Braces ({}) Parentheses (())
Chevrons (<>) Hooks ( In Lithuanian

The sign, called adenosine, focuses on the four short vowels core Lithuanian (a, e, i, u):

• Has,
• E, E
• I, i
• U, u

These letters were formerly nasal vowels, which nasality has now lost the benefit of a stretch.

We can therefore consider these as historical nasal long vowels Recent versus historical long vowels o, e, y, U. The I and U respectively merge in pronunciation with the long vowels y and U, while a and E are distinct from non-nasal long vowels o and e, most closed.

See Vowels Lithuanian

In Polish

Braces ({}) Parentheses (())
Chevrons (<>) Hooks ( History

The spelling of cedilla is present after the Gothic script or Visigothic medieval (). The use of this sign is due to the limitations of the Latin alphabet. The name comes from Spanish and appears in the ^seventeenth century , it means small z (the c before replacing z e). Under c, cedilla handwritten will develop in three successive forms: combining z, then z cedilla (and sometimes suscrit subscribed), and finally c cedilla. As for the e caudata, evolution has nothing to do with cedilla.

In the manuscripts

The c cedilla

The phoneme palatal / ts / in Romance languages is derived from the c / k / Latin palatalized then assibilation. Front vowels which have led to a non-palatalized pronunciation and thus incorrect (/ k / before a, o and u), we noted the phoneme in various ways so that they correspond to the "new" pronunciation: or simply c, or CZ (e and z are letters diacritics ) in French, the Cantilena of Saint Eulalia (dating from 881 and containing 29 worms), and this only once, in verse 21:

A CZO our uoldret concreidre pagiens li rex.
An ad sped roueret toiler lo li chief.
- Cantilena of Santa Eulalia , v. 21 and 22 ^,

According to Greimas (2001) , the demonstrative o appears in the melody of Santa Eulalia:

"Co, ceo, neck, ceu, this demonstrator. neutral (X ^century, Eulalie; lat. pop. ecce-hoc building hoc this; v. ico, as tonic). "

Greimas does so that the form co for this melody that has yet been recovered from the ^nineteenth century , and none of the 29 verses from the photo above, contains the cedilla. Moreover, the manuscript dates back instead of 881, not the "tenth century" (NB There is only one manuscript). However, Peter Ivart and the analysis CZO:

"On the tc cz. These graphemes represent ts. If "CZO" (V.21) is pretty clear: the writer could only use c to o to represent tch since before o, k ca always (except in the "Oaths of Strasbourg," cf. above). He then used a grapheme experimental cz. (Sic) "

The CZO z z is therefore a diacritic, which once cedilla, will become the cedilla.

Visigothic origin of the cedilla .

The Visigothic writing would indeed be short this graph to the ^eleventh century in Spain. In the first suscrivant c to z as it then in a reverse movement, making its full size in c while was reduced to a sign subscribed. Thus, the Spanish word lanca / lantsa /, "spear", is he came to be written launched. The usefulness of such a sign and an initial determination of systematic notation / ts / has any extension (by copyist ) of the cedilla front vowels i and e (Cinco, "five"). This process is then considered a form of overcorrection because the letter C alone is enough (five and five are pronounced the same way). Maria Selig confirmed this genesis Visigoth:

"The history of the cedilla and its spread is well known today, so I will confine myself to a very brief summary. As a result of the implementation of the new Visigothic Spanish sounds, the 'C', with a subscribed <z> (sometimes suscrit) appears from the most ancient monuments of the Castilian. Use of the cedilla (<Cerilles) was also observed in the oldest charters in the language of Provence (where its presence later in Catalan ) and in French . "

However, Maria Selig also recalls that this diacritic in Europe spread more slowly than its meaning, and that he was somehow "recovered" in different languages to record sounds that sometimes had nothing to do with them:

"With regard to the Italy , we know that the 'C' is used very early, but what is more significant is that this graph assumes two values different and geographically identifiable. . "

Similarly, it seems that the copyists of the Middle Ages , especially in remote areas of literary Europe ( Sardinia , for example) have sometimes wanted to imitate the cedilla in assigning a proper value when they did not know the value of origin .

Still, in French, after Jean Dubois, the cedilla is used "since the ^eighth century in the Visigothic manuscripts, but was little used by the scribes, who preferred to employ an additional letter to denote the hissing sound c (they wrote received him, aperceut) .

