Elbe (River)
50 46 '32 "N 15 32' 11" E / 50.7756, 15.5364
| Elbe | |
|---|---|
 The Elbe in winter at Dresden . | |
 Elbe basin. | |
| Features | |
| Length | 1 091 km |
| Basin | 144 055 km 2 |
| Sump | Elbe |
| Average Flow | 3 711 m s -1 |
| Courses | |
| Flows into | the North Sea downstream of Hamburg |
| Geography | |
| Countries crossed |  Czech Republic ,  Germany |
The Elbe ( German Czech Sorbian is a river of central Europe which has its source in the Czech Republic in the Giant Mountains , and after a course located mostly in Germany, flows into the Sea north by a long estuary than a hundred kilometers which is Hamburg , the first port of Germany. The length of this river is 1091 kilometers.
Summary |
The German and Czech names have the same origin in antiquity, the Greeks , the Celts and the Romans named the river Albis, while the Germans called Albia. This name derives from''elfr''in Old Norse word referring to a river that gave elfur in Icelandic , ALV in Swedish and elv in Norwegian.
Geography
The Elbe River is the fourteenth of Europe and is among the 200 largest rivers in the world. If we retain the assumption that its source is actually that of the Vltava River (the confluence of this tributary has a higher rate), its total length is increased to 1252 km (thirteenth place in Europe). Part of the course in the Czech Republic has a length of 364 km, while the one located in Germany that runs from the Czech border to the North Sea has a length of 727 km. The basin drained by the river has an area of approximately 148 000 km 2. The average flow of the Elbe is 710 m 3 / s making it the fourth river in Germany after the Rhine , the Danube and Inn.
The Elbe first crosses northern Bohemia Czech describing a wide arc and then passing through Germany in particular the cities of Dresden , Magdeburg and Hamburg before emptying into the North Sea at Cuxhaven. The separation between the two Germanies until 1990, served as the Elbe border on a large part of its course. It was then heavily polluted especially by heavy metals but in recent years the water quality has improved greatly.
The course of the Elbe
The Elbe has its being located on the territory of the European Union. It has a large river basin and is the center of a channel set up a communications network between the Rhine and Baltic.
The river irrigates the Czech Republic where it has its source in the Giant Mountains , and Germany, where it empties into the North Sea after crossing the Lnder of Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt , Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein , and the city-state of Hamburg. In each of these two countries, the Elbe is the second most important navigable waterway (respectively after the Vltava (Czech: Vltava) and the Rhine. Its speed increases from 324 m / s in Dresden up to 711 m / s Neu-Darchau ( Lower Saxony ).
The upper
The upper is the source of the river to the point where the river loses its mountain character after completing his crossing of the mountains of Bohemia.
Upper Czech Republic
The Elbe has its source in the Giant Mountains (Krkonoe) in Czech Republic and then moves away, taking a south to south-east, the opposite of it will follow thereafter. As of Pardubice its course, after a sharp elbow, takes a westerly direction and shortly thereafter, a north west which subsequently maintain with rare exceptions. A Mlnk Elbe is joined on his left by the Vltava , which with its 440 km is the longest tributary (at the confluence of the Elbe has traveled less distance from its source as the Vltava). Beginning Litomice Elbe follows a northeasterly direction over almost 50 km, then left after Dn the territory of the Czech Republic. The course of the Elbe in the Czech territory is equipped with many works deductions that have been built, most of them, beginning in the 1950s. Czechs divided over the Elbe on their territory in upper Elbe (Labe Horn) to Kolin , average Elbe (Labe Stedn) and lower Elbe (Labe Dolny), the confluence of the Vltava River to the Czech border.
Upper Germany
The headwaters in Germany starts with a big bend and then took the direction of northwest. After passing through Dresden , the slope of the river decreases more and more. According to geological and geomorphological criteria the upper end at Torgau in Germany, but we can consider that the average begins to Riesa. The International Commission of Protection of the Elbe River has carved the river in 1992, according to this division, the upper ends at the castle Hirschstein between Meissen and Riesa , 96 km after crossing the frontrire Germano -Czech.
