Home  ›  Esperanto

Esperanto

Esperanto is a constructed language designed in the late nineteenth century by Ludwik Zamenhof Lejzer in order to facilitate communication between people of different languages around the world. Zamenhof published his project in 1887 under the name Lingvo Internacia ("Language International"), under the pseudonym doktoro Esperanto ("Doctor Hoping," "Doctor who hopes"), hence the name under which the language has popularized later.

The grammar of Esperanto is based on sixteen basic rules without exception. By its structure, which proceeds by linking basic elements invariant, that is a whole language agglutinative. In his vocabulary is a language built retrospectively, that is to say that its foundations are taken from existing languages (mostly Indo-European), then the words derived by the use of affixes and composition.

Of all the many projects of international auxiliary language has emerged, Esperanto is the one that won the most successful, and the only one who is somewhat known to the general public. It is the means of communication of a community estimated 0.1 to 10 million speakers History

Photograph of Dr Zamenhof
Main article: History of Esperanto.

Esperanto was composed between the late 1870s and early 1880s by Ludwik Zamenhof Lejzer , an ophthalmologist from a Polish Jewish family in Bialystok (then Russia , now Poland ), then populated city in four communities: Jewish, Polish, German and Belarusian. Sensitive to the tensions that resulted, Zamenhof wanted to create a neutral means of communication, which can improve communication and understanding between nations.

After about ten years of maturation, including various translations and writing original works, Zamenhof published Unua Libro , the first grammar in Russian Language International in July 1887 as a pamphlet printed at his expense. Followed soon after editions in many languages between 1887 and 1889.

The number of people who learned the language continued to increase in the decades that followed, initially mainly in imperial Russia and Eastern Europe , and then Western Europe and the Americas. Esperanto penetrated to Japan following the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. In China , the first courses were given to Shanghai from 1906 and Canton from 1908. In the early decades, users of Esperanto kept in touch mostly by magazines and mail.

Zamenhof was not the first to try to bring people through the creation of a common language but it remains the most successful test . Indeed, the birth of Esperanto is almost concurrent with the invention of Volapk in Germany. But Esperanto has from the beginning imposed against other projects.

In 1905 , the first World Esperanto Congress was held in France in Boulogne-sur-Mer ; features of Esperanto were fixed and defined its objectives: the language should be universally understood and spoken by all mankind, without any priority. Since then world congresses have been held every year except during the two world wars. In 2005 , the centenary of Esperanto was celebrated again at Boulogne-sur-Mer.

The development of Esperanto was variously affected by the political turmoil of the first half of the twentieth century. Dictators Hitler and Stalin subjugated its activists to a strong repression . During the Peninsular War ( 1 936 - 1939 ), the movement anarchist accounted for the bulk of the defenders of Esperanto, it was also used by the Socialists , the Communists are allergic to Stalinism , including George Orwell , who Esperanto inspired the Newspeak , yet he uses a derogatory manner in his novels, and even part of the right Catholic.

Status

Sign in Esperanto at the event "Som una nacio. Nosaltres decidim" in Barcelona on 10/07/2010

Esperanto is the official language of any country, but it is the working language of several nonprofit organizations , mostly Esperanto associations. The largest organization of Esperanto is the World Esperanto Association (UEA), which is in official relations with the United Nations and UNESCO in an advisory role .

This is one of the official languages of the International Academy of San Marino and the official language of the Comenius Academy in Sweden whose main purpose is to promote the use of Esperanto in all sciences.

There are universities in Esperanto Romania ( Sibiu ) in Bulgaria ( Karlovo ) in Slovakia to ( Komarno ) .

In most countries, Esperanto should receive only little or no official support. In France , it is not recognized in education. In Hungary , where such recognition has occurred, Esperanto is one of the top five foreign languages .

Like other languages, Esperanto has acquired validating diplomas. In France, the French Institute of Esperanto , which is responsible for issuing these certificates, whose levels range from primary school certificate to the diploma of higher learning Esperanto.

How many people speak Esperanto

The number of Esperanto speakers is difficult to assess, estimates vary between one hundred thousand and ten million

, .