Thus, in the manuscripts of the Chanson de Roland , the cedilla it is not used, while all transcripts add it for ease of reading, as well, to 544-545 in:

Actual transcript:
co niert dist Guene as uiuet cu sis denied
Na such uassal suz cape del sky.
Transcript of Ian Short (with cedilla, apostrophes, etc.. Added or subtracted, as determined by the transcriber):
'Co n'iert' dist Guene 'as vivet cum sis denied;
Had such vassal suz cape del .

The manuscript of the song does not e or z diacritic, as was the case in the Cantilena of Santa Eulalia. However, the manuscript of Oxford employs many e caudata , the word heaven v. 545 (see above) but also to the 1156 and 1553, well under cel, worms 646 and 723 .

E paleographic cedilla (e caudata)

Excerpt from a book latin published Rome in 1632. You can find the above e caudata in the sacred words, propaganda, prdict and grammatica (but there are also grammatic). E caudata of printing was resumed, the Renaissance , e caudata manuscript , much older (as in the Chanson de Roland).

There is thus a kind of cedilla under the e in the manuscripts medieval usage attested from the ^sixth century in uncial. The letter obtained is called e caudata ('e with a tail, also called e-tail). It replaces more or less frequently digraph latin ae ( often written by ligation , a custom which was later extended) for note in most cases a / / open (from long, until the objections of vowel quantity no longer current) derived from the ancient Latin diphthong / ae / ( monophtongue from the ^second century BCE). The practice has continued, in manuscripts, until the eighteenth ^century but did not survive the printing press :

" . "

It is notable that this letter can be represented here by E (with ogonek ) or (with a cedilla) has been retained in the transcription of Romanists as is the digraph ae (as related asch and named) who was in the transcript of the Germanic languages (given that e was also used in manuscripts of Old English in Irish uncial island).

Although this sign is called cedilla is an anachronism: it has no link with z and it seems rather that he comes from a panel agreed . The cedilla allows precision in the century by:

"The letter e with cedilla therefore seems to characterize the eleventh century. Mabillon, De Re Diplomatica, p.367, is in support of this thesis. He shows us E ae already in the tenth century, eg Sue suae ex sacramentario Ratoldi, No. 587. But it also shows us that such use is still general and cites Galliae ex ms. codice Remigio. His quotes from the eleventh century fragments generally contain E ae. Ex codice nostro S. Germani, 527: sapi for sapientiae. In the twelfth century, the same scholar shows us E ow, while e is placed without cedilla for ae. Ex Flora Corb. No. 488 and 489, for penile poena (beginning of the twelfth century) to dictate ecclesie dictae ecclesiae. "The charters provide me with the most compelling arguments and seem to prove that e with cedilla placed for ae denotes when the job is usually the eleventh century . "

See Palaeography and diacritics of the Latin alphabet.

The cedilla to the beginnings of printing

Use manuscript is reproduced in print , first by the Spanish and Portuguese, and then imitated by the French printer Geoffroy Tory. According to Auguste Bernard , in 1509 , "Tory proposed to write with cedilla penultimate e of the third person plural perfect of verbs of the third conjugation (emery contendere, etc..) to distinguish the infinitive, like what was done in the Psalterium quintuplex shortly before 1509. If we follow Augustine Bernard, the cedilla was therefore used in printing by Tory at the beginning of XVI ^century in Latin.

The cedilla in French as a-umlaut is defended for the first time in 1529 in the same author, in introducing his book Champ fleury published in 1529 (privilege dated 5 September 1526 ), whose subtitle clearly states his intentions: the art and science of due proportion and true value. This is also the first treaty in French typography:

"C to O, pronunciation and language francois aucunesfois is strong, as saying rogue coquard, rooster, Coquillard; aucunesfois is exile , as saying, boy, macon, Francois, and Aultre similar . "

Cc Cc

A printing of the ^fifteenth century.