Average price
In its middle course, Elba acts as a lowland river. He continues to flow north-west to Magdeburg , where his course is a sharp bend and over 80 km follows a northeasterly direction and sometimes northeast. After the confluence with the Havel , his longest right tributary, the river Elbe takes a northwesterly direction. Shortly before Hamburg, at the dam Geesthacht, Elbe reached its lower reaches.
Lower
.
The lower includes, in a broad sense, the part of the course of the river under the influence of tides , which starts after the deduction of Geesthacht in a narrower sense it is limited to the estuary , typical formation of tidal rivers. At high tide the water level is 3.60 m higher than the North Sea. Although the flood water back upstream at each tide, water from the lower river is barely salty. At Tidenstau, the limit of the middle and lower reaches, the river creates a delta where it remains today only the arms of the North Elbe and the Elbe south: in fact the medieval arms Dove of the Elbe and the Elbe Gose were dammed to form the Vierlande and arms located between the Elbe north and south have been used to enlarge the port of Hamburg to the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The estuary is a width of 1 km and 2.5 km at least 15 km between Brunsbttel and Cuxhaven. There are still a few of the numerous islands that once dotted this portion of the estuary, the others having been built on the banks of the river when it was dammed.
External Elba
The Elbe is the extension of outer estuary in the Wadden Sea. In the area of shoals 20 km wide, situated between the Elbe and the outer Wesen exterior, lies the island of Neuwerk and Scharhrn that are part of the territory of the city of Hamburg.
Hydrology
The Elbe basin extends mainly on Germany for 80 657 km and the Czech Republic to 51 394 km. The Austria and Poland are also affected by tributaries, the basin has been recognized as a transboundary biosphere while a nature reserve was established on 400 km of river. The latter covers almost 3700 square kilometers.
Average monthly flow of the Elbe (m / second) measured at the hydrological station Neu-Darchau data calculated over 15 years
Current Speed
In mean water, water from the Elbe takes 8 days to go from the border between Germany and Czech Geesthacht up in Hamburg. On this portion devoid of dams and a length of 586 km, the mean velocity is 3 km / h or 50 meters per minute. This value can vary significantly depending on the time of the year.
The estimation of current velocity on the upper located in the Czech Republic is not possible given the large number of deductions.
On the lower, the tides have a major influence on the velocity. The flow of water occurs at a rate much lower than the current that abruptly changes with each change of tide. Thus water is 1 to 2.5 days for the trip on the middle reaches of the Elbe between Schnackenburg and Gessthacht (110 km) while it is 4 to 70 days to go overboard Geesthacht North (110 km as well).
Changes in ice
The surface of the Elbe freezes completely than in the harshest winters. In Dresden, the Elbe was frozen for the last time - to allow people to cross his foot in 1963 (January 21 to March 6, 1963). The previous episodes were recorded in 1954, 1947, 1929, 1902 and 1901. The thickness of ice can be up to 80 cm. Between 1775 and 1900 the Elbe was frozen over its entire surface 37 times. At the height of Lchow-Dannenberg was able to walk across the river for the last time during the winter 1995/1996. In its middle course, Elbe tends to freeze sooner because of the low velocity. The freezing of the river is made more difficult on the portions downstream of nuclear waste because of the cooling water.
It is formed by frequently cons of floating ice that under the action of the current shock and break up into cubes with rounded shapes. During the debacle important, the movement of ships (especially tanks) should be discontinued. At the reach Geesthacht, it is necessary to use an icebreaker.
During the winter floods of 1784, 1799 and 1845 the ice accumulating abimrent dikes and even formed a dam on the river leading to the accumulation of ice at the bridges. Such situations also occurred more recently in Bunthuser Spitze, location or arms of the Elbe and the Elbe North South divide.
Geomorphology
Tributaries
The tributary of the Elbe is the largest Vltava (in German Moldau) 440 km long, which joins the Elbe near Mlnk just north of Prague , at 279 km from the source of the Elbe. At the junction of two rivers, the Vltava River has a higher flow rate of 150 m3 / s to that of the Elbe, so we should say that the Elbe flows into the Vltava. Through the Vltava, the Elbe basin extends to small parts of Bavaria and the Austrian.
The second major tributary is the Saale 413 km long with a throughput of 115 m3 / s and reaches the Elbe at Barby. The basin of this river includes western Saxony , the largest part of Thuringia and eastern Harz but it rises in the Fichtel Massif in Bavaria.