Jouko Lindstedt following scale assesses the ability to speak Esperanto in Esperanto community:

  • 1 000 people as Esperanto language ,
  • 10 000 people speak Esperanto with a level close to a mother tongue,
  • 100 000 people are fluent in Esperanto,
  • 1,000,000 people understand and speak Esperanto occasionally,
  • 10 million people have studied Esperanto in a more or less detail at a given time.

Sidney Culbert , a former professor of psychology at the University of Washington , Esperanto, arrived by counting for twenty years in many countries Esperanto using a method by sampling , an estimate of 1, 6 million people speak Esperanto with a professional level. His work did not relate that Esperanto was part of its schedule estimate of the languages spoken by more than one million people, list published annually in the World Almanac and Book of Facts. As in the Almanac, all estimates were rounded to the nearest million, the number of two million Esperanto speakers was held and frequently repeated since. Culbert has never published detailed intermediate results for a region or country, making it difficult to analyze the relevance of its results.

Marcus Sikosek considers that this number 1.6 million fluent in Esperanto is exaggerated . On the basis of a uniform distribution of Esperanto in the world, one million people worldwide will result in approximately 180 people fluent in Esperanto in the city of Cologne , gold, Sikosek there found that 30 people fluent in Esperanto, and similarly, he found fewer than expected in several other cities expected to have a higher concentration of Esperanto than average. He also noted that the various Esperanto organizations represent a total of about twenty thousand members (other estimates are higher). Although many Esperanto speakers are members of any organization Esperanto, it seems unlikely that there are fifty times more people speaking Esperanto as members of these organizations.

Language features

Unua Libro "First Book", the first Esperanto textbook published in 1887 by Ludwik Zamenhof Lejzer.

Classification

As a constructed language , Esperanto is genealogically linked to any family of languages. However, some of its essential grammar and vocabulary are to relate to Indo-European languages. This language group was the base directory from which Lejzer Ludwik Zamenhof "composite" international language.

However, the morphological typology of Esperanto spreads significantly from the Indo-European languages, which are largely dominated inflectional. Indeed, it consists of morphemes invariable combine without restriction, which relates to isolating languages. In Esperanto, as in Chinese , is derived "my" (mia) 'I' (mi) and "first" (unua) "a" (UNU). Its tendency to accumulate, without blurring the boundaries, morphemes carrying a grammatical feature the distinct approaches also agglutinative languages.

Phonetics and writing

Main article: Alphabet of Esperanto.

Esperanto has twenty-eight phonemes : five vowels and twenty-three consonants. They are transcribed using an alphabet of twenty-eight letters: twenty-two letters of the Latin alphabet (q, w, x and y are not used except in mathematical expressions), and six letters using two diacritical ( caret and short ), unique to Esperanto: , , , , ,. Spelling is perfectly phonological : Each letter represents one phoneme consistently.

In addition to their primary role of transcription, the letters are intended to remind diacrites Esperanto spelling or pronunciation of several European languages. For example, Posto "position", said the word phonetically and graphically pota the Czech , the Slovak , the Slovenian , the Serbo-Croat , but also by spelling the words French , English , Dutch , German post, post, post, post and by the sound the Bulgarian (pronounced recalls the French garden, Garten German, Dutch and English Gaarden garden.

The letters may pose some problems diacrites typographic to the printing or computer (especially with older computer systems). The Fundamento de Esperanto (adopted at the First World Congress of Esperanto in 1905 in Boulogne-sur-Mer ) recommended in this case to replace the letters by diacrites digraphs consisting of the base letter followed by an hour, any ambiguities being lifted by the addition of a hyphen between morphemes. For the convenience of some data processing, the h is sometimes replaced by an x. The three systems (s, sh, sx) coexist on the Internet.

The language has a tonic accent always located on the penultimate syllable of words. The vowel system comprises five stamps : aeiou, corresponding to the values of French e io or, as in many languages, irrespective of quantity.

