long form - determined (or defined). It is in French the adjective used as a name. Example: Bila su dva ovjeka; I jedan bio siromaan, a drugi - bogata; siromani I utio, I dok Bogati puno priao. 'There were two men, one was rich, the other - poor. The poor remained silent while the rich talking a lot. "

    Adjectives have only one form is used both as indeterminate as that determined. Adjectives have a form of belonging brief, while those ending in-ski-and-ji Nji and adjectives in comparative and superlative relative (see below) - a long form.

    Degrees of comparison of adjectives

    The comparative of superiority is formed with suffixes:

    • -Ji-ja-I, causing the wetness of the final consonant of the adjective:
      • for adjectives to monosyllabic long vowel: Mlad 'young'> mlai 'younger'
      • for disyllabic adjectives ending in the masculine singular-ak,-ek or-ok: kratak 'court'> KRAC
    • Iji-,-ija, - EJI:
      • for monosyllabic adjectives with short vowel: star 'old'> stariji
      • for other disyllabic and polysyllabic adjectives: Hrabar 'courageous'> hrabriji, jednostavan 'simple'> jednostavn iji

    The comparison is constructed with the preposition governing the genitive od Marko I stariji od Ivana. "Marko Ivan is older."

    The superlative relative of superiority can be obtained from comparison with the prefix naj-: hrabriji 'bravest'> naj hrabriji 'bravest'.

    Declension adjectives

    Long Form
    Case Male Neutral Women
    singular plural singular plural singular plural
    N.
    		Zelen 'green' Zelen Zelen Zelen to Zelen to Zelen
    G.
    		Zelen og (a) Zelen ih Zelen og (a) Zelen ih Zelen Zelen ih
    D.
    		Zelenom (e) Zelen Im (a) Zelen om (e) Zelen Im (a) Zelen oj Zelen Ima
    A.
    		Zelen og (a) (animated), (inanimate) Zelen Zelen Zelen to Zelen Zelen
    V.
    		Zelen Zelen Zelen Zelen to Zelen to Zelen
    I.
    		Zelen im Zelen Im (a) Zelen im Zelen Im (a) Zelen Om Zelen Im (a)
    L.
    		Zelen o om (e) Zelen o Im (a) Zelen o om (e) Zelen o Im (a) Zelen o oj Zelen o Im (a)
    Health Brief
    Case Male Neutral Women
    singular plural singular plural singular plural
    N.
    		Zelen 'green' Zelen Zelen o Zelen has Zelen has Zelen e
    G.
    		Zelen has Zelen ih Zelen has Zelen ih Zelen Zelen ih
    D.
    		Zelen u Zelen Im (a) Zelen u Zelen Im (a) Zelen oj Zelen Ima
    A.
    		Zelen has (animated), (inanimate) Zelen e Zelen o Zelen to Zelen u Zelen e
    V.
    		Zelen Zelen Zelen o Zelen to Zelen to Zelen
    I.
    		Zelen im Zelen Im (a) Zelen im Zelen Im (a) Zelen Om Zelen Im (a)
    L.
    		Zelen o u Zelen o Im (a) Zelen o u Zelen o Im (a) Zelen o oj Zelen o Im (a)

    Note the plural, the short form differs from the long form as the place of the accent on the first syllable to the long form, on the second to the short format.

    Pronouns

    Personal pronouns

    N. ja 'I / me' ti 'thou / thee' is he / it 'ono - neutral ona 'she' mi 'we' vi 'you' oni 'they / them', one of them 'ONA - neutral
    -
    G. leads me tebe, te njega, ga nI I nas, nas going, going njih, ih sebe
    D. meni, mi tebya, ti njemu, mu njoj, yog nama, nam Vama, VAdm Njim IM sebi
    A. leads me tebe, te njega, ga NJU I nas, nas going, going njih, ih sebe, is
    V.
    -
    		ti!
    -
    -
    -
    		vi!
    -
    -
    I. mnom tobom Njim Njome nama Vama Njim sobom
    L. o meni o tebya o njemu o njoj o nama o Vama o Njim o sebi

    Notes:

    1. The genitive case, dative and accusative, the personal pronouns / A> have a short form and long form. The short forms are more frequent and are sluggish (they are pronounced related to the next word, as if it resulted in a single word). The long forms are accentuated, being used after prepositions and conjunctions , and to insist on the person.
    2. The pronoun of politeness is Vi (written with initial capital letter).
    3. The genitive is used only with prepositions that govern this case: I was doao posle leads. 'He came after me. "
    4. The pronoun sebe is reflected. He has only one person and always refers to the subject of the proposal, any person either: za sebe govorit Ona i ja za sebe govorim. Zato ti za sebe govorit? 'She, she speaks for itself and I speak for myself. Why do you think you do not speak for you? " It has a short form only in the accusative. This form is used with reflexive verbs : It is ide Setati. Ja idem Setati s Njim. Hoces Li Setati his nama? 'He goes for a walk. I will walk with him. You want to walk with us?

