History after 1204 1204: The End of the Duchy of Normandy?
Confiscated ( committed ) in 1202, the duchy was in fact conquered by the King of France Philippe Auguste two years later . He entered the royal domain. The English monarchs continued to claim it until the Treaty of Paris in 1259 but not actually retain the Channel Islands as part of the old duchy.
Little confidence in the fidelity of the Normans, the King of France installed French administrators in his new possession and built a powerful fortress, symbol of royal power, the Castle of Rouen. The glorious page of history is Normandy tour. The Duchy is not dead yet.
Within the royal domain, Normandy retains some specificity. First, the Custom of Normandy is still the basis for court decisions. In 1315, faced with the constant encroachments of royal power over the liberties of Normandy, the barons and cities tore the king of France a text: the Charter to the Normans. This document does not provide autonomy to the province but protects it from the royal. The judgments of the Exchequer , Norman main court are declared final. This means that Paris will not break a trial of Rouen. Another important concession: the king of France can not raise a new tax without the consent of the Normans. We must admit however that this charter, granted at a time when the royal authority declines, will repeatedly raped later, when the monarchy has regained its power.
The Duchy of Normandy survives primarily by the installation of an intermittent Duke at its head. Indeed, the King of France says sometimes that part of his kingdom to a close member of his family. This then lends homage to the king. Philip VI and placed his eldest son, heir to the throne John II , Duke of Normandy. In turn, John II appointed his son to the heir to the throne Charles V who was also known by his title of Dauphin.
In 1465, after the battle of Monthlry , Louis XI is constrained by the grandees of his realm to transfer to preserve the duchy to his brother Charles. This concession is a problem for the King of France since Charles is a puppet of his enemies. Normandy might therefore serve as a basis for rebellion against the royal power. Louis XI then negotiates with his brother the exchange of Normandy against the Guyenne. Finally, to signify that Normandy will not be sold, the ring is placed Ducal November 9, 1469 on an anvil and smashed with a sledgehammer blow. This is the definitive end of the duchy on the continent .
However, the dauphin Louis Charles , second son of Louis XVI , is also known as Duke of Normandy before the death of his elder brother in 1789. But his title is purely honorary.
The Duchy of Normandy today
If it was deleted in its feudal character as such in 1469, then as a preserve in 1789, the duchy of Normandy for nearly six centuries been divided into two unequal parts, the mainland or French, and the island portion belonging to the British throne and has never been permanently conquered by France.
Thus, under international law, the Duchy of Normandy still stands today, albeit without legal personality and is reduced to its bare minimum on the Channel Islands , Jersey and Guernsey , whose bailiwick under the sovereignty of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom , Duke of Normandy. It is this feature, added to his many other titles of queen, which remain the Duchy of Normandy. For its current institutional peculiarities and history, see the articles on the islands mentioned above.
Institutions ducal
Dukes of Normandy
While his predecessors are called Earl or Count of the Normans of Rouen, Richard II of Normandy , who succeeds Richard I of Normandy is the first to give the title of Duke of Normandy .
The Duke of Normandy was one of the six lay peers primitive.
Territorial Divisions
Counties
The administration of the duchy was based on counts and Viscounts. The first appear in the principate of Richard II ( 996 - 1026 ). Their role is to defend the country (hence the localization of the counties on the borders), custody of the ducal castle, administration rights of the Duke and especially the ducal collection of revenues. The Earls are appointed and dismissed by the Duke and several have lost their function after mismanagement or conspiracy (eg William Guerlenc between 1049 and 1055). Conversely, some counties were able to impose inheritance from his office over several generations (the counts of Evreux ).
Viscount
The viscounties are not always subdivisions of counties. Some viscounties indeed corresponded to former county downgraded ( Himois , Avranchin ). In fact, Norman Viscounts were representatives of the duke, earl holder. Thus, the Viscounts had the same functions as the counts. However, unlike the latter, they did not take them for a portion of revenues Ducal but sent them to the ducal court. If the load Viscount was also revoked, some dynasties have yet formed (the Neel, Viscount of Cotentin ), but whether they left Normandy in 1204, it is preserved only a few baronies.
Baillies then bailiwicks
During the twelfth century are in place the beginnings of a new system of representation ducal, modeled on the English sheriffs. However, maintaining the counties and their corollary viscounties pushed the kings of France, Duke of Normandy to meet the continental viscounties bailiffs. The bailiff there is the king, the Viscounts are appointed and delegated its non-hereditary, like the marshals in senechaussees. The term bailiwick , documentation, required by the end of the thirteenth century. Counties and lordships directly dependent on the Crown (the Duke) had their own bailiff. This system lasted until 1789 in fact, although the bailiffs should lose most of their assignments for the benefit of the stewards.