Vowels

Previous Central Posterior
Closed i i u u
Average e e o o
Open has a

Consonants

Bilabial Labiodental Labio-velar Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Occlusive p w b b t t d d k k g
Affricate ts c t d
Fricative f f v v s s z z x h h
Nasal m m n n
Side Adobe Std Pi ',' Lucida Sans Unicode ',' Unicode Chrysanthi 'Code2000, Gentium, GentiumAlt' TITUS Cyberbit Basic ',' Bitstream Vera Sans ',' Bitstream Cyberbit ',' Kaku Gothic Pro Hiragino ',' Matrix Unicode ', sans-serif "> l l
Pellets r r
Approximant w j j

Notes

  • The affricate dz is not listed in the usual list of consonants, but nevertheless occurs in a few words like "spouse." It can be considered as a group of consonants.
  • J and U as semi-vowels can form the second element of diphthongs phonetic : aj, ej, oj, uj, au, eu. From a perspective phonological however, these diphthongs analyzed as combinations of phonemes. A relatively recent use U to transcribe the sound Braille

    The Esperanto alphabet has a transcription in Braille. Grammar

    The grammar of Esperanto is based on sixteen principles in the Fundamento de Esperanto , adopted as a reference to the first intangible Universal Congress of Esperanto in Boulogne-sur-Mer in 1905. They do, however, constitute a framework within which were gradually released more detailed rules.

    Nouns, adjectives and adverbs derived

    A word is formed by adding a radical of morphemes indicating invariable each a grammatical feature precise:

    The plural (-j) and the accusative (-n) after the termination of the noun or adjective, giving the endings -oj,-on,-OJN,-aj-year-AJN. The adjective agrees in number and case with the noun to which it relates.

    The accusative has the essential function to mark the direct object (Ili konstruas Grandans Domon "They built a big house"), and also indicates a change of location, position or status (Mi go Parizon "I'll in Paris, "Sangi Akvon in Glacion" turn water into ice "). A feature of Esperanto is that the accusative in this job can also be added to the word derivative. Finally, the accusative also has a function "joker" as the preposition me, it works in case of doubt, or to replace a preposition, and then simply mark the dependency syntax (tablo estas tiu I longa of metroj - tablo estas tiu of metrojn longa "This table is two meters long; oni pendigis the flax kun Kapo malsupren - oni pendigis flax Kapon malsupren" He was hung upside down).

    The word order is not involved in the distinction between subject and object, entirely by the accusative. It has:

    The Patrino Kisase the infanon. - The infanon Kisase the Patrino. - The Patrino the infanon Kisase. - The infanon the Patrino Kisase. - Kisase the Patrino the infanon. - Kisase the infanon the Patrino.

    In this first example, the phrase means every time "The mother kisses the child. "

    The patrinon Kisase the infano. - The infano Kisase the patrinon. - The patrinon the infano Kisase. - The infano the patrinon Kisase. - Kisase the patrinon the infano. - Kisase the infano the patrinon.

    In this second example, the phrase means every time "The child's mother kisses. "

    Other syntactic functions are indicated by prepositions.

    Like the English , Esperanto does not know the grammatical gender , but because of gender distinctions in its lexicon. In this case, the female is marked by the suffix -in-law, alleging the German and Dutch -in (eg frato "brother" - fratino "sister" vulpo "fox" - vulpino "vixen") .

    Verbs

    Main article: Esperanto Conjugations.

    The verbs are characterized by a series of marks that are a combination of mixing values temporal and modal :

    • -I to the infinitive ,
    • -As for the present
    • -Is for the past
    • -Bones for the future
    • -Us for the conditional
    • -U for volitional.

    These endings can express any concept in the form of verb: Muziko "music" li muzikas "it plays music, Goja" gay " Goji" rejoice. " This possibility is particularly used to form stative verbs from adjectives: "She is beautiful" can be said as well as Si estas belas if bela.

    The conditional mode is the fictional, the unreal, and it also works well in main proposal that subordinate clause : Mi povus, is mid Volusion. "I could if I wanted." The possibility is rather made by the future: Morga Eble pluvos. "It may rain tomorrow. It may rain tomorrow. "

    Is the volitional mode of expression of the will is there in French to the imperative (Atendu! "Wait, wait!") and some uses of the subjunctive when it expresses a desire, a desire, a will, or a requirement (Li came. "Let him come." Kien iru no? "Where should we go?" Mi ke no propone laboru kune. "I propose that we work together").

    The system also includes verbal participles past, present and future, marked respectively by-ant-,-int-and-have for active voice and-at-,-it-and-ot-for passive voice. They can combine with the auxiliary estimates to form compound tenses , which express the progressive aspect with the present participles, the recent past with past participles, the near future with the future participle. In practice, the use of these compounds is fairly limited time, especially on the asset, with preference to the use of temporal adverbs.