    Interrogative pronouns

    Nominative TKO 'who' Sto 'what'
    Genitive koga cega
    Dative kome Cemu
    Accusative koga Sto
    Instrumental kim top
    Rental o kome o Cemu

    Pronouns, adjectives interrogative-relative

    • Ciji,-a,-e,-i,-e,-a: ove su CIJE naoale? 'Who are these glasses?' 'There was a table whose legs were driven into the ground. "
    • koji, Koja, koje, koji, koje, Koja: Koju koulju Hoces? 'What shirt do you want? (Among several) ', Koju Hoces?' Which do you want? ", 'I have a husband who loves me."
    • kakav, kakva, kakvo, kakvi, kakve, kakva: Kakvu koulju Hoces? "Which shirt do you want? (Kind of) ', Kakvu Hoces?' What genre do you want? "

    The declension of pronouns, adjectives interrogative-relative :

    Case Male Women Neutral Male Women Neutral Male Women Neutral
    N.
    		Ciji cija CUE koji Koja koje kakav kakva kakvo
    G.
    		ijeg (a) CUE ijeg (a) kojeg (a) / kog (a) koje kojeg (a) / kog (a) kakva / kakvog (a) kakva kakva, kakvog (a)
    D.
    		ijem (u) ijoj ijem (u) kojem (u) / kom (e) kojoj kojem (u) / kom (e) kakvu / kakvom (e) kakve kakvu / kakvom (e)
    A.
    		Ciji (inanimate), ijeg (a) (animated) iju CUE koji (inanimate), koga / kojeg (a) (animated) Koju koje kakav kakvu kakvo
    I.
    		ijim ijom ijim kojima kojom kojima kakvim kakvom kakvim
    L.
    		ijem (u) ijoj ijem (u) kojem (u) / kom (e) kojoj kojem (u) / kom (e) kakvu / kakvom (e) kakvoj kakvu / kakvom (e)

    Pronouns, possessive adjectives

    These words are used both as possessive pronouns , such as possessive adjectives without changing shape.

    • moj 'my' moja 'my' moje (neuter singular), moji 'mine' moje 'mine', moja (neutral plural)
    • Tvoja 'yours', Tvoja 'hold', Tvoja (neuter singular), Tvoja 'want', Tvoja 'yours', Tvoja (neutral plural)
    • njegov 'hers to him,' njegova 'hers to him,' njegovo (neuter singular), njegovi 'hers to him,' njegove 'hers to him,' njegova (neutral plural)
    • nI (z) n 'his, her,' nI (z) na 'his, her,' nI (z) No (neuter singular), nI (z) or 'his, her,' nI (z) not 'his, her,' nI (z) na (neutral plural)
    • Na 'our' masc., NASA 'our' fem., nase (neuter singular), nasi 'ours' masc., Nae 'ours' fem., NASA (neutral plural)
    • gonna 'yours' masc., Vasa 'yours' fem. vase (neutral singular), vasi 'yours' masc. vase 'yours' fem., Vasa (neutral plural)
    • njihov 'their' masc., njihova 'their', fem. njihovo - neuter singular njihovi 'their' masc., njihove 'their' fem., njihova (neutral plural)
    • svoj, svoja, svoje (neuter singular), svoji, svoje, svoja (neutral plural) - determine (as adjectives) or represent (as pronouns) the object (s) owned (s) by the subject of the proposal, any person whatsoever. Examples: Ja svoj Jedem kruh, jedes svoj a ti. 'I eat my bread and you, you eat yours. " The other possessive determine / generally represent the object (s) owned (s) by other than the subject of the proposal: Poznajem tvoju sestru. 'I know your sister. "

    Pronouns, demonstrative adjectives

    As for the possessive, it uses the same forms as demonstrative pronouns and as an demonstrative adjectives. They express three degrees of distance, roughly as 'here', 'there' and 'out there' in French:

    • Ovaj 'it' ova 'this', ovo (neuter singular), ovi 'they' ove 'they' ova (neutral plural) - refer to what is close to the speaker.
    • Onaji 'that one', ona 'that one', ono (neuter singular), oni 'those' one 'them there', ona (neutral plural) - refer to what is distant from the speaker, for example nearly a third (not the speaker).
    • Taj, ta, to, ti, te, ta express the average distance, for example referring to what is near the speaker.

