Czech
| Ukrainian (Ukrayins'ka mova) | |
|---|---|
| Spoken in | Ukraine , Moldova , Transnistria , Poland , Slovakia , Russia , Belarus , Romania , Serbia |
| Number of speakers | 41 million |
| Typology | SVO + free order accentual |
| Classification by family | |
| |
| Official status | |
| Official language of |  Ukraine ,  Moldova and  Transnistria |
| Governed by | National Academy of Sciences |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | uk |
| ISO 639-2 | ukr |
| ISO 639-3 | ukr |
| IETF | uk |
| Sample | |
| Article I of the Declaration of Human Rights ( see text in French ) 1. . . | |
change  | |
The Ukrainian (Ukrainian: , is one of four languages belonging to the family of Eastern Slavic groups - the family of Indo-European languages , the three others being Russia , the Ruthenian and Belarus. It is the official language of Ukraine , but it is also spoken in Poland , in Slovakia , in Russia , in Romania , in Belarus , in the province of Transnistria , in Moldova and in parts of Serbia as the Banat.
Summary |
Perspective
The beginnings of Ukrainian language have been normalized often hampered by lack of independence and sovereignty of Ukraine.
For centuries after the fall of Kievan Rus , the Ukrainian elite did not speak the language of their country, the aristocrats and the middle class being Ukrainian or Polonised Russified (even today, many Ukrainians do not speak the language ). If the language was spoken by most Ukrainians Carpathians until Kuban , its literary form did not exist, or almost.
The first works were created by modern Ukrainian authors of the nineteenth century : Ivan Kotlyarevsky , Taras Shevchenko and others.
18 July 1863, a decree of the Russian Interior Minister Piotr Valouiev ( Russian : ) prohibits the use of Ukrainian language, declaring it "nonexistent."
The Ukrainian was not in fact not the only language permitted and "nonexistent." The Belarus , another Slavic language close to Ukrainian, suffered the same fate.
Many of the foreign researchers of the era, especially those from countries allied to Russia relied on the official position of the tsarist government. Thus the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica defined as a Ukrainian dialect "Little Russian" in Russian. ( in English ).
However, towards the end of the Tsarist regime, the Imperial Academy of Sciences of Ukraine admitted that was indeed an independent language.
Historians Soviet then defined as the three Slavic brotherhood.
The Modern Era
At independence, following the dissolution of the USSR , the State offered Ukrainian citizenship to all residents, whatever their origins. So many people considering themselves as Russians or Russian-speaking Ukrainians are also felt. The country thus became bilingual. The Russian dominated the print media and radio, while the Ukrainian language was the only television media controlled by the state. However the country is covered by multiple channels from Russia, and therefore all CIRCULATION Russian.
Since the independence of Ukraine in 1991 , Ukrainian was declared as the only official language of the country and people were encouraged to use it. The school system has been transformed to the Ukrainian language of study. However, Russian is taught. The government has also ensured that the Ukrainian language is increasingly used in the media and trade. This has led some, including Russian-speakers to denounce some of the excesses that result from the "Ukrainization" of the country. Despite this, Russian is still very strong presence (especially in the east). In practice, the language issue is complicated and sensitive. Political demands are superimposed on national identity: Russian recalls for some pan-Slavism and Russian history ( Kievan Russia and Russian Empire ), for the majority and the Russification of Soviet worst hours.
Finally, Ukraine is highly variable across regions (known Sourjyk or Suryk). Even in Kiev, the common language is Russian, announcements and advertisements are in Ukrainian, there was a genuine case of diglossia.
During the two elections of 1994 and 2004 , the adoption of Russian as a second language was one of the promises of the candidates ( Leonid Kuchma in 1994, Viktor Yanukovych in 2004). That promise helped support the regions of southern and eastern Ukraine, where Russian-speaking majority, to Leonid Kuchma. But the Russian was not introduced as official language during the ten years of his presidency (1994-2004).
Ukrainian-and Russian-
According to the 2001 census, the majority of people in Ukraine consider themselves as "ethnic Ukrainians." Part of this group speaks Russian as their everyday language or tongue. This is due to the Russification policies pursued by the Russian Empire and then by the USSR. Sometimes brutal - prohibition of any publication in Ukrainian by Valouiv - sometimes gently - discouraging the use of Ukrainian as the language of work and administration - the Russification has left its mark.
The populations of major cities in eastern Ukraine are mainly Russian speakers. Although Ukrainian origin, they are often reluctant to return to the language of their ancestors.
This is partly explained by the difficulty of changing habits and standards. However, we must not neglect the social factor: the Ukraine is often seen as a "rural language". In fact, the roots of Ukrainian words are sometimes close to the roots of Russian words to a level of archaic language or vulgar. This explains that the city may be hostile to Ukrainization not by ethnic grounds, but rather because of social prejudice.
However, we can not speak of "two distinct communities - as is the case in Belgium or Canada. City dwellers often have relatives in villages and small towns, which are still Ukrainian-. Having taught Ukrainian at school, they do not see him as a "foreign" language. There is no conflict between ethnic Ukrainians and ethnic Russian minority, almost entirely Russian-speaking: the citizens of different origins are mixed culturally. Even the Russian-Ukrainian marriages are no longer considered "mixed." You can not really speak of a "Russian community" separate.
Since 1991, but especially since the Orange Revolution of 2004, a new phenomenon appears: the "Russian-Ukrainian nationalist" (Ukrainian: i ii, Russian : ). This figure personifies the Ukrainian pro-Russian speaking Ukrainization efforts.
Alphabet
The Ukrainian is written with the Cyrillic alphabet. However, it has some differences compared to other Slavic languages, including Russian. Four letters used in Russian are not used in Ukrainian: , , and , the is pronounced Vocabulary
The Ukrainian language is mainly of Slavic origin, and generally similar vocabularies Belarusian, Polish and Russian. The Ukrainian has so many pairs of Russian and Polish origins.
Phonology of the Ukrainian words leaves a large place , which often appears where an o accented Russian.
| Ukrainian | Polish | Russian | French |
|---|---|---|---|
| hovoryty / movyty | mwi | govorit ' | talk |
| kokhaty / lioubyty | kochac / Lubica | Lyuba ' | love |
| diakouiou / spasybi | dzikuj | spasibo | thank you |
| Maietta ratsiiou / vy pravi | macy RACJ | vy Pravy | you're right |
See also
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