Ecclesiastical Divisions
The seven historic dioceses of the ecclesiastical province of Rouen
The Duchy of Normandy roughly corresponds to the ecclesiastical province of Rouen , which includes:
The Passais (region Domfront) noted, however, the diocese of Le Mans and the exemption of Saint-Samson , located south of the Seine Estuary, was under the bishopric of Dol
Some historical issues
The Duchy of Normandy, a Viking state?
Since the nineteenth century, several historians have liked Norman boasts Viking origin in the region. This recurring reference to the Norse people was used to support the construction of identity Norman somewhat weakened. But the mark of the Vikings was so important to the duchy? .
In the first half of the eleventh century, Normandy offers an image of a country Frenchified. The Viking imprint appears altogether rather limited. Some practices reflect a survival of origins. Duke Richard II had two wives: Judith married by Christian rites and Papia, married to the Danish fashion ( more danico ). He does not hesitate to take on even a fleet of Rouen raiders vikings. Similarly, the noble descent is made by adding the prefix-son / fitz - ("son of") the father's name, use the inherited Germanic practice (in this case, Scandinavian) add-in's late father's name to name the son.
On the institutional front, the new leaders of Normandy mold their Carolingian State organization. They proclaim themselves to count, sometimes Marquis or Duke. Titulatures many original Roman or Frankish. The Duke has sovereign rights, in the line of Carolingian kings: right to print money, right of high justice, law on forests ... The old Scandinavian law exists only through elements such as ullac (right of banishment) or the hamfara (repression of armed attacks against the houses).
Matrimonial alliances contracted by the Dukes in the tenth and eleventh centuries reinforce the thesis of a break with the original environment. The masters of Normandy do not marry girls or sisters of Danish and Norwegian kings. They prefer to take a wife (at least those espoused by the Christian rite) from their neighbors: Britain, France, Flanders.
What better proof of acculturation that the loss of the original language, the Norse ? Latin in written documents and the local dialect prevails. Only the marine and maritime vocabulary borrows heavily to the Vikings.
Romanesque Cross near Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives
From the material point of view, the Scandinavian invasion gives the impression of having almost nothing shoved: archaeologists seek in vain for traces of a Viking art, even in the types of ceramic objects or products. The dedications of churches remain the same. There is no known instance of desertion in this village then. In short, there is continuity with Neustria Carolingian .
How to explain this French language? The Christianization , a condition included in the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte , is certainly no stranger to this phenomenon. She has played an undeniable role in the integration when we know that the essence of medieval culture, civilization in Western Europe is keen to Christianity. The small number of Scandinavian immigrants in Normandy can form a second explanation . But it is an assumption because we have no population estimate. Some regions Norman ( Caux , Roumois , North Cotentin ) displays a high density of place names of Scandinavian origin: municipalities whose name ends in-ox /-bot (from the Norse word Buth, building) by - beak (of bekkr Creek), en-dal (the) (from LRAD, valley), in-lon (from) (from lundr, wood, forest) and above-tot (of TOPT, housing land. It Over 300 names for all the early-Normandie) are particularly numerous. This abundance might suggest a Viking settlement density. However, it is explained rather by the influx of settlers from diverse backgrounds, from farmers in the British Isles and Ireland for many and who had greater bond with their Viking past. They could be Danish, Norwegian, Anglo-Scandinavian, Anglo-Saxon or Celtic Britain and Ireland. What one hand explains the high density of Anglo-Scandinavian names, and secondly the lack of archaeological finds itself "Viking."
The opening of the duchy to influences other than Scandinavian leaves no doubt. The religious elite is up to the outside. Invasions Vikings had scared away almost all the monks of Normandy. The first Dukes rely on abbots and foreign communities to meet the Norman abbeys abandoned. Richard II was able to accommodate the Italian in his State of Volpiano William , Abbot of Saint Benignus of Dijon, to restore the monastery of Fecamp. As for the lay aristocracy, the external contribution is less clear. Exceptions, such as Tosny the Bellme or family Giroie the greatest aristocrats descended from the companions of Rollo or directly from Duke. For cons, the junior level, the origin of the noble Norman is more heterogeneous: Brittany , Ile de France , Anjou.
In sum, the distinctiveness of the Duchy Viking seems to be rapidly vanishing. In the early eleventh century, a century after the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, Normandy is a principality Anglicized. Norman eyes no longer look to the land of their ancestors.
A model state?
The historian Francois Neveux this Normandy as "a real state, where the public authority clearly outweighs private interests." It highlights the "most effective administrative structure" of the duchy in the eleventh century and its "strong institutions" in the twelfth century . This model will be exported in Norman England , following the conquest of 1066, and in much of the kingdom of France.