    Numbers

    Special Construction cardinal number + noun or adjective

    • The quantity 0 (Nula, NIST) is expressed with the genitive plural name or adjective: Nula / NIST listova 'zero newspapers'.
    • Jedan a 'JEDN a' jedno (neutral) and the numbers that eventually this number are constructed with the name / adjective in the nominative singular: jedan grad 'city', '21 dvadeset i jedan list newspapers'.
    • Dva 'two', Dvija (female), tri 'three' and CETIR 'four', and the numbers ending in these digits are followed by the name / of the adjective in the genitive singular, regardless of the syntactic function of the phrase : dva grada 'two cities' trideset i dva lista Newspapers '32'.
    • With pet 'five' and the following figures, and with numbers ending with these numbers, the name / word goes in the genitive plural: pet Gradov 'five towns' Sedam listova 'seven newspapers' trideset Osam i Newspapers listova '38 '.

    The names of the figures

    Each figure has a name of the female gender: jedinica, dvice, Trice, etvrtica, Petica, etc.. Examples: Dobio Sat dvicu iz matematik. 'I had two in math. " ; Same osmicom. 'I take the (bus line) 8. "

    Numbers collective

    These are dvoje 'two', troje 'three', etvoro 'four', Petoro 'five'. The following are formed the same way that Petoro, with the suffix-oro. These numbers are used:

    • with collective nouns: troje prasad 'three piglets'
    • to refer to groups of people of different sexes: nas dvoje 'we two' (one man and one woman), 'eight students (girls and boys)
    • names of objects used in pairs: dvoje rukavice 'two gloves (forming a pair)', in opposition 'two gloves (odd)'.

    With all these numbers, the name / word goes in the genitive singular.

    Numeral Nouns

    These nouns are formed with the suffix-ica and not working with the names of male beings: nas dvojica 'we two' (men), unlike 'we two' (one man and a woman).

    Ordinal numbers

    The ordinal numbers are the endings for adjectives to specific long form: Prvi 'first', prva 'first', Prvo - neutral, drugi 'second' trec 'third' etvrti 'fourth' peti 'fifth', etc..

    Verb

    Aspects of verbs

    As in other Slavic languages, the appearance is a very important category word in Croatian.

    • Imperfective verb expresses the fact that the action was, is, or will we want it to be unfolding, or performed repeatedly. 'I am doing my job. " (I'm trying to do, we do not know since when and until when) Pio Sat kavu gledao i prema moru. 'I took my coffee and I looked to the sea' 'I want watch TV. " (Today, tomorrow, in general).
    • A perfective verb expresses the fact that the action was necessary, needed or will need to be completed in order to have (had) the place, having (had) occurs only once: 'You go take a walk if you just finished your work.'; Moemo here. 'I drank my coffee. We can go there. 'Hou pogledati ovaj film.' I want to watch this film. " (From one end to another).

    The present itself is expressed by imperfective verbs in independent clauses or principal. This perfective verbs is used only in subordinate clauses.

    Unlike the French, but similar to other Slavic languages, the Croatian aspect perfective and imperfective morphologically marked (they are not semantic aspects but grammatical aspects ). In French this type of appearance is determined by the meaning of the verb alone, Croatian indicated by affixes Conjugation

    The verbs are divided into eight Croatian classes of conjugation , after the termination of the radical of the verb and the ending of the 3rd person singular.

