49 45'N 15 45'E / 49.75, 15.75

esk republika (cs)
Czech Republic (en)
( Flag of the Czech Republic ) ( Coat of arms of the Czech Republic )
National motto : Pravda zvtz (the truth will win) Hab. 130 inhabitants / km 2
Independence - Date	Of Austria-Hungary Of Czechoslovakia 28 October 1918 1 January 1993
Demonym	Czech
HDI ( 2010 )	0.841 (very high) ( 28th )
Currency	Czech Koruna ( CZK )
Time Zone	UTC 1
National anthem	Kde domov muj?
Internet domain	. CZ
Indicative Telephone	+420

The Czech Republic and the Czech Republic, in long form in Czech and ^{pronunciation} , is a country of central Europe without access to the sea , surrounded by Poland to the north-east of Germany to the northwest and west of Austria to the south and Slovakia to the southeast. Comprising the historic regions of Bohemia , from Moravia , and part of Silesia , the Czech Republic formally born ¹ January 1969 of the federalization of Czechoslovakia. It is independent since ¹ January 1993 on the occasion of the split of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic , the last form of government of Czechoslovakia.

The Czech Republic is a member of NATO since 12 March 1999 and is part of the European Union since ¹ May 2004.

The Czechs, "people of ech , "named after a mythical leader, arrived at the ^sixth century during the invasions , in Bohemia , a country that takes its name from the Celtic tribe of the Boii.

In the Middle Ages, the chronicles kept by clerks writing Latin, mention the "kingdom of Bohemia" (regnum Bohemiae). Later, when the kingdom spends Pemyslids to the imperial house of Luxembourg and the Habsburgs , it is called "Land of the crown of Bohemia (esk Zem Koruny).

Czech Republic and Czech Republic

When in 1918 the West Slavs became emancipated from the tutelage Austro-Hungarian (the Slovaks have spent a thousand years under Hungarian rule and the Czechs almost four centuries under that of German rulers, including the Habsburgs), the name of the new country becomes Czechoslovakia (eskoslovensko) aggregation esko (Czech Republic) and Slovensko (Slovakia) derived from adjectives Cesky (Czech) and slovensk ("Slovak") with the suffix-sko used in Czech and Slovak, to form the name of a country. The term is thus a neologism esko which gives the French " Czech Republic ". This term is historical connotations, used to select the satellite state that was the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia during the Second World War.

The Czech equivalent of the French Academy has neither imposed nor disapproved the word esko: he devotes a long chapter on teaching and explaining its website . It is, however, advocated by the National Geographic Institute Czech (esk ad zemmick has katastrln) in 1993 as "the place name correctly "in the country. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs followed suit and then not recommend this name, duly adapted to each language, on its website. The Geographic Names Committee of the UN recommends, for French, using the term Czech Republic, while recognizing the existence of this short form .

Bohemia and Moravia

There is a subtle geo-specific language in the Czech Republic. Indeed, some Moravians, citizens of the Czech Republic, will refuse to say they are "Czechs" ( ech Czech) term that refers to them an inhabitant of Bohemia (Czech echy), but define themselves as Czech (esk ) when they seek to define themselves in relation to nationality German, Polish and Slovak. esko, "Czech Republic" is there to set the name of the country's historical heart is the echy, "Bohemia," but which includes, in addition, the Morava "Moravia". Note here that the extension and Gazetteer meronymy could play as she has played for France part of the Ile de France or Switzerland part of Schwyz. The constitution of 1993 is rich in semantic contortions to circumvent the susceptibility Moravian and compensate for the lack of exact place name: the territory of the Czech Republic is defined as that of "territorial community of citizens" (zemn spoleenstv oban).

However, they say Czech (esky) when they seek to define themselves in relation to nationality German, Polish and Slovak. Also the Czech football federation, Czech, eskomoravsk fotbalov svaz translates to "Football Federation of Bohemia and Moravia."

Bohemia and La Bohme

The term "Bohemian" finds its source with the arrival in Europe during the ^fifteenth century , the Roma and designated this nomadic people who came from the east, began to disperse in Europe by the Bohemian. It is by no means the Czechs.

Bohemia refers to the life of Bohemian , which is attributed to the "Bohemians", not the main region of the Czech Republic.

History

Stamp of the German occupation

The Czech Republic is formed by the former provinces of Bohemia and Moravia (including a part of Silesia , part of the Holy Roman Empire , then the Austrian Empire which formed the Kingdom of Bohemia (the Crown of St. Wenceslas).