    Unlike the French, but like the Slavic languages, Esperanto does not practice the sequence of tenses : Mi ne ke li sciis Venosa. "I did not know he would."

    The transitive verbs in Esperanto is generally fixed, and it is not possible to deduce if a regular verb formed simply by adding marks to a combination radical is transitive or not. In contrast, two suffixes can change the valence :

    • -Ig-indicates an internal change, and transforms into a transitive verb intransitive ( dcausatif ). Examples :
    • turni "turn (something)" - turnigi "run" - turnii "turn (to one or more rounds);
    • sidi "sit" - sidigi "sit" - sidii "sit";
    • Blanki be "white" - blankigi "blanch (go white) - blankii" blanch (turn white).

    Moreover, the fixing of a preposition usually leads to an intransitive verb transitivity:

    • nagi "swim" tranai "to swim";
    • plore "cry (being in tears)" priplori "cry (something)."

    Other affixes can express various shades of appearance :

    • the prefix ek-for inchoative aspect (action starts, entering a state): "sleep" "sleep";
    • suffix-ad-for durative aspect Labor "work" "work tirelessly";
    • the prefix re-to the iterative aspect (repeated action): "read" 'read'.

    Tags tools

    Personal pronouns and possessive

    The grammatical person is expressed by the following series of personal pronouns : mi "I" vi "you / you" , li "he" (for a living being male), whether "they" (for a living being female), Gi "he / she" (for living beings of indeterminate gender or things), if "self" or "se" ( thought ) or "we", ili "they / them (for all cases), oni "on". All take the mark of the accusative, as appropriate. Possessives derived by adding the word mark-a: mia "my, my," nie "our", etc.. Possessives are trademarks plural and accusative, as appropriate. Only if not used in subject position.

    Article

    Esperanto uses the definite article the invariable. There is no indefinite article , or partitive article.

    Correlatives

    Esperanto also uses as determining a set of pronouns - adjectives systematically assembled from an initial and a final characteristics:

    Other finals produce adverbs circumstantial-e ( instead )-am ( time ), el ( so ), al-( cause )-om ( quantity ). The words formed on these bases are collectively referred to as correlative or (even Esperanto) tabel-vortoj .

    For example:

    • kiu means "or" what "
    • Ciu means "everyone" or "every"
    • neniu means "person" or "no"
    • iam means "a moment"
    • ciam means "always"
    • neniam means "never."
    Particles invariable

    Esperanto also uses various particle invariant organization of the sentence: these conjunctions of coordination (kaj "and" in "or" do "then," sed "but ...) or of subordination (ke "that" because "because" Dum "while" is "if ...) that specify the relations between propositions , and adverbs simple value-spatial, temporal or modal logic. For example, do mark the denial , and Cu marks the global query.

    Syntax sentence

    As Russian or Latin , word order is very free in Esperanto. The subject, verb and direct object (marked by the accusative) may appear in any order, the most frequent order is subject-verb-object tracking adverbial , but the use of Other provisions are common especially when highlighted. There are some rules and established trends:

    • The definite article is placed at the beginning of the noun.
    • The adjective usually precedes the noun.
    • Prepositions are placed at the beginning of the prepositional phrase.
    • Adverbs usually precede the words they modify.
    • Conjunctions before they introduce the proposal.

    Some expressive tendencies may seem unusual compared to the use of French :

    • Prepositions are prefixed to the verb willingly producing doublets between formulation with prepositional intransitive and transitive verb prefixed formulation: Neither the primary diskutos Afero Ni ~ pridiskutos the aferon. "We will discuss the case. (All verbs prefixed preposition does not however form doublet: for example, Altiris "attract" differs from tiri al "shoot.")
    • A phrase can easily be condensed into the compound word : Knabo kun bluaj okuloj. Bluokula ~ knabo. "A boy with blue eyes. "
    • The use of the word derivative is very large.