    Example of regular verb of the 1st conjugation, the methods and time the most used:

    Fashion Time Affirmative Negative Translation
    Infinitive very ti shake
    This very m not very m I shake, I do not shake
    very safe
    very
    very modern
    you very
    u very
    Tense tresa o, the very, very lo Sat Nizam tresa o-la,-lo I shook, I have not shaken
    tresa o-la,-lo if
    tresa o-la, I-lo
    very li-le, the smo-
    very li-le, the ste-
    very li, it, it su
    Future trest Cu neu or not Cu trest I shake, I do not shake
    trest these
    trest this
    trest MECC
    trest cete
    trest this
    Conditional tresa o-la, lo-bih bih do tresa o-la,-lo I Shake / I shook,
    I do not shake / I would not have shaken
    tresa o-la, bi-lo
    tresa o-la, bi-lo
    very li, it, it Bismo
    very li-le,-the Bist
    very li-le,-bi
    Imperative very i! not very! /
    nemoj trest!     		shakes!, do not shake!
    (Neka) very e! (Neka) not very e!
    very imo! tresimo do! /
    nemojmo trest!
    very ite! tresite do! /
    nemojte trest!
    (Neka) very u! (Neka) does very u!
    Participate This This tresu it does tresu shaking, do not shake
    past Tresa Tresa or vsi v
    Active verbal adjective tresa o-la,-lo-li-le, it
    Passive verbal adjective in very, very ena, very eno,
    eni very, very ene, very ne     		netris in,-a,-o,-i,-e,-a Shaken (e) (s), not shaken (e) (s)

    Notes:

    1. Irregular verbs are many, and the changes caused by phonetic suffixes and endings.
    2. Croatian grammars do not mention an indicative mood.
    3. The French verb 'be' has two correspondents in Croatian: biti and JESAM.
    4. The auxiliary of the perfect tense is always the present tense JESAM: (I) Sat, (I) if I (I) smo (I) ste (I) knew.
    5. In compound tenses , active verbal adjective agrees in gender and number with the subject.
    6. The person of the verb is included in the form thereof, is expressed by the ending, so the subject can not be expressed by a noun or pronoun.
    7. To form negative auxiliary verbs, negation is welded thereto. There is still a controversy between Croatian linguists about writing one word or separated from the auxiliary verb and the negation of the future. JESAM with the verb, the negation is not-.
    8. In some subordinate clauses direct object, this can be used with the value of the subjunctive French: I da mi Rekao doem. 'He told me to come.', Reci mu Neka Dodji. 'Tell him to come '.
    9. Construction conjunction + main clause + subordinate da direct object is used when there are two subjects in the sentence : Hou da pjeva. 'I want you to sing. " But if the subject of the subordinate verb is the same as the verb regent, the subordinate verb in the infinitive starts (Hou pjevati. 'I want to sing. "), As in French and in most Slavic languages as well, so that the Serbian preferred in this case the construction regent verb + da + present.
    10. The future is usually formed from the infinitive of the verb without the-i + htjeti short form of the verb 'want' to this: these Pjevat. 'You sing. " But in the presence of the pronoun subject, as well as the negative, the auxiliary is detached from the verb, which takes in this situation the usual form of the infinitive: Ti pjevati these. "You, you sing. 'Necessary / Do these pjevati.
    11. The conditional once had a past but no longer. The past is distinguished from this by the context.
    12. The negative imperative may be formed in two ways:
    - + The negation of the affirmative imperative;
    - Nemoj + infinitive.

    Less commonly used forms:

    • The future perfect forms of this verb + the active verbal adjective: 'I shook'.
    • In simple past 'I shook'), only the verb is common, but only as auxiliary conditional.
    • The imperfect 'I shook') is used only in the literary language. In its place we use the past tense of verbs imperfective.
    • The pluperfect is formed in two ways: the imperfect + the active verbal adjective or past tense of the verbal adjective + active 'I writing '.

    Prepositions

    Most prepositions are used with a single case:

    • with the genitive: 'without'; 'near'; 'to'; 'along'; 'below'; 'before'; 'from'; ' beyond, behind '; between '; above '; around, with '; near '; above, by '; after ' ; 'before'; 'cons'; 'in order'; 'instead of'; 'among'; 'because'
    • with the dative: 'to'
    • with the accusative: 'across, over'; 'down'; 'near, beside, with, alongside, and so on. "
    • with the locative: 'by, post'; 'toward', 'near him / her / them'

    Some prepositions govern both cases, even three, depending on their meaning or the nature of the verb regent.

