DMR
Republica Moldoveneasca Nistrean (mo)
(ru)
(uk)

Flag Coat of Arms
Administration
Political Status	Independence is not recognized vis--vis the Republic of Moldova
Capital	Tiraspol
Government - Chairman Vice-President	Republic Igor Smirnov Sergei Leontiev
Geography
Area	4 163 km 2
Demography
Population (2004)	555 500 inhabitants.
Density	162 inhabitants / km 2
Language (s)	Moldovan , Russian , Ukrainian
Economy
Currency	Transnistrian ruble
Other
Time Zone	UTC 2
Internet domain	no (see note)
Calling code	373 533
Hymn	National Anthem of Transnistria , adopted in 1991
Currency	no
Note: fields . md and . ru is used.

Map of Transnistria.

Dnestr Moldavian Republic (in Moldova : , in Russian : , in Ukraine : , is an unrecognized republic to slavophone majority government and Communist. Its capital is Tiraspol.

The DMR is also called "Pridnestrovie" that is to say "Cisdniestrie" by Russian speakers, and "Transnistria" is to say, "Transnistria" by the Romanian-, meaning "beyond the Dniester in Romanian ).

False designations of the territory circulate: "Transnistria" (mixture of Romanian name of Transdniestria and Pridnestrovie Russian name), or "Moldavian Republic of Transdniestria" (mixture of the official name of the appellation and Romanian). The name "Transnistria" abroad, is also wrong because the real " Transnistria "is a much larger area, extending to 90% in Ukraine , between the Dniester and the Buh.

Geography

Map of the administrative regions.

Scope

Its territory of 4163 km ^2, equivalent to that of French Polynesia , stretches between the eastern border of the Republic of Moldova with Ukraine , and the river Dniester. The concordance between the territory of the DMR self-proclaimed in Tiraspol (MSY), and "autonomous territorial unit of the left bank of the Dniester "(UTAD) are legally and internationally recognized in Moldova is only partial: the effect of MSY control territories that are not part of the UTAD, as the city of Tighina on the right bank of the river, but do not control all the territory of which the common UTAD Cocieri, Molovata Noua, Corjova, Conia, Parati and Dorocaia chose obedience to the government of Chisinau.

Administrative regions

The DMR is divided into five administrative regions, or raion (the names are Russian or Moldovan Cyrillic parentheses and Latin transliteration in Alternative Moldovan official):

• Camenca (, Kamenka)
• Dubsari (, Doubossary)
• Grigoriopol ()
• Ribnita (, Rybnitsa)
• Slobozia (e, Slobodzea)

and one (or two) municipalities not attached:

• Tiraspol (), the capital,
• Tighina (or e, Bender), recently divorced from his former region.

Political Situation

The DMR is a de facto independent state not recognized on the territory of the Republic of Moldova. It is, in fact, a Russian enclave between Moldova and Ukraine. The Russian military presence provides a status quo that is blocking communications between the RMD and the rest of Moldova, but the Ukrainian side opens.

The RMD is recognized by no country in the international community which, however, there is stationary Operational Group of Russian Forces in Moldova , the name given in 2005 to the elements of the ^XIV Army Armed Forces of the Russian Federation on hand to prevent Moldova to regain control of the region, which includes most of Moldovan industry and hydroelectric Dubsari. The attempt to Moldova to take control in 1992 ended in a crushing defeat at the ^XIV Russian army then commanded by General Alexander Lebed (d. 2002), who was stationed in the Dnestr Moldavian Republic since the days of the Soviet Union.

The RMD has its own constitution, flag, anthem, the president, the Supreme Soviet (Parliament), its government, its army, its currency (the ruble or Souvoriki MSY) and uses the Cyrillic alphabet, including language Daco-Romanian called "Moldovan" in Moldova and "Romanian" in Romania , which is written in Latin characters in these two countries.

On 31 March 2006 , the DMR has announced plans to hold a referendum on independence. ^The 6th extraordinary congress of Representatives by the chairman of Parliament, Evguen Shevchuk , called the referendum supervised by international observers. Shevchuk has also requested that Russia and Ukraine officially recognize the RMD.

History

The specific history of the Dnestr Moldavian Republic (RMD) began in 1991. Before 1991 , his story is one of Transnistria.

Indeed, the DMR is part of the former Ukrainian region of Podolia : with the exception of the city of Tighina (aka Bender), its territory had belonged neither to the former Principality of Moldavia or the former Bessarabia. In contrast, in 1924 , he was included in the Autonomous Republic of Moldova the Soviets were then created in Ukraine. In 1940 , when the USSR occupied Bessarabia, Moldavian Autonomous Republic disappeared: the eastern part of Ukraine reinstated, while its western part (roughly the current MSY) joined the new Soviet republic of Moldova.

During the Second World War , it was occupied by Romania, where the regime Antonescu and the Einsatzgruppen German left to die of cold and typhus or shot them 120,000 Jews, Roma and Romanian and Ukrainian resistance.