    Because of the lack of restriction on the combination of morphemes , a sentence can be formulated in many ways:

    • Cion in the mid Enig komputilon. ~ Mi enkomputiligis Cion. ~ Mi enkomputiligis Cion. "I have entered all data into the computer. "
    • The mid iros al hotelo per biciklo. ~ Mi alhotelos bicikle. ~ Mi biciklos hotelen. "I will go to the hotel by bike. "
    • The mid iros al kongreso per car. ~ Mi alkongresos aute. ~ Mi kongresen cars. "I will go to Congress in car. "
    • Ni estas sama of opinio. Ni havas the saman ~ ~ Ni samopinias opinion. "We agree. "

    Esperanto can be alternately show synthetic or analytic.

    Vocabulary

    Sources lexical

    Although a constructed language , Esperanto has its lexical databases from existing languages (mostly Indo-European): this is what is called a constructed language afterwards. The main sources are, by decreasing importance :

    Words from other languages refer mostly culturally specific: Boaco "reindeer" (the Sami ), jogo "Yoga" (from Sanskrit ), haioj "chopsticks (to eat)" (the Japanese ), etc..

    Grammatical morphemes owe much to Latin (participles in-nt-and-t-, many adverbs and prepositions, numerals series) and to a lesser extent in ancient Greek (plural j, n of the accusative, kaj conjunction "and "). Part is built without a priori obvious reference to existing languages (the personal pronoun gi, the suffix-uj-containing denoting total ...), or substantially revised from elements reminiscent of pre-existing languages, such as the series correlatives.

    Zamenhof has followed various methods for adapting his sources lexical Esperanto. The largest number was simply adapted to the phonetics and spelling of the language, sometimes more from the pronunciation (eg trotuaro of French sidewalk beleco "beauty" of the Italian bellezza; suo "shoe" of the English shoe, schoen Dutch, and German Schuhe), sometimes from the written form (eg semajno "week" thirst "thirsty" borrowed from the French; Birdo "bird" teamo "team" borrowed to English). When several of his sources included the words close in form and meaning, Zamenhof has often created a medium-term (eg CEFO "head", cf. French leader / chief English; forgesi "forget", cf. Vergessen German / Dutch vergeten / English to forget; glite "drag", cf. sliding French / German gleiten / glijden Dutch / English to glide; lavango "avalanche", cf. avalanche French / Italian Valanga / German Lawine; najbaro "neighbor", cf. German Nachbar / NABUUR Dutch / English neighbor).

    The radicals are sometimes more distorted than the simple adaptation would require the pronunciation or spelling, :

    • to avoid radical homophones: lafo "lava (volcanic)" because lavi means "wash" pordo "door" as the root port is already in the door that verb meaning "bear"
    • to distinguish several senses: Pzier "weigh (being heavy)" / pesi "weigh (weight measure)" of French influence, chopper 'helix / Heliko "snail" helix of Latin
    • to avoid confusion with affixes with yet another sense in Esperanto: mateno "morning" (-in-scoring females) Rigard "look" (re-marking repetition)
    • to shorten long words: Asocio "association" tarnished "sneeze".

    The vocabulary of Esperanto included hundreds of radicals in the Fundamento de Esperanto in 1905. In 2002 , after a century of use, the largest monolingual dictionary Esperanto ( Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto ), corresponding to 16,780 to 46,890 includes lexical items.

    Word formation

    The word formation Esperanto is traditionally described in terms of lexical derivation by affixes and composition. This distinction is relative, since the " affixes "are likely to work also as a radical independent: thus the nickname -and eta-form the adjective "small (with idea of weakness), the collective -ar - form the name aro "group", the causative -ig-form verb igi "make, make, etc..

    The two basic principles of word formation are:

    • invariability radicals: contrary to what may happen for example in English, French, German ... diversion does not cause any alteration of internal morphemes: vid i "see", vid o "view", not vid Ebla "invisible"
    • the order of composition where the determinant precedes determined: kantobirdo "songbird" and birdokanto "birdsong" velipo "boat sailing," and ipvelo "sail boat" centjaro "Centennial (= one hundredth year) "and jarcento century" (= hundred years).