After the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of the First World War , the Czechs became independent in a country that also includes areas in Slovakia in the Empire. Thomas Garrigue Masaryk (1850-1937) became the first president of Czechoslovakia. In 1935 Edward Benes (1888-1948) succeeded him as President of the Republic. The political regime of the interwar period is that of a parliamentary democracy established by the Constitution of 1920 and will make an exception in Central and Eastern Europe until 1938 when Nazi Germany annexed the Sudetenland. Economically the country is experiencing strong prosperity so that Czechoslovakia will be among the top 10 industrial powers. This first Czechoslovakia disappears when Nazi Germany annexed the Bohemia and Moravia (March 1939), creating a Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia protectorate under military administration, while Slovakia (1939-1945) proclaimed its independence. Nevertheless, the resistance is growing both inside and outside. Eduard Benes government in exile organized a refugee in London who fought alongside the Allies. In 1942, Reinhardt Heydrich resistant assassinate the governor of Bohemia and Moravia. In retaliation the occupying Nazis exterminate the village of Lidice. In 1945 Soviet troops enter Prague while the Americans advance to Plzen.

Reconstituted in 1945, Czechoslovakia must cede to the Soviet Union Ruthenia subcarpatique.En 1946 elections gave the Communists a majority vote with their head Klement Gottwald becomes president of the board. Czechoslovakia in 1947 under pressure from the USSR must refuse the Marshall Plan. In February 1948 Gottwald seized power during the coup in Prague, Czechoslovakia making a satellite of the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The early 50s was followed by the Prague trials against senior Party officials including Rudolf Slansky, secretary general of the PCT since 1945 (one of the protagonists Arthur London relate the horrors of the trial in his book The Confession). Economically the new regime nationalized all private sector and sets up a Soviet-type economy with five-year plans (Czechoslovakia joined the COMECON in 1949). In 1955 she joined the Warsaw Pact (the equivalent of NATO to the East). In 1968 Alexander Dubcek launched a reform of the country in the direction of liberalization known as Prague Spring, but the USSR and its Warsaw Pact allies invaded Czechoslovakia in August of that year and impose normalization with the head of the new power Gustav Husak replaces Dubcek as head of the Party in 1969 and became president of the Republic in 1975. In 1977 a dissident group Charter 77 created by calling the government to respect the commitments made at the Helsinki Conference on Human Rights. The 80's saw a hardening of the regime especially when Gorbachev came to power. On November 17, 1989, in commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the crackdown student begins the "Velvet Revolution", which carries the 30 December between the Czech Vaclav Havel to the presidency of the Czechoslovak Republic. The first free elections were held in 1990 with participation of 96%. In July Vaclav Havel is reelected President of the Republic, returning to the republican tradition of the inter-war years.

Castle Karlstejn near Prague

Czechoslovakia disappeared after an episode of Columbia (the "Czecho-Slovakia, Czech and Slovak Federal Republic) 1 January 1993 by mutual agreement between the Czech and Slovak authorities, the elections of June 1992, hence the name "partition" velvet. In February 1993 Vclav Havel became the first president of the new Czech Republic and will be reelected for a second five-year term under the Constitution of December 1992. In 2003, Vaclav Klaus (who was Prime Minister between 1992 and 1996) was elected President of the Republic (reelected in 2008).

The president, Vaclav Klaus , appoints as Prime Minister Stanislav Gross , in August 2004. On April 25, 2005, it gives the president Klaus resigned following a scandal over the obvious dubious origin of his personal fortune. Ji Paroubek , Minister for Regional Development in the government of Mr. Gross, then replaces.

The legislative elections of June 4 | 2006 lead to an "electoral pact": the left and right, including the Greens, each with 100 members and none having a majority. After six months of painstaking negotiations, Mirek Topolanek, leader of the right, finally receives the investiture of the Czech Parliament January 19, 2007 through the voluntary absence of two Socialist deputies. Observers believe that this coalition government Civic Democratic Party and the Civic Democratic Party, the Christian Democratic Union - Czechoslovak People's Party | Christian Democratic Union and the Green Party (Green Party) will have a majority too weak to lead its reform program.

Relations with the European Union

On October 4th 1993 , the Czech Republic and the EU signed an Association Agreement which comes into force on ¹ February 1996. On 31 March 1998 accession negotiations begin and end on 14 April 2003 for approval by the European Council the accession of . In consequence of this decision, 16 April 2003 , held the signing of the Accession Treaty .

Referendum dated 14 June 2003 , 77.3% of Czech voters (with a turnout of 55.21% of registered voters) approve membership and ¹ May 2004 , the Czech Republic became a member of the European Union.

On 21 December 2007 , the Czech Republic joined the Schengen area.