The DMR has seceded from Moldova in 1991 when the latter's independence against the Soviet Union (in which the RMD wished to remain).

The Supreme Soviet (Parliament) of Transnistria to Tiraspol.

While the Soviet Union began to disintegrate in the late 1980s, he performed in Moldova with the future RMD and Gagauzia , the same phenomenon in Ukraine with the Crimea , in Georgia with Abkhazia and the South Ossetia or in Azerbaijan with Nagorno-Karabakh : facing the centrifugal and separatist movements in the Republics unionalis (Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan), the Russian government encourages and supports the autonomy of minorities local (Russian in Ukraine and Moldova, Abkhaz and Ossetians in Georgia, Armenians in Azerbaijan). This has the effect of keeping the people against each other, and ask the Soviet army as an arbiter.

Ethnic tensions are rising in all regions. In June 1990 , when the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova adopted the use of Romanian (native language of the majority) as the sole official language of the republic, the Russian-Ukrainian, already worried since 1989 by the reintroduction of the Latin alphabet throughout and will leave the Moldavian Soviet fold, express their discontent: they fear having to learn the local language and lose their privileged position to linguistic reason, as in the Baltics. In addition, a possible reunification between Romania and the Republic of Moldova is unacceptable for slavophones (25.4% of the population in Moldova, but which would be more than 8% in Romania and Moldova united). Also, the Slavic Transnistria, local majorities, require the maintenance of their area within the USSR or Russia, as the enclave of Kaliningrad.

Dnestr Moldavian Republic was proclaimed on 2 September 1990. By November, violence broke out between armed forces of the Republic of Moldova and Russian-speaking militias of the RMD, the latter were then supported by the ^XIV Russian army was stationed permanently in the territory. Journalist Olga Capatina, note that there are in every army and Romanian-Russian speakers, and in his opinion it is a political conflict, not ethnic . The new DMR chooses Tiraspol as its capital and calls for unification with Russia.

On the occasion of a "referendum" held in December 1991 , the population of the LDR is in favor of independence for the territory.

In June 1992, fighting resumed. On 3 July 1992 , a violent artillery fire on concentrations of Moldovan forces in the forest of Gerbovetskii fact, according to a source Moldovan, 112 died in the ranks and sign the actual end of hostilities following the threat of force

A force trilateral mission KFC peacekeeping the CIS (Russian, Moldovan and Transnistrian) is deployed on 29 July 1992 at the Moldovan-Transnistrian. The Russians have more than half of staff (402 Russian soldiers, 355 soldiers Moldovan, 492 soldiers and 10 military observers Transnistrian Ukrainians) .

In fall 1992 , the war resulted in an agreement between the President of the Republic of Moldova Mircea Snegur and President of the Russian Federation , Boris Yeltsin : Russia would remain neutral (it would cease to support the RMD) and the Republic Dnestr Moldavian benefit from a particular political status of an autonomous region within the Republic of Moldova: the birth of the "autonomous territorial unit of the left bank of the Dniester "(UTAD). In exchange, the Republic of Moldova undertakes not to claim his Romanian identity, not to seek unification with Romania , or in this case, to grant the right to self-determination to the RMD.

The efforts were led by the President of the Russian Federation , Vladimir Putin , are in line with the creation of an integrated region in the Republic of Moldova, but remaining bilingual Russian-Moldovan, claiming no its Romanian-related and the Russian Federation through bilateral agreements .

In this context, a new referendum on self-determination, supported by Russia and accepted by the various forces was held on 17 September 2006 in the DMR. He mobilized 78.6% of voters, who approved the incorporation to 97.1% in Russia in the framework of the CIS . According to the CIS observers who attended the conduct of the referendum, it was held in a free and democratic. Nevertheless, the EU and the OSCE have already announced they will not recognize the referendum results because of irregularities.

Proposed solutions to end the status quo

Igor Smirnov , president of the Dnestr Moldavian Republic since its inception.

In 2003 , Dmitry Kozak , the envoy of Russian President Vladimir Putin , suggests a "federalization" of Moldova guaranteed by Russia and Ukraine. The parties claim that the Romanian-speaking minority, believe that all these proposals are in fact Russify Moldova itself and that if adopted, it would actually be an annexation of Moldova by the Dniester Moldovan Republic . This has determined the Ukrainians to propose their own plan: the President of Ukraine proposes to grant the status of RMD " Republic autonomous "within the Republic of Moldova (Ukraine did the same thing on its own territory in Crimea to prevent Russia to take control, thanks to the local majority Russian-speaking population) and accept as guarantors the United States and the European Union.

As to the Republic of Moldova, the parliament adopted a communist majority in the month of July 2005 a law that gives the "autonomous territorial unit of the left bank of the Dniester "(UTAD) broad autonomy and excludes any guarantor outside.