This defense of the cedilla is no immediate application. Tory in the draft, the cedilla should be used to record / s / (not / ts /, the phoneme having simplified in French in the ^thirteenth century and Castilian between the ^fourteenth century and ^sixteenth century ). The cedilla is part of the innovations of Geoffroy Tory (with the comma and the apostrophe ), whose purpose was probably to facilitate the commercialization of the first books printed in French and not Latin. According to many authors, Tory generalized first-umlaut in its edition of L'Adolescence Clmentine de Clment Marot , the fourth of this work in 1533 : Adolescence Clementine had appeared for the first time August 12 1532, in Paris, at Roffet , without cedilla, and June 7, 1533 with Tory, this time with comma. In fact, Tory had already introduced the cedilla early 1530 in printing, in his pamphlet The coronation and coroner of the Queen, printed by command of the king our lord, and this three times, in words so began and Luzon :

Coste of the left hand estoit Elected similar way two other eschauffaulx: Prime & wool of which has correspdoit dictz Princes estoit ordered to sit there MECTRA & Ambassadors (p. 10)

And then began to celebrate a Mass by dict My Lord Cardinal of Bourbon, was dictated q & a Two Deacons Soubzdiacres. The Deacons dictz the ferret Monseigneur the Bishop of Chartres, and Luzon (p.20)

But the Tory edition of L'Adolescence clementine in 1533 actually represents the first real generalization, in a book and knowing the success for a big draw (for the time). Tory justified the use of the cedilla with the same arguments he had used before in Champ fleury, the advice given in the introduction to his edition of L'Adolescence clementine:

" , the prohibitions set by joinctes sinalephes , and Beneath the C when he takes to the pronunciation of the s , by which heretofore for want dadvis did the deed este langaige Frenchman, how q'uil (sic) and there fust soyt very necessary . "

It should be noted about this quote from Tory that the practice of his system of spelling is irregular: no apostrophe in for want dadvis, oddly placed apostrophes in how q'uil - but it is probably of a shell in the latter case:

"This is the first book where Tory has applied its spelling system, and we do not see the inexperience of the composers of his printing, which in that same opinion, made several errors of omission or transposition . "

From that date, the cedilla is taken by all printers . Before him, the advocates of spelling tymologisante write Frenchman. The uses are initially fluctuating: in the edition of Poetical Works of Louise Labe (John Tournes, 1556 ), we can read in the first "Elegy" (spelling and typography of the era, with long s ):

I n'aperu soudein that occurred to me to take,

On the same evil that I Souloise resume:

Persa me such a fury,

'm Still cured after a long time:

The cedilla is present in preview (seen in the current spelling) but absent in Persian (pierced), which was even written with an s to avoid perca. From there, use the "c-tail" (as is his first name) is spreading in France. But it was the ^seventeenth century that its use becomes really common.

In Spanish, its use was abandoned in the eighteenth ^century ( or z being replaced by simple c before e and i) so that / ts / is simplified to / s / between the ^fourteenth and ^sixteenth century and then / / in the ^seventeenth. Other languages close ( Catalan , French , Portuguese ) still retain the.

The cedilla after the Renaissance

The introduction (and retention) of such a character in the writing of the French was an effective way of consensus and settle the problem of ambiguous pronunciation of Latin c. Indeed, if c precedes a, o or u is pronounced / k /, if it precedes another vowel is pronounced / s /. Thus, the sign is to avoid giving to the links with the past and preserve the consistency of the graphic language making writing less ambiguous. The presence of the cedilla in a word or form , keeps the visible relationship with the etymon and derivatives or other forms.

For Albert Dauzat , "the simplification of spelling was consistent with the irrational tendencies of the ^seventeenth century , in love with clarity and reason. Many writers call for the reform . The cedilla was therefore a challenge for many projects of reform of French spelling.

The t cedilla in French

About these attempts at spelling reform, the history of t cedilla in French is exemplary. In 1766, the abbot of Petity , preacher of the queen, had proposed the use of the cedilla under the t to differentiate where it reads / t / and those where it is pronounced / s /:

"We might even get another service cedilla for Children & the Aliens, who are often embarrassed about how they should pronounce the t / I> in certain words, it would be to apply this sign this letter, when it has the value of s, as in the words meticulously, serving, faction, quotient, etc.. by this expedient, the pronunciation would be settled; & can not confound most cases, where it has its natural value, as in words, part question, indigestion, Christian. When it costs so little to remedy the imperfections that will perpetuate free, than to leave behind ^{Achilles, dogs, horses: the proposals of Nicolas Beauzee}