    Preposition Case Terms of use Example
    Medju accusative with a verb expressing movement Medju ljud here to go among the people '
    instrumental with a verb does not express the displacement biti Medju ljudima be among the people '
    na accusative with a verb expressing movement postaviti na stol 'put on the table'
    Rental with a verb does not express the displacement biti na stolu be on the table '
    nad (a) accusative with a verb expressing movement uzdigati nad is more 'rise above the sea'
    instrumental with a verb does not express the displacement Moremi is nalaziti nad 'lie above the sea'
    o accusative Nesto o objesiti hang something '
    Rental govoriti neemu o 'about something'
    pod (a) accusative with a verb expressing movement padata stolicu pod 'fall under the chair'
    instrumental with a verb does not express the displacement Lezat pod stolicom be lying under the chair '
    pred (a) accusative with a verb expressing movement Kralja pozoviti pred 'to bring before the king'
    instrumental with a verb does not express the displacement govoriti pred kraljem 'talk to the king'
    s (a) genitive iskoiti stola his 'jump off the table'
    instrumental with names Anime muem s 'with her husband'
    u genitive Cehov u 'in Chekhov "(in his work)
    accusative with a verb expressing movement u selo here to go to the village '
    Rental with a verb does not express the displacement u ivjeti selu to live / live in the village '
    za accusative za profesora 'for teachers'
    instrumental profesorom za 'behind / after the teacher'

    Note: In the case of certain prepositions, there is alternation-a ~. The vowel a is added to the preposition to make pronunciation easier when the following word begins with the same consonant as the last consonant of the preposition, a consonant of the same type, or a group of consonants: s majkom 'with mother ', but his sestrom' the sister '; pred tobom' before you ', but preda mnom' before me '.

    Particles

    The particle is considered a part of speech except in the grammars of Croatian. It is defined as a word indicating the unchanging attitude of the speaker towards the contents of the statement. Many of these words are French equivalents of adverbs or adverbial phrases called modalisers.

    There are two broad categories of particles: dependent and independent.

    Dependent Particles (nesamostalne estice)

    • Interrogative particles (upitne estice):
    The particle li is sluggish and appears especially after a verb, including Auxiliary Vidis li? 'Is what you see?', 'Do you sing?' East Does he / she will not come? " It is also used after an interrogative pronoun or adverb question mark, to reinforce it: Gdje li samo is skrila? 'Where is she has been hiding?' 'What Is that the time will bring us? " This particle can also strengthen an injunction or an exclamation TRCI li TRCI! 'So run, run! What you're beautiful! "
    The particle zar is still early proposal, increasing the query and at the same time expressing doubt or confusion: Zar Vidis do? "But can not you see? Is you are really gone (s)? + added to a declarative sentence transforms it into interrogative: You have seen, is not it? "
    • Intensifying particles (intenzifikatori):
    Pokloni mu bar sitnicu Neku. "Give him a gift at least tinker."
    TKO Dodji god, this bit sveano primljen. 'Whoever comes, he / she is received (e) solemnly. "
    I one I doao. 'He too has come. "
    Iako Radil cijeli su dan, IPAK nisu Stigler zavriti posao. 'Although they have worked all day, they have still not managed to finish the job. "
    My odluila kako, ja uz tebe Sat. 'Whatever you decide, I'm by your side. "
    Makar jednom budi sretan. 'Be happy at least once. "
    Nisu vjerovali or njemu! "Even him, they did not believe!"
    Pa naravno! 'But of course! "
    Samo da zna STO dogodilo! 'If you knew what happened! "
    Samo ti priaj! 'Cause forever! "
    There I takoer sudjelovao. 'He also collaborated. "
    • The particles of degree (usporedne estice) express the degree of qualification: gotovo 'almost'; jedva 'barely'; jos' yet '; malo' a little '; mnogo' (from) a lot '; naroito' particular above '; osobito' particularly '; posve' totally, absolutely '; potpuno' completely, totally '; previse' too '; prilino' significantly '; sasvim' totally '; Skoro' almost '; veoma' very ' ; vrlo 'very'. Examples sentence: Ona I mnogo Veca. 'It is much larger.' 'It was very small. "
    • Particles incentives (poticajne estice):
    The particle da + verb in the second person expresses this injunction: Sto Da samo zna I napravio! 'You must know what he did! " With the 2nd person past tense, it expresses a command: if smjesta doao Da! "Come now!"
    The particle expresses an incentive Neka (Neka dou! 'They / them coming! "), Permission That he / she do what he / she wants!") Or a call to allow 'they play, children! ") referring to a third person.
    Hajde the particle is synonymous with the shape of the 2nd person imperative of docility 'come' (Hajde, vlak nas nece ekati! 'Come on, the train will not wait for us! "), but also serves to encourage: 'Go, stand a little!'
    • Affirmative and negative particles (jesno-nijene estice): Da, docility MECC. 'Yes, we will come.' 'Yes, he told me the news.', " No, he did not come. "Do not ask me!"
    • Particles (prezentativi):
    Particles evo, eto, eno 'here, that' express three degrees of remoteness, as demonstrative pronouns, adjectives : Evo ovjeka! 'Behold the man! " (Near speaker), Marije Eto ti, pa s Njome Mozes Izac! 'That's Mary! You can get away with it. " (Near the addressee of the statement), Eno naega profesora! 'That's our teacher! " (Not near the speaker nor the addressee). Used with personal pronouns, evo refers to the 1st person to 2nd eto, eno to 3: Evo leads! 'Here I am! There you are!" 'There he is! ' These particles can also refer to a sentence: Eto, sap Sat VAdm rekao! 'Well, I told you everything!' "That's all I know!"
    The particle rule: Gle budalu! 'Look at the idiot!' "Look (me) that!"

