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1. artikler.

Kaikki Ihmiset syntyvt vapaina ja ja tasavertaisina arvoltaan oikeuksiltaan. Heile is annettu Jarka omatunto ja, ja heidn we toimittava toisiaan kohtaan veljeyden hengess.

Finnish suffixes often used where other languages use more readily pronouns and prepositions, which is what led to describe the Finnish language as a " clumping ", a term that could apply, however, a very large number of languages very different families.

Morphology

One of the manifestations of nature agglutinative Finnish is the relative abundance of cases of declination, although the 15 officially reported cases are not all too often used: the cases indicating the subject and object, nominative (nominatiivi), genitive (genetiivi), accusative (akkusatiivi) and partitive (partitiivi) represent, as one might expect, about 70% of the forms of the name. Eight other cases express spatial relationships (to, from, to, in, etc..) And are also used to perform other functions (such as French in which can express the location, date, recipient, etc.. ). Three cases are routinely mentioned in grammars (committees, abbess and instructive) are hardly used and the values they express are almost always made by prepositional constructions. However, if distributive (-ttain/-ttin), often omitted in the grammars, is much more productive (relatively speaking) than the previous three (viis lkri kunnittain "five doctors per municipality, page by page , etc.). There are a total of 12 (or 13) cases productive. Finnish does not only cases but also uses a large number of prepositions or postpositions.

"Cases" of Finnish can not be assimilated to cases of Latin or Greek and are more akin to simple suffixes meaningful. Indeed, unlike Latin, it is only one possible termination cases (although the form of the Latin dative, for example, varies depending on the number, gender, and declination). Similarly, the verb endings are identical in all four conjugations.

The agglutinative character of Finnish is not limited to "cases" or to compound words. Other grammatical elements logically take place in the wake of this radical in a fixed order. For example, the shape taloissani 'in my houses' can be segmented as follows: talo 'house' + i + ssa plural marker brand inessive case ("in") + or suffix indicating a possessor of first-person singular ( "My, my, my), the form 'uidessani" while I swim "is built on uMa" swim "and ssa and neither as above.

Just as the Turkish , the Mongolian and Hungarian , Finnish has systematized the vowel harmony.

Venn diagram of the system of Finnish vowel harmony. The front vowels are in blue, neutral green ones back in yellow.

The words contain either front vowels ( y Syntax

In general terms, although Finnish is not an Indo-European, overall syntactic structure is similar to that of other European languages. Finnish Indo-Europeanized markedly over the centuries (even assuming that there ever was a difference between radical absolutely Indo-European and Finno-Ugric languages, which does not seem to be the case).

The Finnish knows the concepts of verb tense, person, number, pronouns, conjugations, subject, object, etc.. All things that are sometimes lacking in some other world languages. The presence of variants is not an original (Latin, Greek, Russian, Polish, German, Icelandic, etc.. Have too). Word order is typically SVO (subject-verb-object), as in French, and new information is at the end of the group syntax (as in French). Compare:

- Huomenna kayne postissa.

- Tomorrow I go to the post.

- Kayne postissa huomenna.

- I'm going to post tomorrow.

The presence of inflections in principle allows for example to place the object freely in the sentence, but the order of words, as in all the languages of the world, is far from being free, we do not put words based time or mood! Where Finnish uses an inversion, the French, for example, uses the dislocation (spoken) or passive

- Talon ostivat vanhempansa Hanen.

- The house, it was his parents who bought it.

- The house was purchased by her parents.

Among the peculiarities of the Finnish language, one can mention the following facts:

• no article (which is not an original, Latin and Russian are also free). In spoken language, we can consider that the demonstrative is sometimes used for the definite article (as people like to recall some Finnish linguists or others), but he can not express explicitly that the specific reference:

- Yesterday I had a new credit card. Going to withdraw money, I found that the card does not work.

- Eilen uuden pankkikortin healthy. Nostin kun raha automaatilta, huomasin, ett ei is Kortt Toimi.

In other cases, the article is not in Finnish:

- The phone rings.

- Puhelin itself. (Specific reference implicitly)

- The sun is shining.

- Aurinko paistaa.

- Dark chocolate is good for health.

- Tumma suklaa terveellist it. (Generic reference)

• prepositions or postpositions to "assume" that is to say, they take possessive suffixes: takana "behind" (position)> takana or, if takana "behind me, behind you," etc.. But we find it in Hungarian (parent language of Finnish) and also in Brittany. Presumably it was originally place names and by congealing, have gradually lost their kind of name, but still retain through this morphological feature common with the other names.