From ¹ January 2009 and until 30 June 2009 , the Czech Republic for the first time reached the Presidency of the European Union. Its president, eurosceptic, not working towards an active presidency, opens a major political crisis in the Czech government during this presidency. Although the Czech Chamber of Deputies has given its consent to ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon on 18 February 2009 and the Senate on 6 May 2009 , Vclav Klaus multiplies maneuvers to delay the signature in the hope that the upcoming election United Kingdom of a conservative-minded person will abandon the treaty. In autumn 2009, a group of senators Eurosceptics claim to the Constitutional Court to examine the compatibility of the Lisbon Treaty with the national constitutional order. Finally, it renders its verdict and dismissed the appeal on 3 November 2009. The same day, President Vaclav Klaus affix his signature to the European text, but not without again expressed his reluctance, particularly as regards the loss of sovereignty.

The economist and founder of the Free Citizens Party, Petr Mach, close to President Klaus, embodies the strong opposition of a part of Czech society towards the European Union. About the Lisbon Treaty and the euro, he stated:

"We defend the sovereignty of the Czech Republic and thus we reject the Lisbon Treaty. Regarding the introduction of the euro, we really want to wait until favorable for the majority of Czech citizens. To this end, we will impose a referendum. "

Politics

The adoption of the Constitution of December 1992. Since 1993, the Czech Republic is a parliamentary democratic and pluralistic. The president is elected for five years by parliament. He appoints the Prime Minister who appoints the Government.

Parliament consists of the Chamber of Deputies, or Poslaneck snmovna (200 members elected for four years) and Senate (81 members elected for six years and renewed by thirds every two years).

Executive power is vested in the Prime Minister who heads the government's action and it is politically accountable to the Chamber of Deputies can overturn it by voting a motion of censure.

The Constitutional Court reviews the constitutionality of laws and can be entered by any defendant at trial if he believes that law seemed to violate the Constitution (in France it was not until March 1, 2010 for comparison).

Geography

Map of the Czech Republic

The Czech landscape is varied, its western part, the Bohemia , consists of a basin, covered by the Elbe (Labe in Czech) and the Vltava (Moldau in German), surrounded by mostly low mountains such as the Sudeten including the Giant Mountains , where you can also find the highest point of the country, the Snezka which culminates at 1602 meters. The Moravia in the east is more mountainous and is drained by the Morava River , it contains the source of the Odra (Oder in German). The waters of the Czech Republic flows to three different seas: the North Sea , the Baltic and Black Sea.

The climate is local temperate , with hot summers and cold winters, cloudy and wet, which is an example of continental and oceanic influences combined.

Administrative Subdivisions

The Czech Republic is divided into 14 administrative areas called regions (kraje, singular kraj). Prague , the capital of the country, also has the status of a region in itself, it is located amidst the largest region, that of Bohemia Central.

Districts (okresy pl., sing. Okres) were formally abolished as local authorities on 1 January 2003, under the second phase of land reform. The skills of districts were partially transferred to regions and municipalities partially extended jurisdiction.

However, the districts remain as the basic territorial unit for the courts, decentralized government, the organizational units of the Police of the Czech Republic and possibly other public institutions. They are also used as a statistical unit.

The districts have also been used until 1 January 2008 as a statistical unit NUTS4 European level, since deleted level for the Czech Republic.

Cities

Demographics

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Demographic changes between 1993 and 2003 (figure in FAO , 2005 ). Population in thousands.

Like most countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), the Czech Republic suffered a population decline since the fall of communism.

Natalist measures such as securing housing at birth of first child disappear and family allowances are not re-indexed to the cost of living, which accelerates the decline in births while the birth rate was already low.

Net migration remains positive, especially thanks to immigration from countries of the former USSR, but does not offset the decline in the birthrate. Currently, the population is approximately 10,674,947 (2010) inhabitants. ,

Economy

Emerging countries of Central Europe, the Czech Republic offers the most industrialized economies and most developed. This is one of the most stable and prosperous among the ex-communist countries.

The Velvet Revolution (November 17 to 24, 1989) to today, the country had to dismantle a centrally planned economy among the most rigid in the region and make a transition to a market economy and ensure its own economic and legislative preparation enlargement of the European Union.

The currency is the Czech crown.

Culture

Codes

The Czech Republic has the code:

• LK, according to the list of prefixes ICAO airport codes ,
• OK, according to the list of prefixes ICAO aircraft registration ,
• CZ, according to the standard ISO 3166-1 (list of country codes) for alpha-2 code,
• CZ, according to the list of international codes of plates ,
• CZ, according to the list of country codes used by NATO , alpha-2 code,
• CZE , according to the standard ISO 3166-1 code alpha-3 (list of country codes)
• CZE , according to the list of country codes IOC ,
• CZE , according to the list of country codes used by NATO , code alpha-3,

References

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