In the same spirit as that of Firmin-Didot, widespread and t c cedilla was defended by a grammarian of the Enlightenment as Nicolas Beauzee. Thus, according to the Encyclopedia of ^nineteenth century B. Jullien ,

" Chronology of onset of cedilla

• Before the ^ninth century occurrences of the Visigothic cedilla (), which are abbreviated to in the ^eleventh century.
• Meanwhile, e paleographic cedilla ( e caudata ) is attested from the ^sixth century.
• ^Ninth century Cantilena of Santa Eulalia : hapax z diacritic for abbreviated to , present in the form CZO.
• 1480: Birth of Geoffroy Tory in Bourges.
• Before 1500: Spanish and Portuguese printers create fonts for printing the cedilla; last place in France in Toulouse.
• 1509: Tory innovator in printing Latin (cedilla to e verbs emery contendere).
• 1529 (completed in 1526): Tory defends the introduction of the cedilla in French Champ fleury.
• early 1530: Tory introduced the cedilla in the coronation and coroner of the Queen, printed by command of the king our lord.
• June 7, 1533: publication of the fourth edition of L'Adolescence clementine by Tory, representing a wide distribution of the cedilla.
• October 1533: death of Geoffroy Tory.
• ^Eighteenth century : the cedilla disappears from Spain and is used by all printers in France. Beauzee Nicolas offers its generalization instead of s. Testing spelling reforms are numerous, sometimes we ask the abandonment of the cedilla, sometimes its generalization, but the diacritic, successfully imposed by Tory just before his death in 1533, will retain the same rules for use until today.

Etymology

Although the cedilla has appeared in manuscripts from the French IX ^century and in the print French in 1530, the word is attested cedilla in 1611 in an altered form Cerilles and cedilla in 1654 - 1655. The word was, however Cerilles borrowed from the Spanish from 1492 , and the cedilla form is attested in 1558. The term cedilla in Spanish means "little z", and is the diminutive of the name of the letter z in Spanish, Zeda, coming itself from Latin zeta, Greek zeta, "sixth letter of the Greek alphabet. " Greek zeta is itself "borrowed from Phoenician (cf. Hebrew zajit, Arab zayn) .

In his article in the Encyclopedia , then in his works , the cedilla term was erroneously interpreted by Dumarsais in French as "small c" instead of "low z" because the shape of the cedilla:

"This term comes from the Spanish cedilla cedilla, which means small c, for the Spaniards, too, like us, without the c cedilla, which then has a hard sound before the three letters a, o, u, and when they want give her soft c before any of these three letters, they subscribe to the cedilla is what they call c con cedilla, that is to say, c with cedilla. Besides, this character might well come from the sigma of the Greeks and figured , as we noted in the letter c (sic) because the c with cedilla is pronounced like s wise words at the beginning of the second, if sober , sugar . "

Current uses

In the Romance languages

It uses French , Catalan , Occitan and Portuguese the cedilla under c for Hispanic note / s / before a, o and u. Catalan and Occitan, are also used -end of a word to write / s /: cc In Romanian

In Romania , the cedilla is much more important: SS (SS) In the Turkish language

is inspired by the use of Albanian, while S mimics the use of Romania.

The alphabet of Turkmenistan , adopted in 1991 during the independence of Turkmenistan , is largely inspired by the Western alphabet, and especially Turkish as in Turkish, was cc and SS In Albanian

, the letter to note In Latvian

• GG
• KK
• ll
• NN
• rr

The Latvian uses cedilla-shaped "comma below" to note the palatalization of consonants / g /, / k /, / s /, / n / and / r /, which is written in this case G, K, L, N and R. Note that this cedilla located above the lowercase g for readability and then it can take several forms, including a quote simple curve, a point reversed a sharp focus , etc.. For the uppercase G with a readability problem does not arise, we leave the cedilla below: G.

Latvian keyboard layout (rarely used)

The pronunciation of the r and R are indistinguishable in most standard Latvian, this last letter was dropped from the spelling in the years of Soviet occupation. This spelling reform was not generally accepted by Latvians in exile. In the new independence of Latvia in 1991 , the R has not been restored in the official spelling.

The spelling of Latvian, after the German, cedilla and ogonek introduced to enrich the alphabet of German origin were not sufficient to record all sounds Latvian: for example, G, K, L and N, further note TODAY 'Today the equivalent palatalized G, K, L and N. Until the early ^twentieth century , the Latvian spelling was very irregular .