However, the DMR did not recognize any of these provisions, and therefore it is in turn recognized by no one and only exists in fact : only UTAD enjoy a status of de jure. In an attempt to break the deadlock after the Communists have also gained a majority in Chisinau , a first direct meeting between the presidents of Moldova ( Vladimir Voronin ) and the Dnestr Moldavian Republic ( Smirnov ) was held in Tighina (city controlled by the NMR) 11 April 2008. But the revival of the negotiation process called "5 +2 "failed because Smirnov, his government and his constituents want a connection to the Russian , that neither the Kremlin nor Moldova , even Communist admit.

Demographics

According to 2005 statistics, the ethnic composition of the RMD is:

• 31.9% of Moldovans ;
• 30.4% of Russians ;
• 28.8% of Ukrainians.

There are also minorities in Poland.

Economy

Soviet symbols on a street in Tiraspol.

The DMR has received until the collapse of the Soviet Union for most of the investments made in Moldova . In 1990, 40% of GNP total of Moldova was provided by the DMR on the territory of which were most Moldovan industry. This is still relevant in 2010 but the Dnestr Moldavian Republic, landlocked , has to pass his goods through the Ukraine or, more rarely, Moldavia.

Among the main companies in the country: Tirotex second company textiles in Europe is a Soviet legacy. The company employs 6100 employees and is the main employer of female labor in the country. It has significantly upgraded with machine tools and Chinese and German treats the entire textile chain, from fiber to finished garment. This modernization and the low cost of labor allows it to be competitive in Europe, where it sells most of its products, Chinese products face or the Maghreb. Without official recognition of the country, its products are labeled Made in Moldova.

The other major undertaking of the DMR is the Sheriff group, created by Viktor Gouchane ( Ukrainian MSY) and Ilya Kazmaly ( Russian original Gagauz ), both former officers of the Soviet intelligence services. The group owns a chain of supermarkets , food factories, the largest network of service station , the concession car , an agency of advertising , a television station , an operator of mobile telephony , etc.. He also owns the football team in Tiraspol and built in 2000 a sports complex with over 200 million.

The Sheriff is a group of key economic support of President Smirnov whose son, Oleg Smirnov is one of the leaders of the group and enjoys advantages such as tax reductions of import - export.

Formerly poor condition and ultra-militarized, marked by the civil war of one thousand nine hundred and ninety-two (200 dead), the Dniester Moldovan Republic has since received substantial Russian investments and today it is more industrialized and more modern than its neighbor Moldavia .

The current largest economic partner of the DMR is always Russia that keeps the country on a drip in order to benefit the region between Moldova and Ukraine, and near the eastern borders of the European Union and the NATO , a "bridgehead" marking its exclusive zone of influence: factories Gazprom are also located in the country .

Arms trafficking

On 8 May 2005 , The London Times published an article on arms sales by mafia networks in RMD, including warheads "radioactive." If this information were true, it would obviously not nuclear warheads, but head containing a very small amount of fissile material, probably used in sensors, or forged metal containing depleted uranium, such as those the NATO used against Serbia.

Arms sales represent a major source of revenue for the "informal" economy in RMD. According Zaur Borov and Stephen Bowers (in Illegal Weapons Traffic in Eastern Europe), we find the small arms but also missile Stinger , anti-aircraft weapons were manufactured in the United States.

A French, Xavier Deleu , has collected many testimonies in the book Transnistria, the powder keg of Europe, but this book lacks figures, reminiscent of the old controversies about the realities of the USSR , and was told to Jean-Baptiste Naudet's Nouvel Observateur that "Transnistria is a geographical area of Europe where the Soviet Union, his system, his administration, his decorum and his methods are still in place: a truly historic conservatory. The newest book of Frederick Delorca (who went there in 2007): Transnistria: journey to the land of the last Soviets, for its part shade theses Deleu and emphasizes the recent efforts of Tiraspol to align with standards International legal.

Armed Forces

The Army of the LDR is high about 25 000 men in total .

The size of the operational group of Russian forces in Moldova in September 2009 is 1500 military and are responsible for protecting warehouses ex-Soviet ammunition. It consists, in 2005, the 8th Brigade of Guard Motorized Rifles, the regiment 1162nd of anti-aircraft rockets, the 15th Signal Regiment, and other media .

Culture

Religions

91% of the population of the DMR is Orthodox Christian , attached to the Patriarchate of Moscow . Only 4% of the population is Catholic (mostly Poles ) and lives especially in the north of the RMD .

The government of the Dnestr Moldavian Republic, although communist, supports the construction of new Orthodox churches in the country: the country's constitution says it respects the freedom of religion. In the official celebrations, the Orthodox hierarchs figure prominently alongside uniformed military members and the Soviet government .

Human rights

The parliament of the Dnestr Moldavian Republic is a signatory to a treaty to guarantee the rights in September 1992 .

However, it is difficult to verify compliance, the country is relatively out of touch (like North Korea ). Except, of course, the daily bus connections between Chisinau and Tiraspol. So many people have been arrested merely for reasons expressed social or economic, without even opponents of the regime of Tiraspol .

The media are also controlled by the government, there is no freedom of press .

References

Leave a Reply

Frequently Asked Questions