    In theory, there is no limit other than semantic radicals to combinatorics. This results in some schematic which led to the systematic training of long runs on the same model, sometimes with no direct equivalent in other languages. For example:

    • beside samlandano "compatriot" and samklasano "classmate", there Samideano "supporter of the ideal" and samaulo "person of the same age"
    • to express the taking of any color, French has "red, yellow, green, blue, white, brown, black." Esperanto has ruii as respective equivalents, flavii, verdii, bluii, blankii, Brnig nigrii but the process is unlimited: grizii "graying" oranii become "orange", etc..
    • it is possible to form the opposite of any notion of the very common prefix dis-: Goja "gay" ~ maloja "sad", help "assist" ~ malhelpi "embarrass" multe "a lot" ~ malmulte "little" etc..

    This schematic has the effect of reducing the number of radicals necessary for the expression of the benefit derived, thus reducing component unmotivated lexicon. The process can sometimes seem heavy, the literary language but introduces some radical alternative variants as stylistic : for example Olda "old" can double maljuna (formed on juna "young") or malnova (formed on nova "new, new" ). Common usage, however, tends to prefer derivatives , , .

    The system adapts easily bypass the need for new words. Thus, the word reto ("network, net") was the radical ret-extracted to form a whole set of words related to Internet : retadreso (" email "), retpirato (" hacker "), etc..

    Examples

    Text constituent analysis

    The akcent o is ace on the anta last a Silab o. The kern o n of the Silab o form as vokal o. Vokal o lud as great a n rol o n in the RITM o of the parol o. substantive value o end as per -o, Adjektiv o per -a. The sign o of the plural o is as The plural o to " last a vort o " is as " last was vort o ".

    "-O" = noun / "-a" adjectives = / "-j" = plural / "-n" = accusative '

    Translation: The emphasis is on the penultimate syllable. The heart of the syllable is formed by a vowel. Vowels play an important role in the rhythm of speech. Nouns end in-o,-a for adjectives. The plural marker is-d. The plural of 'last Vorto "(" last word ") is" lastaj vortoj.

    Teaching Esperanto

    Main article: Teaching Esperanto.

    The teaching of Esperanto is based largely on volunteerism, through associations or clubs. However, some schools have introduced Esperanto courses in their program.

    During the last decade, the emergence of methods of learning of Esperanto , often free, allowed to reach a new audience, especially among young people.

    Reviews of Esperanto

    Main article: Reviews of Esperanto.

    Since its inception, Esperanto has come increasingly under fire:

    • Time Zamenhof, the consonants C, G, H, J, S and the vowel u were problems with the machines to write that did not have the diacritical marks needed. Although almost always absent from keyboards (some keyboard layouts, as the Canadian Multilingual keyboard or Bepo . Supporters of Esperanto to oppose the fact that the language has been used over a long period and in many countries, and argue that the number of speakers does not assume its own merits, but rather by the lack of support politics; its adoption as official working language (eg as a pivot language for translation within the EU ) would rapidly increase the number of speakers (see Report Grin ).

    Esperanto was also compared to the Newspeak of the novel 1984 by George Orwell , a fictional language created and imposed to significantly reduce the richness and subtlety of language.

    Teaching value of Esperanto

    The Pedagogical Institute of Cybernetics Paderborn (Germany) compared the learning times of several groups of French students, the undergraduate, to a comparable level in four different languages: Esperanto, English, German and Italian. The results are as follows: to reach this level, 2000 hours of study in German produce a language level equivalent to 1500 hours of study of English, 1000 hours of study of Italian and 150 hours of study of Esperanto. ,

    These studies were repeated and confirmed by other studies the report submitted to the Italian Ministry of Public Education (Ministry of Education), and in the Report Grin

    This ease of Esperanto was found by Inazo Nitobe , a member of the Imperial Academy of Japan, a scientist, Deputy Secretary General of the League of Nations, which had participated in the Universal Esperanto Congress in Prague in 1921 to go account by itself for the effectiveness of this language. In a report entitled Esperanto as an International Auxiliary Language (like Esperanto international auxiliary language), published in 1922, he wrote: "We can say with absolute certainty that Esperanto is eight to ten times easier than n 'How important foreign language and it is possible to acquire a perfect speech without leaving his own country. This is in itself a very significant result. "

    When you have already learned a foreign language, learning a new language is easier, hence the interest to start a foreign language easier. Of studies conducted on comparative samples of students showed that students who initially studied Esperanto before moving on to study a foreign language, reached a higher level in that language, than the control group that during the same period had studied that language.