Recent Alphabets

Some recent alphabets directly inspired by the Latin alphabet have added many diacritical marks in order to overcome the mismatch between sounds and letters. A well known example is the Vietnamese , but it does not use the cedilla. However, in the case of the alphabet Marshallese example, which is a remarkable example of alphabet created by linguists studying the language.

In Azerbaijan

Kurdish

SS

In Kurdish , for example, was Ser, "war" and pik, "small."

In Marshallese

• L, L noting / /
• noting m / m /
• N, noting / /
• Noting o / o /

The Marshallese ( Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in the Marshall Islands ) is written with a Latin alphabet including letters cedilla unusual l m n o, let L, M, N and O. In these letters, only the l and n are as precomposed characters for Unicode (in its version 4). Others must be made through the game without cedilla diacritic U +0327. We take care not to encode a o o cedilla ogonek , .

According to a basic grammar available online , which remains imprecise as to the phonetic value of letters with cedilla, the correspond to / /, m / m / (/ m / labialization ) N / / (/ n / retroflex ) and a kind of o / o / (/ o / long). This information is however not confirmed by an article on the phonology of the language , which does not mention the current spelling: for example, no nasal consonant bilabial labialized is identified, no retroflex rather than a vowel quantity relevant for vowels.

In Tatar

In the Latin alphabet Tatar (Yanal Yaalatinitsa or "the new Latin alphabet"), adopted in 1999 and what usually works in the Internet, two letters with the cedilla is used:

SS

or

In the Tatar literary language (in Kazan ) the letter 'C' is pronounced Languages ogonek

Do not confuse cedilla and ogonek, which is not discussed in this article (the ogonek is the subject of a separate article). The Navajo , the Apache , some Cameroonian languages like kako and Karang , the Polish , or as in this example, the Lithuanian , does not include cedilla, but ogonek (eg Lithuanian):

• Has,
• E, E kako or Karang
• I, i
• U, u

Phonetic transcription

In the International Phonetic Alphabet , Transcript ASCII and ISO 646

The ASCII base (U.S. version of the standard ISO 646 encoding the characters 0 to 127) does not contain letters with diacritics. At the time it was often the only code page available, some of the cedilla simulated by placing a comma after the letter: for example, they wrote " c,a "for" it. "

However, national variants of ISO 646 using the few positions not invariant ISO 646 for the placement of punctuation and letters diacrites More:

• Thus the French version (NF Z 62010-1982, filed by the ECMA in France) of the ISO 646 code-umlaut in 124, instead of the | character encoded in the American version.
• The oldest French version (NF Z 62010-1973, obsolete since 1985) of ISO 646 required the use of control character backspace (BS, coded 8) to superimpose characters and simulate the addition except on a diacritic letters diacrites already encoded in the national variant of ISO 646, so the cedilla could be encoded <BS; point> after a capital C.
• The versions for the Spanish , Catalan and Basque (recorded at the ECMA Olivetti or IBM) of ISO 646 codes the upper and lower case c cedilla in 93 and 125 respectively, instead of the characters] and } ASCII.
• Portuguese versions ^, (recorded at the ECMA Olivetti or IBM) of ISO 646 for their encode uppercase and lowercase c cedilla in 92 and 124 respectively, instead of the characters \ and | ASCII.
• The Italian version (registered by the ECMA Olivetti) of ISO 646 for its code-umlaut in 92 minute, instead of the \ character in ASCII.
• The French, Spanish, Portuguese, German (DIN 66083), Hungarian (MSZ 7795 / 3), Norwegian (Standard NS 4551), Swedish (Appendix C standard SEN 850200 ), Greek (old standard ELOT 1984, obsolete since 1986) of ISO 646 will continue to refer to the cedilla as possible representation of the decimal point (however they do not prescribe anything about this practice through a character control imposed).