The Havel is with its 325 km the longest of the right tributaries of the Elbe. Its average discharge at its confluence with the Elbe near Havelberg is 105 m3 / s. Taking into account its tributary the River Spree , it is with its 560 km the longest tributary of the Elbe.
The Eger (Czech Ohe) has a length of 291 km. Its course follows the Eger graben and south of the Ore Mountains. The river rises in the Fichtelgebirge - as the Saale and Main - and joins the Elbe near the Czech town of Litomice (German Leitmeritz).
The Mulde (124 km but 290 km Mulde Zwickau) Colditz starts at the junction of the Freiberg Mulde (124 km) and Mulde Zwickau (166 km). She gets the majority of waters in that part of the massive Herz.
The Elde (220 km) joins the Elbe Dnitz in Mecklenburg. Over much of its course it was channeled to allow movement of ships between the Elbe and lakes Schwerin and Mritz.
The Black Elster (German: Schwarze Elster) is 188 km with its tributary the second law of its length. It rises in the Lusatia few miles west of the valley of the River Spree. It traverses areas of marsh and sand and carries little sediment unlike the White Elster (tributary of the Saale, which flows along most of its length in clay soils).
The Oste (153 km) joins the Elbe River at its estuary. It is connected to tributaries of the Weser River by a canal running through the swamps of Teufelsmoor but this association no longer used by ships.
The Ohre (110 km) marks the border between Brde of Magdeburg and the Altmark. The channel Mittellandkanal was built in the valley.
River Polzen (102 km) takes the waters of the southern flank of the massive Elbsandsteingebirge and Lausitzer and joins the Elbe at Decin (Czech Republic) a few kilometers south of the border between Germany and Czech.
History and culture
The Elbe is quoted for the first time written by the geographer Strabo. The Romans reached its shores in -9.
The vast basin of the Elbe was first constituted an important channel of communication between the northern and southern Europe. Protohistoric tribes, Germans and Slavs , have traveled during their migration to the Roman era and during the Middle Ages.
The river has also acted as an important natural boundary, sometimes open and sometimes closed.
In the ninth century , the Elbe marks the eastern boundary of the Empire of the Franks of Charlemagne.
From 930 , the Elbe is the open border between Slavs and Saxons (source: History of the Saxons, Widukind , a monk of the Abbey of Corvey ). This boundary will be the scene of clashes between them during almost the entire Middle Ages.
In 1821 , freedom of navigation from Bohemia to the North Sea is codified by the act of Elba.
German possession in the early twentieth century , the Elbe becomes international with the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.
In 1936 , the agreement of the act of Elba is unilaterally broken by the Nazis who annexed.
In 1945 , the Soviet and American troops who invaded Nazi Germany operate a junction on the Elbe at Torgau.
The Czech and German industry but also agriculture, through which pesticides were spilled contributed during the rest of the twentieth century to the Elbe a "dead river ecological" (in the region of Dresden in 1990 ).
In the late 1990s , awareness has led to the birth of a major environmental action, drawn up until 2010. This has enabled the reintroduction of salmon in the River.
The Elbe has been an exceptional flood in August 2002.
Cities and infrastructure areas
Cities
The largest cities on the Elbe in the Czech Republic are Hradec Kralove , Pardubice and st nad Labem (all of whom have a population of nearly 100,000 inhabitants.
The German cities of upstream to downstream Dresden , Magdeburg and Hamburg.
The main towns on the Elbe Dn , Pima (Town of Luther ), Meien , Riesa , Torgau , Lutherstadt Wittenberg , Dessau-Rolau , Wittenberg , Wedel , Cuxhaven and Stendal , the city which the French writer Henri Beyle ( Stendhal ) used the name as a pseudonym.
Dense housing areas also exist along the banks of the river on the outskirts of Hamburg, Dresden and Magdeburg.
If we compare the Elbe with the other major German rivers like the Rhine and Main , the banks of the Elbe are relatively sparsely populated. This is not the case against some of its tributaries such as Havel (which runs through Berlin ), the Vltava ( Prague ) or Saale ( Halle and Leipzig ) are much more densely populated. The absence of dense urban housing has preserved over large sections of the average natural landscapes.
