See also: List of centuries , Roman numerals

The ^eleventh century begins ¹ January 1001 and ends on 31 December 1100.

America

• Birth of the Indian Empire Chimu in Peru (1000-1460).
• Legendary founding of the Empire Inca by Manco Capac.

Oceania and Pacific

• Period Mori archaic New Zealand (completed in 1350 ).
  • Assemblages of objects from the Archaic stage are often very similar to those of Polynesia Central contemporary, with polished stone adzes, fishhooks made of bone, stone and shell, pendants and necklaces made of bone, and harpoons and needles to tattoo.
• Beginning of the erection of statues carved of Easter Island (to end 1600 ). The inhabitants of Easter Island, arrived at about 400 , seem not to have exceeded the number of 7000. Their culture declined with the decline in food production and wood from 1600. All the statues will be thrown face against the ground in the late ^eighteenth century and early ^nineteenth century. Many statues were left unfinished and partially buried in the quarries of basalt Rano Raraku , suggesting a sudden catastrophe.

Africa

• Probable construction of the first monuments of the city of Zimbabwe in southern Africa. A nation of builders from the north-west would gradually imposed his authority to minors living in the area since around the ^fifth century.
  • Zimbabwe is the site of the link between the lowland pastures and those in the highlands, where herds took refuge after the invasion of tsetse flies in the lowlands during the rainy season.
• Some tribes Bantu reportedly crossed the Limpopo in the eleventh ^century, and have skirted the coast to the south.
• Peak of the kingdom of Ghana.
• The Mossi states aristocratic form in the upper and middle valleys of the Volta ^(eleventh and ^twelfth centuries ). The least little known of these kingdoms is the animist Yatenga because of its proximity to the Muslim kingdoms.
  • The Mossi fiercely resist Islam and its neighbors far more powerful and better organized and they often take the initiative to attack.
• From ^the eleventh to ^thirteenth century , the rulers of Dongola in Nubia , resist the penetration of Islam and fight successfully the encroachments of their Muslim neighbors. They pay tribute to Egypt , but it concentrates its forces against the Crusaders in Syria and Palestine , which allows the Nubian Christian to retain his independence.

Asia

• Arrival in Tibet of new missionaries Buddhism came from India , which Atis , a native of the kingdom Pala in Bengal ( 1042 )
• In India , large migrations of Roma probably as a result of Muslim invasions. They move westward across the Iran towards the Asia Minor and the Byzantine Empire.
• At Barus on the west coast of Sumatra (now Indonesia ), presence of a league of merchants Tamil.

Middle East

• Crusades : First Crusade ( 1096 - 1099 ).

Europe

• Tribes Lithuanian we are known by the chronicles German, Polish and Russian describing them around the Niemen and the future site of the city of Kaunas.
• 1031 : Collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba. Political fragmentation of al-Andalus , allowing a decisive impetus to the Reconquista , with the capture of Toledo ( 1085 ) Art and culture
  

  

  Maqsura view of the Great Mosque of Kairouan
  • In India , temples Jain of Mount Abu , marking the pinnacle of style Solanki ^(XI - XIII ^centuries ).
  • Illuminations Buddhist palm leaf made in the eleventh ^{and twelfth} centuries in Bihar , Bengal and Nepal (Eastern School).
  • Bayeux Tapestry , made between 1066 and 1082 for the cathedral of Bayeux.
  • The vitae of saints from the center of Gaul are written in this century.
  • The Peace of God , an institution Auvergne, encouraged by Cluny, Francia Occidentalis settled in, then in Germany.
  • In today's Tunisia , Prince Zirid Al-Muizz Ibn Badis endows the Great Mosque of Kairouan, a sumptuous maqsura cedar wood delicately carved with geometric designs and inscriptions. Regarded as a precious work of art of wood, dating from the first half of the eleventh ^century .

  Significant Figures

  Political Leaders

  • Robert Guiscard ( 1 015 - 1061 ), founder of the dynasty of Norman Italy.
  • William the Conqueror ( 1027 (approx.) - 9 September 1087 ), Duke of Normandy and King of England.
  • Henry IV , ( 1,056 - 1106 ), Germanic Holy Roman Emperor ( 1084 ).
  • Robert the Pious ( nine hundred ninety-six - 1,031 )
  • Philip ^I. ( 1 060 - 1108 ), king of Francia Occidentalis.
  • Fulk III of Anjou said Nerra or Black, ( 987 - 1040 ), Count of Anjou.
  • William V of Poitiers says the Great ( nine hundred and ninety-six - 1030 ), Count of Poitiers and Duke of Aquitaine.
  • Eudes II of Blois ( one thousand and four - one thousand and thirty-seven ), Count of Blois, Meaux and Troyes ( 1022 )
  • Alexius I Comnenus ( in 1080 - 1,118 ), Byzantine emperor.
  • Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ( 996 - 1 021 ), caliph Fatimid Cairo.
  • Youssef Ibn Tasufin ( 1 061 - in 1106 ), Emir Almoravid.
  • Alfonso VI ( 1,065 - one thousand one hundred and nine ), king of Castile and Leon, totus Hispaniae imperator (Emperor of all Spains).
  • Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar (d. 1099 ) said the Cid, condottiere and lord of Valencia.