    From the point of view of spelling, Esperanto is one of the languages known as "transparent" as the Croat , the Serb , the Spanish , the Italian , the Russian , the Slovenian or Czech , the correspondence between graphemes and phonemes is simple, stable and steady. A language completely transparent following two principles: a phoneme is a single graphic, graphic corresponds to a single one phoneme. In contrast, the languages called "opaque" as the French or English has rules of grapheme-phoneme correspondence complex and irregular.

    A dyslexic using language "opaque" often becomes dysgraphia. It is best to choose to learn a language transparent to facilitate language learning in children with dyslexia.

    On the other hand, Esperanto can help with the construction to indicate a line for each word grammatically precise, to understand the links between the 'function in the sentence "and" grammatical spelling "of each word

    Financial Interest

    According to Dr. Gennadij Shilo, President of Europa universitato JUSTO Moscow, the practice of Esperanto gives students a better knowledge of foreign languages supporting wages up to 15% higher (like any master of another foreign language) .

    Esperanto and activism

    Main article: Esperanto and activism.

    Esperanto gives rise to a militant movement that has translated into the emergence in France of the list Esperanto Europe Democracy in the European elections of June 2004. The list has received 25,067 votes, or about 0.15% of the votes cast. It is structured now at European level .

    This motion proposes to use Esperanto, preferably in English, both to ensure equality of all in relation to the language of international communication used to preserve linguistic pluralism and greater efficiency.

    It draws on various studies asserting the economic and political interest that could be the use of Esperanto , such as the report Grin , who believes that his teaching (in lieu of teaching LV1 current) "would result in a net savings to France, nearly 5.4 billion euros per year and, as a net for all of Europe (UK and Ireland included), approximately 25 billion euros annually " .

    The UNESCO has made several recommendations in favor of Esperanto.

    Esperanto has also been repeatedly proposed as a candidate for the Nobel Peace Prize, especially in 2008.

    Variants of Esperanto

    Ido and Riisme

    Main article: Developments of Esperanto.

    Zamenhof himself proposed changes and reforms, but these were refused by the Esperanto.

    The desire to correct certain defects of Esperanto has led some people to create variations such as the Ido or to propose major reforms such as riisme.

    The majority of Esperanto is generally hostile to these changes too strong for fear of dividing the community between reformists and conservatives and diminish the clarity of language. That is why Esperanto is the most widely used languages called built and has maintained its internal stability.

    Esperanto signed

    Signuno is a form of sign language Esperanto. It aims to enable deaf people of different nationalities to communicate, so that Esperanto is not only used in a verbal or written. Besides the numbers and letters, a specific sign is associated with the most common morphemes. Signs of Signuno are essentially based on Gestuno.

    Culture Esperanto

    Evolution of the practice of Esperanto

    Esperanto has long been a language over written and spoken. From the outset, however, its oral use has been assured by the Esperanto clubs, scattered throughout Europe, East Asia and some countries of America. Those interested would gather there once a week or a month to practice the language and welcome foreign travelers who had learned. In the early twentieth century appeared many writers, male and female poets ... who, having adopted the language of Esperanto as their writings, gave him his literature. In resisting the Japanese occupation of Korean artists, including directors who are causing the North Korean film , so choose to come together in 1925 in association with a name chosen Esperanto: the Korea Artista Proletaria Federaci ( Kapfer), or Korean Association of Proletarian Artists.

    Map of accommodation offered by the Pasporta Servo 2005.

    In fact, the oral use of language, from simple conversation to music, was developed especially when travel has become more accessible and that the international Esperanto meetings have multiplied. The establishment of services homestay as Pasporta Servo , and the appearance of the sound recording on cassette , as well as chat programs Computer Telephony ( VOIP ), have helped to advance use oral language.

    Also note that with the increasing number of speakers, Esperanto has become the mother tongue of children of couples Esperanto.

    In defending his idea across the Europe , Dr. Zamenhof has attracted the sympathy of many political figures such as Gandhi and the international community of Bahaism.

    Esperanto has a strong presence on the internet, and December 11, 2009, the number of pages in the Esperanto was 122,424 pages.

    Audio file
    Excerpts from the speech of Zamenhof in 1905

    Difficulties to stream the file? Problems listening to the file?

