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Creole

In language , a Creole English , in Spanish , in Portuguese ) is a dialect based on the transformations undergone by a language system used as an imperfect means of communication by a large community, these changes are likely influenced by the languages Nursery original members of the community. Thus, the French spoken by slaves to the black Caribbean , in Guyana , in Louisiana and in the Indian Ocean has given birth to Creole Caribbean respectively, Louisiana and Bourbonnais. There are also Creoles based lexical English , Portuguese and Dutch , for the most common.

Summary

/ / The "creolization" and the development of a Creole

A Creole is a regional language. It differs from one island to another without a clear rule, living very different times, he comes from a transformation of French and English or other languages of the colonial era (and confined to minority status language "illegal" in the slave system and colonial) and was used for planters to be understood by their slaves and employees without giving them education, without grammar and lexicon complete, which became the language of the descendants of slaves and by extension the people of the region. Words borrowed from languages bases, in fact, suffered a series of amendments (phonetic, semantic, etc..) That give them their own identity but often leave them recognizable by the users of the mother tongue. Creole languages are pidgins 'successful', in fact, some socio-ethnic distinctions as well as language does not differentiate between creolization and pidginization.

Creolization is a socio-ethnic same process pidginization. This process involves a language of superstrate representing the language of a minority socio-economically dominant, and one or more languages of substrate spoken by a large majority.

Social conditions

Creolization occurs in a multilingual community (that is, where at least two languages are present). Whinnom (1971) postulates that in bi-linguistic communities, one of the parties tended to learn another language, thus blocking the process relexification.
There is an economically dominant minority social group, which occurs especially in a situation of slavery.
The language of superstrate is inaccessible to speakers of languages substrate.
Communication between members who speak languages substrate crumbles, usually through attrition cohorts having skills in either language substrate.

For example, Haitian Creole is socio-historically superstrate French (the French colonial -based French People of Paris).

Building a Creole

Several have been advanced to explain the generation of a Creole.

According to one of them, defended by Thomason & Kaufman creolization is remarkable for its speed. Only ten to twenty is enough, what they see as a brutal linguistic change. The process takes a generation or two, or twenty-five years after implementation of the regional community.

According to another hypothesis, defended by DeGraff, Fournier and Wittmann , the genesis of a creole is a purely socio-historical and does not constitute an exception to theories of universal grammar and linguistic change.