    Particles independent (samostalne estice)

    They are of two kinds:

    • interrogative particles, incentives, presentations, affirmative and negative used as independent
    • independent particles used in the statement (modifikatori), among which there are also phrases: doista 'really, truly, indeed'; eventualno 'possibly'; naprotiv 'instead'; naravno 'naturally'; nasreu 'happily '; naalost' unfortunately '; nesumnjivo' no doubt '; sigurno' surely '; stvarno' actually '; uglavnom' mainly '; uistinu' really, really '; uostalom' also '; vjerojatno' probably '; zaista' actually really '; izmeu ostalog' among others ', na kraju krajeva' ultimately '; NEKI nain na' somewhat '; na svaki nain' anyway '; prijs Sveg' first '; u svakom sluaju' anyway '.

    Word order

    Although the word order to be free enough, the Croatian language is SVO , that is to say the word order in the proposal is subject + verb (+ complement) if no member of the proposal does is highlighted: Zene idu na trnicu. 'Women go to market.' I Dalmacija lijepa regija. 'The Dalmatian is a beautiful area. "

    In general, pronouns and auxiliary verbs sluggish, although there are several (maximum four) and the interrogative particle li, are placed after the first member highlighted the proposal, forming a block with a single focus with this: I ju mu dala Olga. Olga gave it to him. " The first member may consist of two elements. In this case, words can follow the sluggish second element: what Sestra Moja u utorak docility. Sestra Moja or "My sister will come Tuesday." If the first member is relatively long, the word dull can not follow: Moja Sestra mlaa docility this U utorak. 'My younger sister will come Tuesday. "

    In coordinated proposal or subordinate, pronouns and auxiliary verbs are placed after the unstressed word-tool which introduces the proposal: I da mi Rekao this mlaa Sestra moja u utorak docility. 'He told me that my younger sister would come Tuesday. ' Conjunctions i 'also' and 'and' are exceptions to this rule.

    Other words sluggish, especially prepositions, may be in first place in the proposal: Na stolu ima knjiga. 'On the table there is a book. " Some particles can also be sluggish begins: Da nisi bolesna? 'Do not you'd be sick? Slavko sees Olga, is not it?

    Finally, generally, the adjective precedes the noun it qualifies: I was bogata ovjek. 'He's a rich man. "

    Glossary

    Word formation

    Derivation

    As in the derivation of the French, by adding certain suffixes in a word, we can get others in the same lexical family.

    Base word Suffix Word derived
    noc
    'Night'
    		-Ist ist noc Place to spend the night '
    -As noc have 'Tonight'
    -Ti ti noci 'Overnight'
    N- No noc i - n a - n o 'Night'

    Composition

    In Croatian, the process of composition is much more productive than French. It can be applied:

    • directly by welding two words: dan 'day' + gubiti 'lose'> dangubiti 'wasting time, lazy'
    • by adding the second word with a vowel: crn 'black' + o + kos (kosa of 'hair')> crnokos 'black hair'

    The elements of the compound word can be a noun and a verb (the first example), an adjective and a noun (the second example), two names: kuevlasnik 'homeowner' duhankesa 'tobacco pouch'.