References

1. Currently, the adjective sweet, not * sweetish, keeps track of that spell opportunity. It's still the system is still used today to indicate the pronunciation / / g at ate, eat, gamble / gayr /. Source: (en) Martin Riegel, Jean-Christophe Pellat, Rene Rioul, methodical French ^Grammar, 5th ed. Update, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, coll. "Linguistics news", 1999, 23 cm, XXIII-646 p. ( ISBN 2-13-050249-0 )
2. The first non-literary manuscript being Oaths of Strasbourg of 842. Source.
3. Cantilena of Santa Eulalia, v. 21 and 22. Translation: "The pagan king would not accept that. With a sword, he ordered him beheaded. " Lesson and translation of Publishing and Literary Linguistics, University of Grenoble.
4. To view the full text: Scanning the parchment Ref. Valenciennes City Library 150 (olim 143) fol.141v
5. Dictionary of Old French, Larousse, 1979, 1992, 2001, ISBN 8 532 048 March 2 , article co.
6. For Hoffmann von Fallersleben. August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben Elnonensia. Monuments of Roman and Teutonic languages in the ninth century, contained in a manuscript from the abbey of Saint-Amand, preserved in the Public Library of Valenciennes, with translation and notes by JF Willems, Ghent, F. and E. Gyselynck, 1837, 34 p. See also the presentation of the manuscript by the library website at Valenciennes.
7. The sequence of Santa Eulalia is it a text Picard? of Ivart Pierre (aka Alix Tassememouille)
8. Maria Selig is a cedilla Visigothic Sardinian visible on line 2 of the manuscript Privilegio Logudorese ( XI ^century ), the word faco and three lines before the end, the word ACCEM (Maria Selig, ibid. p.140 or the State Archives of Pisa, Fondo Coletti). Cedilla is a type of transition, not quite yet purchased, there are still attached to the top of c, so Maria Selig called "z cedilla".
9. ^{a and b} Maria Selig, Barbara Frank, Jrg Hartmann, The transition to writing the Romance languages. Published by Gunter Narr Verlag, 1993. ISBN 3823342614 , 9783823342618. p. 127.
10. Maria Selig (ibid., p. 127) asserts, for example for the manuscript Sardinian Privilegio logudorese, late ^eleventh century (visible to the State Archives of Pisa , Fondo Coletti).
11. J. Dubois et al. Dictionary of Linguistics, Cambridge, 2002, a href = "Sp% C3% A9cial: Ouvrages_de_r% C3% A9f% C3% A9rence/203532047X" class = "mw-internal-magiclink isbn"> ISBN 203532047X
12. V. 544 and 545: "" No, "said Ganelon," live as his nephew / Baron as he is himself under the yoke of Heaven "" The Song of Roland, lesson and Translation by Ian Short (manuscript Oxford), French general Bookshop, 1990, ISBN 2253 05341 4. Jean Joinville in 1887, Raoul Mortier in 1940, and apparently all the transcribers, use this easy to read.
13. The Song of Roland: published by the Oxford manuscript, translated by Joseph Bedier, edited by H. Piazza, 1966, p. 342.
14. The text of the Chanson de Roland - The version of Oxford, edited by Raoul Mortier. Published by Editions de La gesture Francor, 1940.
15. That is to say between 1150 and 1350. paleography Dictionary: cryptography, finger spelling, a hieroglyph, stenography, telegraphy , Louis Mas Latrie, Jacques-Paul Migne. Published by J.-P. Migne, 1854. P.545.
16. Bulletin of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Humanities and Fine Arts of Belgium. Posted by M. Hayez, 1861. P.415.
17. Geoffroy Tory, "Notice to Reader" to Cosmographia Pii II, printed by Henri Estienne in 1509 , quoted by Auguste Bernard in Geofroy Tory, painter and engraver, the first royal printer, reformer of orthography and typography of the first under Francis , published by E. Tross, 1857 , reprinted from the "Bulletin of the Society of French Protestantism, ISSN 1141 054X.
18. Auguste Bernard, Geofroy Tory, painter and engraver, the first royal printer, reformer of orthography and typography under Franois 1st, edited by E. Tross, 1857 , reprinted from the "Bulletin of the Society of French Protestantism, ISSN 1141 054X. P. 239.