    The curious can listen via the link on the right, extracts from the speech of the Prime Zamenhof Universal Congress of Esperanto (wikisource) , known by Claude Piron and registered at the conference of Boulogne in 2005 organized to celebrate the centenary of the First Congress. These extracts are reproduced and translated in the page description file.

    This speech is typical of the style of Zamenhof, full of naivete to his detractors, with a deep humanism for its supporters.

    Literature

    Book in Esperanto.

    Many literary works were written in or translated into Esperanto. Books (like the Bible , Le Petit Prince or the Communist Manifesto ) have been translated into Esperanto, original works in Esperanto are also well represented.

    In the series of novels by science fiction River of the eternity of writer Philip Jose Farmer , all humans have lived on Earth are resurrected on the shores of an endless river. Esperanto it is quickly becoming the de facto language of communication between residents and the Farmer uses, among others, to name some states that are based on the riverfront.

    Press

    Cinema

    The Swiss filmmaker Francis Randin produces films that are spoken in Esperanto, or have subtitles in Esperanto in order to be understood by everyone.

    Incubus , of Leslie Stevens ( 1965 ) with William Shatner in the lead role, was filmed entirely in Esperanto. All the actors have learned the language and dialogues in this film exists only in original version with subtitles in Esperanto.

    In the film Charlie Chaplin , The Great Dictator , the plates of the Jewish ghetto stores are in Esperanto, described as "international Jewish language" by Hitler in Mein Kampf.

    The film Idiot's Delight with Clark Gable in turn called "Esperanto" an unidentified European dictatorship, using neutral language to offend any country. A diplomat recovery strategy in Street Fighter (1994) and Blade Trinity (2005).

    It is also possible to hear of Esperanto in the original version of the movie Gattaca. Indeed, the speakers of the company where the protagonist of the story, make announcements first in English and Esperanto.

    Music

    In his album HIStory , Michael Jackson uses the tone at both international and exotic Esperanto, uttering a few phrases in that language.

    In the video game Final Fantasy XI , the main theme of the Stono Memoro accompanying the cinematic introduction, is sung in Esperanto.

    The cover of the album OK Computer by Radiohead has many phrases, including some in Esperanto.

    Using the Esperanto word as a metaphor

    The name Esperanto functions as a proper noun when it means the language itself, but is sometimes used as a common noun (in a sort of ' par excellence ) to represent a common language or a common means in a particular area where this sharing is wrong not straightforward. This use of Esperanto word may as well be taken in a positive direction than in a negative sense.

    In the field of computing, Java was called Esperanto programming languages , especially because of its simplicity and its universality (independence from the operating system), recovery metaphor for XML , called turn for esperanto information system .

    In Germany and Austria , opponents of the euro and described it as Esperantogeld Esperantowhrung (Geld = "money"; Whrung = "Currency ") by which he means that such an international project was inherently doomed to failure.

    Notes and sources

    Bibliography

    Works used for the drafting of Article : Source used for this article

    General titles

    • Andre Cherpillod , agglutinative languages and Esperanto, La Blanchetire, Courgenard, 1989.
    • Pierre Janton, Esperanto, 4th ed. Presses Universitaires de France, coll. " What do I know? ", Paris, 1994, ( ISBN 2-13-042569-0 ) Works used for the drafting of Article
    • Jacques Joguin, Let Esperanto. The international language, L'Harmattan, coll. "Let's Talk ... "Paris, 2004, 2nd ed. ( ISBN 2-7475-0355-0 ) . Works used for the drafting of Article
    • George Kersaudy , Languages Without Borders: Exploring the languages of Europe, Ed. Otherwise, Paris, 2001, ( ISBN 2-7467-0125-1 )
    • Michel Malherbe, The Languages of humanity: an encyclopedia of 3000 languages spoken in the world, R. Laffont, coll. "Mouthpieces", Paris, 1995, ( ISBN 2-221-05947-6 )
      The article on Esperanto (p. 809-817) describes the language.

    History


Leave a Reply


Frequently Asked Questions

1 vote, average: 4.00 out of 51 vote, average: 4.00 out of 51 vote, average: 4.00 out of 51 vote, average: 4.00 out of 51 vote, average: 4.00 out of 5 (1 votes, average: 4.00 out of 5, rated)
Loading ... Loading ...
Help us improve the wiki Send Your Comments