  Philosophers and theologians

  • Avicenna ( 980 - one thousand and thirty-seven ), physician and philosopher Persian author of the Canon of Medicine.
  • Anselm of Canterbury ( one thousand and thirty-three - 1 109 ), theologian.

  Show: Philosophers and theologians of the ^eleventh century.

  Writer

  Show:

  • French writers born in the eleventh ^century.

  Scientific

  • Abu Raihan Al-Biruni , mathematician, astronomer, physicist, encyclopedic Persian.

  musician and astronomer

  • Herman of Reichenau , 1013 - 24 September 1054 , musician , astronomer , mathematician and monk, wrote the Salve Regina.

  Browser

  • Leif Ericson (ca 975 -ca 1020 ), the first European explorer who reached North America.

  Religious

  • William of Volpiano (960-1031), a native of Piedmont, reformer and builder of abbeys in Burgundy and Normandy.
  • Ademar de Chabannes ( nine hundred eighty-nine - 1 034 ), monk and chronicler.
  • Saint Bruno ( one thousand and thirty - 1,101 ), founder of the Carthusians.
  • Rashi (the 1040 - this in 1105 ), commentator of Jewish sacred texts.
  • Odilon Mercceur ( 994 - 1,049 ), fifth abbot of Cluny, who succeeded St. Maeul.
  • Hugh Semur ( 1,024 - 1109 ), 6th Abbot of Cluny.
  • Leo IX ( 1002 - one thousand and fifty-four ), Pope.
  • Gregory VII ( 1073 - 1 085 ), pope reformer, led to the investiture controversy.
  • Urban II ( 1,088 - 1099 ), Pope behind the First Crusade.
  • Fulbert of Chartres ( 1007 - one thousand and twenty-eight ), bishop of Chartres, counselor of kings and princes.
  • Yves de Chartres , who died about 1114 , a specialist in Canon Law.
  • Byrhtferth , English monk and philosopher.
  • Michel Cerularius ( in 1043 - 1,058 ), patriarch of Constantinople.

  Inventions, discoveries, introductions

  Philosophy and Science

  • Early introduction of Arab philosophy and science and Greek in the West via Gerbert d'Aurillac : algebra ( al-Khwarizmi ), astronomy, reintroduction of quadrivium in monasteries.
  • Development of Liberal Arts and computation in schools.

  Mathematics

  • Introduction of the figures by the Arab Gerbert d'Aurillac (introduced in India by Al-Khwarizmi ).

  Agriculture

  • Replacement of the plow plow wheel.
  • Three-course rotation.

  Navigation

  • Appearance of the cog , ship used in the Hanse ( North Sea , Baltic Sea ).
  • Using the compass by the Chinese for navigation (they already knew).

  Information technology

  • Appearance of the paper in San Felipe , Spain, in 1056 , introduced by the Arabs (the paper was invented in China to the ^Second - ^third century ).
  • In China, the invention of movable type printing press ( 1041 ), by an unknown craftsman, enables the printing press.

  Architecture

  • Development of religious architecture (Lombard architect William of Volpiano ).
  • Castles (stone).

  Technology in the service of art

  • Technique of painting has fresca , or a fresco (fresco).

  Music , literature , tapestry

  • First epic poem : the Song of Roland (circa 1098 ).
  • Invention of the forerunner of the musical score by Guido d'Arezzo.
  • Invention degrees of range by the syllables of the hymn to St. John.
  • First tapestries (Bayeux).
  • Aquinas song, a poem of 3000 verses of the troubadour Breton Trousseboeuf Garin.

  Medicine

  • Invention of variolation by the Chinese.

  See also

  • Year one thousand.

  References

  1. (en) Jean-Pierre Molnat, Campaigns and mountains of Toledo from the twelfth to the fifteenth century, ed. Casa de Velzquez, 1997 25
  2. (en) Maqsra al-Mu'izz in the Great Mosque of Kairouan (Qantara)
  • Time portal
  • Portal of the Central Middle Ages

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