    Words formed with prefixes also account for compound words: nad 'above' + Biskup Bishop '> nadbiskup Archbishop' pred 'before' + znak 'sign'> predznak 'warning sign', not 'no '+ milosrdan' charitable '> nemilosrdan' ruthless'. Included in this category verbs formed with prefixes that change the meaning of the verb base: here 'go'> ot here 'from' 'out', 'come', arrive at the unexpected '. These prefixes change at the same time the appearance of the verb (see aspects of verbs .)

    The composition can be combined with the derivation: Krtke-(kratak of 'short') + o + vid-(vidjeti to 'see') +-year> kratkovidan 'myopic', bez brige 'carefree'> bezbrian 'reckless'.

    Loans

    The standard Croatian accepts loans lesser extent than the Serbian, but there are still words borrowed from many languages:

    • in Latin : aneo angel 'dekoracija, estimacija, impotencija, kontemplacija, kompozicija, memorija, prohibicija; civil doktor, formula, Horor, humus, literatura
    • in Greek (especially through the Latin): ikona image pious' kaos' chaos', kemija 'chemistry' kor 'choir'
    • in Hungarian : barun 'velvet' bunda 'fur' gumb 'button (garment), Karika' link ', koija' car '(horse), rotilj' grilling '
    • to the German : Bluz 'blouse' krump 'potato', Smink 'makeup'
    • in French : bife 'buffet' bistro 'bistro', grupa 'group' meni 'menu'
    • to the English : films, gol 'goal' (in sports games), hardver 'material' (by computer ), marketing, monitor 'monitor' (computer) menader 'manager', Tenke 'armored tank' sendvi 'sandwich' Sou 'spectacle' vikend 'weekend'
    • in Czech : asopis' magazine, review '; Dusik N' pitolj 'gun' vlak 'train'
    • in Russian : dozvoliti 'enable'
    • in Turkish : boja 'color', bubreg 'kidney' (the body), Budala 'idiot' Bunar 'well', Carapa 'down' (clothing), Celik Steel 'dep' pocket 'jastuk pillow 'kutija' box ', majmun' monkey 'Pamuk' cotton ', rakija water spirits' SECER 'sugar'.

    We can distinguish among loans, established categories according to their degree of assimilation. So there:

    • With words we do not feel like strangers: aneo 'angel', boja 'color', Smink 'makeup' vlak 'train'
    • words well integrated in terms of morphological and yet known to foreigners, especially international words of Latin origin, Greek or English: kemija, memorija, gol
    • words incompletely integrated in terms of morphological
      • finished in a combination of two atypical consonants (bicikl, projekt)
      • ended in a vowel atypical for Croatian (meni 'menu' Sou 'show') or which are added the endings contingencies in a manner atypical bife 'buffet' bistro 'bistro'

    Serbismes

    It considers serbismes words that exist in Serbian standard and are used by speakers Croatian too, without the standard Croatian accept them. These are, for example: Bioskop - Croatian kino 'cinema' gas - cr. Plin 'gas', is izviniti - cr. Ispriati to 'apologize' lenjir - cr. Ravnalo 'rule' (to draw lines) , nauka - cr. znanosti 'science', uestvovati - cr. sudjelovati 'work', vaspitati - cr. odgojiti 'educate' .

    Layers and neologisms

    The layers are mainly translated word for word word foreign compounds: kolodvor (<German Bahnhof 'station', Vodopad (<Ger. Wasserfall) 'waterfall'.

    Sometimes the term refers to layer a new meaning of a word already existing in the language. So, for example, put 'mouse', with its sense used in computer science.

    In its narrowest sense, the neologism is a word created in a conscious way, especially to avoid borrowing, by intellectuals (writers, linguists).

    Among these words there are some who are partially layers, that is to say, translations of foreign words composed by an existing word in Croatian, which was added a root not only used as a word, always Croatian: Neboder (<nebo 'sky' + der, the radical verb Derat scratching 'skyscraper layer of English)' skyscrapers' pravopis (<VERW "correct" + bad, radical Pisati write 'd' after the Greek orthographia) spelling 'rukopis (<ruka' hand '+ worse, according to the Latin Manuscriptum)' manuscript ', zemljopis (<Zemlja' earth '+ worse, after the Greek Geographia)' Geography '.