19. Introduction Champ fleury, fol. 37 v , quoted by Auguste Bernard, ibid., P.28. Neither the introduction nor the body of this work include the cedilla, the latter appears only in 1533 (see following article). Years later, in 1549, Champ fleury will, after Auguste Bernard (ibid., p.76), reprinted under the new spelling (thus with cedilla), creating a paradox, since it asks Tory just use the cedilla who, when he writes, is not used in printing French.
20. Adolescence clementine, p.470, edition of Franois Roudaut, General French Bookstore, Paris, 2005, ISBN 2253 08699 1
21. Bulletin Belgian bibliophile , 1837, "From the first job in printing and in French, the apostrophe, accent and the cedilla," by Auguste Bernard , p.103.
22. Peter Rickard, The French language in the sixteenth century: continuing study of texts, Cambridge University Press, 1968 , p.38.
23. However it prints once he received him (perhaps the only irregularity with respect to the cedilla in this booklet)
24. ^{a and b} Rite and the coroner of the Queen, printed by command of the king our lord , Paris, 1530. - 12 f. 4. On the end of the publication date "of the XVI.iour Mars.MDXXX" (March 16, 1530).
25. ^{a , b and c} According to A. Bernard, ibid. These are the three innovations Tory: focus (" male"), apostrophe (the " sinalephe ") and the cedilla (" Beneath the ").
26. Clement Marot , Adolescence Clementine (1532) by master Geofroy Tory, King's Printer. Additional source: quoted by Auguste Bernard, Geofroy Tory, painter and engraver, the first royal printer, reformer of orthography and typography under Franois 1st, edited by E. Tross, 1857 , reprinted from the "Bulletin of the Society of French Protestantism, ISSN 1141 054X., p.64.
27. Bulletin Belgian bibliophile , 1837, "From the first job in printing and in French, the apostrophe, accent and the cedilla," by Auguste Bernard , p.104.
28. Auguste Bernard, ibid., p. 240.
29. Albert Dauzat , phonetics and historical grammar of French, Librairie Larousse, 1950, p.129.
30. Library of artists and amateurs, I, p. 106, quoted by Jean-Pierre Lacroux: Orthotypo - Spelling and typography French, Dictionary.
31. Catholic Encyclopedia, universal repertoire and of the sciences, letters, arts and crafts, forming a universal library, with biographies of famous men: adorned with over 3000 engravings in the text and the summary closing of more than ten thousand works of Jean-Baptiste Claire, Alexis Joseph Walsh, Joseph Chantrel, Orse, abbot Orse, Edward Alletz. Posted by P. Desbarres, 1843, v.6, p.99.
32. ^{a and b} Alain Rey , Historical Dictionary of the French language , Le Robert , Paris, 1992, ISBN 2 85036 532 7
33. Encyclopedia Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts, Volume 2, p.796 (signature F).
34. ^{a and b} works of Csar Chesneau Dumarsais , Charles Millon, Marie-Emile William Duchosal. Pougin collaborator. Posted by Pougin, 1797. V.4, p.298.
35. (en) F. Trix, "Conflict in the Balkans Alphabet: Albanian & the Congress of Monastir," in International Journal of the Sociology of Language ( ISSN 0165-2516 ), 1997, No. 128, p. 1-23 - Summary online catalog INIST
36. Cf History of Latvia
37. (en) Peace Corps Marshall Islands: Marshallese Language Training , Richard Cook, 1992 (willingly of course for Peace Corps stationed on the island)
38. (en) A Brief Introductionto Marshallese Phonology , Heather Willson (report of a student at the University of California at Los Angeles )
39. ISO Identity Card No. 69
40. ISO Identity Card No. 25
41. ISO Identity Card No. 85
42. ISO Identity Card No. 84 in Portuguese cedilla
43. ISO Identity Card No. 16
44. ISO Identity Card No. 15
45. ISO Identity Card No. 21
46. ISO Identity Card No. 86
47. ISO Identity Card No. 60
48. ISO Identity Card No. 11
49. ISO Identity Card No. 88

Bibliography

• Bulletin of the Belgian bibliophile, 1837, "From the first job in printing and in French, the apostrophe, accent and the cedilla," by Auguste Bernard , p.103 Notes

  Related articles

  • diacritic :
    • diacritics of the Latin alphabet :
      • diacritics used in French.

  Cedilla
  Latin letters	(cedilla C) d (D cedilla) (E cedilla) (G cedilla) pm (cedilla H) K (K cedilla) (L cedilla) n (N cedilla) ( R cedilla) (S with cedilla) (T cedilla)
  Combinations	Acute accent ( C ) short ( e )
  Miscellaneous	/ E (E caudata)

  • Portal of writing

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