Channels
Crossing the Elbe
Major bridges and tunnels
The most famous bridge on the German part of the Elbe is the bridge Loschwitz, better known as the 'Miracle Blue' or 'Blue Wonder' ( Blaues Wunder ). The bridge was built in 1893 and is now considered a witness to the advanced techniques of the time. The Blaues Wunder is the fifth bridge counted from the Czech border.
On the lower deck Dmitz located on Federal Highway 191 is remarkable. This 970 meters long bridge opened to traffic in 1936 linking the Lower Saxony in Mecklenburg. The construction, which includes an arch of 178 feet, was renovated in the 1990s and is the only road bridge over the stretch of 115 km between Wittenberge and Lauenburg, other means of crossing on this stretch is only constituted by of bins in passenger and car ferries.
Two miles upstream there was once a railway bridge told Dmitz used by the old railway line Winttenberge-Buchholz. This bridge was destroyed during the Second World War.
For road and rail works to the last crossing of the Elbe estuary before the fall in Hamburg: they are the bridge over the Elbe in Hamburg and the old and the new tunnel under the Elbe. The new tunnel under the Elbe, which is used by the federal highway A7 is one of the bottlenecks of road traffic in northern Germany.
The containers of the Elbe
Upper Elbe
Almost all the bins located on the Elbe above are managed by the Transport Union of upper Elbe (which has its headquarters in Dresden). The density of the tanks is particularly high in the Saxon Switzerland where ferries serving the National Park since the judgments of the S-Bahn Dresden located on the left bank. In Dresden, there are 3 bins: Bin Castle near Castle Pillnitz allows the transport of vehicles. From the upper Elbe there are long stretches of river that are devoid of crossings: as between Meissen and Riesa the stretch of 25 km long river has no bridge and there are only two bins.
Elba average
The distance between the bridges is smaller, but remains relatively high average on the Elbe. As the many ferries play an important role for local traffic (all modes). Many stores in particular on the upper part of the Elbe are averaged to ferry tanks which are propelled from one bank to another due to the thrust of the current sensed so ingenious. Although more ecological, this type of bin can result in longer waiting times than motorized ferries during periods of high water. Bins near Sandau and Havelberg are powered according to the depth of water and the period of the year is through this system either through their engines.
Niederelbe
The tank-car Zollenspieker Hoopte which runs between Vierlanden in Hamburg and Lower Saxony near Winzen (Luhe) headquarters district of Harburg, is used predominantly by tourists and makes the crossing from March to November with a frequency of 10 minutes.
In the town of Hamburg on the company's vessels are used as HADAG bins essentiellent to connect the bridge Landung St Pauli, Altona and the Devil's Bridge as well as to Finkenwwerder Blankensee and Cranz.
Immediately downstream of the city of Hamburg flows year-round ferry passengers between Lhe (old country) and Schulau (Wedel). There is also a fast catamaran ferry "Tray Elbe City Jet," particularly attractive to commuters, who liaises between Hamburg Blankensee, and Lhe Stadersand (city).
The tank's most important is the lower Elbe between the tank car and Glckstadt Wischhafen which, with 4 boats, provides a shuttle running at 20 minutes for a crossing time of 25 minutes. It is particularly interesting for cyclists who are spared the lengthy waiting times for vehicles very often.
p> The ferry between Cuxhaven and Brinsbttel is in office. Nowadays he runs only two times a week during the 6 warmer months.Nature areas, wildlife and nature conservation
See also
Sources and Links
External Links
- Water and International Law: Selected Bibliography See Elbe (river). Library of the Peace Palace
References
| 5000 km> | Danube |
| 3000 km> | Elbe Rhine |
| 500 km> | Ems Weser |
| 300 km> | Eider Peene Trave Uecker Warnow |
| 100 km> | Recknitz Schwentine |
| 50 km> | Schlei |
 Portals water and Germany | |
| 1 300-1 000 km | Elba. |
| 500 to 300 km | Havel. Ohe. Saale. ( Spree ). Vltava. |
| 300 to 100 km | ( Weie Elster ). Black Elster. Mulde. ( Rhine ). ( Lainsitz ). |
| 100 to 50 km | ( Schwarza ). ( Wipper ). |
| 30 to 10 km | Wilde Sau. |
| 10 to 1 km | ( Tannbach ). |
| Portals Germany , Austria , Poland , Czech Republic | |
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