At first glance, the conclusion of Francois Neveux is indeed a lot of support. The first Dukes managed to recover or preserve the rights of former Carolingian kings: they are the protectors of the Church, they appoint bishops and abbots number, they receive a direct tax, they bring peace and security. Anyone who attacks a pilgrim, a merchant, a knight going to the army dealing with the ducal court. In summary, Rollo and his successors are monarchs without having the title. Duke Richard II (996-1026) establishes the counts in the border regions and Viscounts inside. Removed, these officials wield the Duke has delegated to them.
In 1066, the conquest of England allows Dukes for the title of king. It also requires improving the administration because the new Anglo-Norman rulers can hardly hold their state shared by the English Channel. Permanent institutions are emerging. Henry I of England created the office of judge, the latter being responsible for administering the Normandy when King is on the island. Vigilantes are roaming set up under the same rule. Their role is reminiscent of Missi Dominici of Charlemagne. The Ducal treasure is permanently installed in the castle of Caen. In this place, stands in the twelfth century the Exchequer which monitors the expenditure as a chamber of accounts.
In 1154, the Duke of Normandy, Henry II , becomes king of England when he was already Count of Anjou and Duke of Aquitaine. Normandy is found included in a great state extending from Scotland to the Pyrenees. Drowned in this together , the duchy did not lose all influence. Norman institutions serve as examples and the Custom of Normandy reference in the great state Plantagenet. Even the king of France modeled on Norman including adopting the idea of establishment of bailiffs as local administrators.
If the administration of Normandy serves as a model, one must concede, however, she herself found inspiration elsewhere. Note for example that the development of the Exchequer owes much to the example of the County of Flanders. As for the itinerant justices, Duke Henry I Beauclerc here has taken an English institution.
One of the main ducal castles: the
castle of Falaise , William the Conqueror was born.
The image of a Normandy powerful, well-managed and directed deserves further nuances. Normandy dives regularly in several years of anarchy. Cause: ducal estates, which normally go wrong, either because the heir is too young or because it is contested. So much so that the historian A. Debord notes that periods of crisis are ducal authority in Normandy of the eleventh century, almost as much time as periods of insurance . The minority of William the Conqueror (1035-1047) is an example of these difficult times.
The weakening of the ducal power benefits the barons, particularly those installed on the margins, as has been analyzed or Gerard Pierre Bauduin Louise . These lords are developing strategies that meet their interests and build castles without the permission of the Duke. The current number of mounds surrounded by ditches reveals the importance of the phenomenon. The barons give themselves the ownership of large fortresses ducal then they did that custody. At the southern periphery, the lords of Bellme are among the most independent.
In sum, as the whole of France, Normandy is facing the eleventh century to the crisis chatelaine . But this crisis occurs intermittently. The heir to the dukedom eventually prevail. He mate aristocrats rebels, confiscated and recovered the castles renews by political marriages of loose ties. Peace ducal then finds its full meaning.
In the second half of the twelfth century, there is hardly a crisis. The authority of kings, dukes, Henry II (1154-1189), Richard the Lion Heart (1189-1199) and John Lackland (1199-1204) is undisputed. The princes are finally imposed against the barons.
Between 911 and 1204, the Duchy of Normandy therefore shows two faces. On the one hand, that of a state ruled by dukes capable and respected. On the other, that of a state plagued by lawlessness when a Duke dies.
References
- Franois Neveux, The Adventure of the Normans (VIII-XIII century), Perrin, 2006, p. 67-72.
- Peter Bauduin recently attempted delineation from tales of Dudo of St. Quentin and Flodoard and some charters. To the east boundary of the Epte seems assured. To the west of Normandy was to reach the Pays d'Auge. South, Bauduin doubt the incorporation of vrecin. The area given to Rollo had to be reduced. Pierre Bauduin, Normandy First, tenth - eleventh century, Caen, Presses Universitaires de Caen, 2004, p.135-141.
- The first match Normandy was approximately the Haute-Normandie current and is thus the oldest Normandy, as opposed to the territories attached to the duchy thereafter, which will form the Lower Normandy.
- Lucien Musset , "Considerations on the genesis and the borders of Normandy in France ... in Media, p.309-18. In the same vein, Peter Bauduin rejects the idea of a rapid construction within safe limits set in the first third of the tenth century. Pierre Bauduin, Normandy First, tenth - eleventh century, Caen, Presses Universitaires de Caen, 2004.
- Lucien Musset, "Essay on the population of Normandy (VI-XII centuries, the Normans Worlds (VIII - XII siclee), Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Medieval Archaeology (Caen, 1987), Caen, Society of Medieval Archaeology, 1989, p.97-102. Historians and Christophe Mathieu Arnoux Maneuvrier consider estimating Musset undervalued. Maneuvrier Mathieu Arnoux and Christophe Le Normandy. Landscapes and Settlement (IX - XIII centuries), article on the online journal Tabularia
- Franois Neveux , La Normandie dukes kings, Rennes, western France, 2002, p.206 and p. 229-212-234.