They are also declined as a function of movement and position. And went under "takes three forms where there are three cases of" external ".

- Pydn German: when we pass under the table;

- Pydn went: when you find yourself under the table;

- Pydn alta: when you come out from under the table.

• the absence of real liabilities. There is a mode called "passiivi" but it's just an impersonal form of the verb (we can not express the agent), who knows only one form per time and per mode (there is hardly anyone since the form is impersonal): lauletaan "singing" sanotaan "they say," ostettiin "we bought" olisi sanottu "it seemed" etc.. Note that this impersonal form is commonly used as a substitute for first person plural in spoken language, just as in French (thus there is a curious parallel between the Finnish and French on this point): I soitettiin eilen " they called yesterday. "

• Proceedings of Finnish patterns are indicative, conditional, imperative, participle, infinitive and potential. This classification, however, is doubly incongruous, the conditional is no longer considered fashionable in modern French grammar (this is an indicative of the times as well as the future) and the participle / infinitive is not considered as a verbal mode in the Finnish grammatical tradition (these are nominal forms of the verb, just as in French for example occurrence or change). The potential is a mode which expresses the probability: Hn ostanee "buy it probably / probably," Hn lienee tullut "it is probably time / he had to come." But the use of this mode is confined to writing and in everyday language, it expresses the values are most often rendered by adverbs expressing probability. Many people do not even construct the correct form of the potential, as she came out of common usage. As conjugate modes, it remains in Finnish that code, the conditional (as the traditional terminology) and the imperative, as there is no subjunctive in English.

• time: this includes indicative, preterite, perfect and pluperfect, the conditional has two stages, present and perfect. There is no future morphological, the future is made when absolutely necessary, by circumlocution Tulla ("come") + infinitive (cf. French: it goes ...). The future is most often made by the present (in the case of the rest in French as well).

• infinitives are four in number. In fact it is rather a way to classify non-conjugated verb forms, which are considered in Finnish as nominal forms (which they are morphologically in Finnish, as "infinitives" may be broken - for some cases only). To "infinitive" in Finnish and match names or nominal groups in other European languages (eg ~ rakenta Minen-build-ing).

• the negative auxiliary: the denial is confusing to who is learning Finnish, because it is expressed using a negative auxiliary is combined with different people. It is followed by the verb form theme (vocal) at time of present or past participle in past tense: in sano and / sano / Hn ei sano / emme sano / ette sano / he eivt sano "I'm not saying ((you / he / we / you / they do not ... etc..) I would not say, you do not tell 'did not you say" "you had not said," "we would not have accepted", etc.. It also uses the auxiliary in the imperative, and in this case, persons other than the second person singular , a further particle - after the verb, which is definitely confusing to the foreigner who is learning Finnish:

- Sano (dis) Ala sano (not saying)

- Sanokoon (he says) lkn Sanoko (he does not say)

- Sanokaamme (say) lkmme Sanoko (do not say)

- Sanokaa (say) Alka Sanoko (do not tell)

- Sanokoot (they say) lkt Sanoko (they do not say)

• in the interrogative questioning Total (yes / no) is realized by adding a particle ko / k (depending on vowel harmony), similar to the interrogative particles found for example in Latin or Russian (or even in French as functionally Following

  References

  1. The name we should give that language is it Finnish or Finnish? The word applies to the Finnish language and Finnish culture, one of the tribes that gradually occupied the territory of Finland over the millennia. We can differentiate in terms ethnological and historical Finns, Saami , or Lapps and Swedes who settled in the south-western Finland today, each of these populations being impregnated with a specific cultural substrate. The Finnish term for his part applies to the realities of modern Finland, born as such in 1917. So there are Finns who speak Finnish, others who speak Swedish , and others who speak Saami. In practice, for those who do not know the complexity of Finnish history, this distinction may seem artificial, and it is not always known to French speakers. Maintain at all costs may seem appropriate in a scientific context (such as language in this article) but more questionable in other contexts because for the majority francophones, the Finnish word would be much more informative than the enigmatic Finnish. Maintaining the Finnish adjective however, allow a distinction between capital one crop component of national identity (Finnish) and nationality related to the Finnish state. To illustrate the cultural complexity associated with this naming issue, simply mention the Finnish national anthem, Vrt Land, written in Swedish by Johan Ludvig Runeberg , the Finns regard as their national poet while he is growing and Swedish and Finnish not.
  2. See also Discussion (Tab Discussion> Syntax) for some additional remarks about the appearance.

  See also

  Finnish .

  Related articles

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