    There are also words in Croatian completely created, an element or component Croatian (s), but not layers: kisik (<kiseo 'sour') 'oxygen' vodik (<voda 'water' ) hydrogen 'brzojav (<brzo' fast '+ jav, radical Javits inform, to share') 'telegram' KISOBRAN (<kisa 'rain' + bran, radical braniti 'defend') 'umbrella' padobran (<pad 'drop' + bran) 'parachute' suncobran (<sunce 'sun' + bran), parasol, sunshade 'zrakoplov (<zrak air' + plov, radical ploviti 'browse') 'air'.

    The standard Croatian tends to be named the greatest possible concepts with Croatian words, but the pairs of synonyms loan - Croatian word are numerous: Advokat - odvjetnik 'lawyer', Apotek - ljekarna 'pharmacy' deklinacija - sklonidba 'declination' geografija - zemljopis' geography 'komparacija - stupnjevanje' comparison '(adjectives, adverbs), konjugacija - sprezanje' conjugation 'neologizam - novotvorenica' neologism 'oksigen - kisik oxygen'.

    Citation

    For the Croatian writer Miroslav Krlea , Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are one and the same language, he declared in 1969 "Croatian and Serbian are one and the same language as Croats and Croatia call Serbs, Serbian " References

    1. See discussions about the status of these languages and their designations, section Serbo-Croatian.
    2. Legal derived Caraova, locality in which and around which they live.
    3. Cf Statutes of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Article 26.
    4. See Constitution of Montenegro, Article 13.
    5. Cf nationalism , but also Ottoman Greece and philhellenism for a parallel.
    6. In fact, the civil war in Yugoslavia has led to a clear correlation between nationality and language. This does not mean that Croatophones are found only in Croatia: in 1994, the presence of the Croatian language in Bosnia was a factor favoring the creation of the ephemeral Republic of Herceg-Bosna around Mostar. Please note, the term Muslim refers to "Muslim nationality" formalized under Tito , and is neither Bosnians or Bosniaks.
    7. Jacques Leclerc, " The language policy Croatise "on www.tlfq.ulaval.ca, September 14, 2006
    8. Ivo Skarica ( "I EJI I" (EJI is I), in Vijenac, Matica Hrvatska) I opted for and proposes to reform the spelling accordingly.
    9. To compare with the French, see the article Appearance. The notable difference between the two languages is not in the treatment aspects, but in the nature of their indices: indices contextual for French indices morphology (affixes) to Croatian. To compare with the Slavic languages, see aspects.
    10. According Silic, J.; Pranjkovi, gramatika hrvatskoga za jezik i gimnazije Visoka uilita (Grammar of Croatian high schools and colleges), Skolska knjiga, Zagreb, 2005.
    11. As the concept of particle is interpreted differently in the grammar of French and those of Croatia, we report the Croatian words by translating them.
    12. Source examples with Hajde: Nives Opacic, "Rijece za as kratiti" in Vjenac, No. 358, December 22, 2007.
    13. According to Brown, Wayles; Alt, Theresa, A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian (Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian), SEELRC, P. 62-63.
    14. According to Moldovan, Valentin; Radan, Milja N. gramatika srpskog jezik. Morfologija (Serbian Grammar. Morphology), Timisoara, Sedona, 1996. Examples also exist in Croatian.
    15. According to Article Posuenice (Loans) of the Croatian.
    16. Their number is estimated at 2000 by Schneeweis, Edmund, Die deutschen im Lehnwrter Serbokroatischen kulturgeschichtlicher in Sicht, de Gruyter, Berlin, 1960.
    17. Midzic, Maja, Srbizmi (Serbismes). There is no total agreement between the Croatian linguists on what is regarded as Serbian words. Among the examples given by this source, many are not marked as serbismes the dictionary jezini portal Hrvatski (Croatian Language Portal). The examples we are denoted as words or familiar Croatian regional, so absent of the standard, and at the same time as Serbian.
    18. Bozidar Jaksic, " Nationalism and Language: A Balkan experience "on archives.rezo.net

    Bibliography

    Internal Links

    Dictionaries

    • Dayre, John; Deanovi Mirko; Maixner, Rudolf, Dictionary Croatian-French, Dominovi, 1996 (reprint) ( ISBN 953-6006-22-7 )
    • Putanec, Valentin, French-Croatian Dictionary, 9th Edition, Skolska knjiga, Zagreb, 2003, ( ISBN 953-0-40402-6 )

    External Links

    Visit in Croatian.


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