- Franois Neveux , La Normandie dukes kings, Rennes, western France, 2002, p.245-270.
- Maylis Bayle 'Romanesque architecture in Normandy, Norman architecture in the Middle Ages, Proceedings of the symposium Cerisy-the-room (September 28 to October 2, 1994), Presses Universitaires de Caen, Charles Corlet, Caen-Conde sur Noireau, 1997, p.13-35.
- Michel Board , "the Norman State: growth and height," in Michel de Bouard (ed.), History of Normandy, Privat, Toulouse, 1970, p.145-147.
- D. Crouch, 'Normans and Anglo Normans: a Divided Aristocracy? "England and Normandy in the Middle Ages, p.51-67.
- Franois Neveux, La Normandie dukes kings, p.563-568.
- Michel de Bouard (ed.), History of Normandy, Privat, Toulouse, 1970, p. 258.
- Karl-Ferdinand Werner, "Some observations about the beginnings of the Duchy of Normandy. Private law and regional institutions "in historical studies offered to John Winter, PUF, Paris, 1976, p.691-709.
- The question of the respective importance of the French heritage and Scandinavian crossed number of historical studies since the late nineteenth century. Continuity or discontinuity between the Frankish Neustria and ducal Normandy? The debate is still open today, is summarized in the First Stone Bauduin Normandy, tenth - eleventh century, Caen, Presses Universitaires de Caen, 2004, p.25-28.
- Mathieu Arnoux and Maneuvrier Christophe Le Normandy. Landscape and Settlement (IX - XIII centuries),article on the online journal Tabularia
- "Nowhere Nordic colonization was a mass phenomenon. While it is not impossible, given the density of microtoponyms Nordic at one time the population of small areas, such as the Hague was mostly composed of immigrants. But this was an extraordinary situation. " Lucien Musset , "Origins of Normandy," in Michel de Bouard (ed.), History of Normandy, Privat, Toulouse, 1970, p.103.
- F. Nephews, The Dukes of Normandy to the Kings, western France, 2002, p.202.
- Quoted by Dominique Barthlemy, in the order seigneurial eleventh-twelfth century, New history of medieval France, Le Seuil, Paris, p.48.
- Peter Bauduin, Normandy First, tenth - eleventh century, Caen, Presses Universitaires de Caen, 2004 and Grard Louise, "The Lordship of Bellme X-twelfth century", The Netherlands, Norman, 1990-1991, 2 vols.
- Dominique Barthlemy, L'Ordre seigneurial eleventh-twelfth century, New history of medieval France, Le Seuil, Paris, p.13.
Bibliography
- David Bates , Normandy Before 1066, Longman, London-New York 1982 ( ISBN 0-582-48492-8 )
- Pierre Bauduin , Normandy First, tenth - eleventh century, Caen, Presses Universitaires de Caen, 2004 ( ISBN 2841331458 )
- Michel Board , "the Norman State: growth and height" and "Normandy ducal economies and civilizations," in Michel de Bouard (ed.), History of Normandy, Privat, Toulouse, 1970, p.131-193 ( ISBN 2-7089-1707-2 )
- Pierre Bouet and Vronique Gazeau, Normandy and England during the Middle Ages, Caen, CRAHM, 2003 ( ISBN 2902685149 )
- Anne-Marie and Veronique Gazeau Flambard Hricher, 1204, between Normandy Plantagenet and Capetian Caen CRAHM, 2007 ( ISBN 9782902685356 )
- Lucien Musset , "Origins of Normandy," in Michel de Bouard (ed.), History of Normandy, Privat, Toulouse, 1970, p.75-129 ( ISBN 2-7089-1707-2 )
- Franois Neveux , La Normandie dukes kings, Rennes, western France, 1998 ( ISBN 2737309859 )
Sources
- Mary Fauroux, "Compendium of acts of the Dukes of Normandy (911-1066)," Memoirs of the Society of Antiquaries of Normandy, Volume XXXVI, 1961
- William Jumiges , Gesta Normannorum ducum, J. Marx (ed.), Society for the History of Normandy, Rouen-Paris, 1914 (an older edition on Gallica )
- Orderic Vitalis , The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, M. Chibnall (ed.), Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1969-1980, 6 volumes. (An older edition on Gallica )
- HWC Davis, Anglo-regnum Regesta normannorum, 1066-1154, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1913
Related articles
External Links
- img alt = "Portal of Normandy" src = "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Blason_region_fr_Normandie.svg/22px-Blason_region_fr_Normandie.svg.png" width = "22" height = "24" /> Portal of Normandy
.svg)
(1 votes, average: 4.00 out of 5, rated)
Loading ...