The inclusive we and our exclusive

In linguistics , an inclusive we is a pronoun or a combination of a verb that indicates the inclusion of speakers, listeners, and perhaps others, as opposed to us exclusively that he excludes the audience. Various non-European languages make this distinction, and it is quite common in both Asian languages Middle Eastern and Far Eastern, American, Australian and Pacific, in Creole languages.

Summary

Paradigm "exclusive-inclusive" can be summarized in a table with two entries.

Range

The distinction inclusive-exclusive 'is prevalent in virtually all Austronesian languages and the aboriginal languages of northern Australia to the languages Woiwurrung very south but is rare in the Papuan languages (the Tok Pisin , a talk pidgin Anglo-Melanesian, generally a distinction "inclusive-exclusive, but its use varies with cultural background of the speaker). It is widespread in the Dravidian languages , the Munda languages and the languages of eastern Siberia as the Evenki although it was lost in some. This distinction is common in about half of American Indian languages , with no real sense of geographical distribution and genealogical. It is also found in some Caucasian languages and the languages of sub-Saharan Africa as Laal , and in Indo-European languages such as Marathi , the Rajasthani and Gujart.

Dravidian Languages

The distinction between 'us' inclusive and exclusive are the proto-Dravidian, and stayed in most Dravidian languages today. In Tamil, the forms are inclusive (NAM) and the exclusive (nka). In Telugu is the inclusive (manamu) and exclusive (memu). In Malayalam , (n Ammal) is the inclusive form "us" and (aa) is exclusive. The Kannada is the only modern Dravidian which is not the distinction.

Viet-Muong Languages

The Vietnamese made the distinction between 'us' inclusive and exclusive. Of all the Vietnamese pronouns ago chung ta (inclusive) and Chung you (exclusive). Chung is the plural derived from Chinese.

Chinese Languages

In Mandarin standard wmenthe pronoun "we", which is the plural pronoun w"I" is undefined as its French equivalent. However, in some dialects of north China there is the additional pronoun Zamenis a trademark of inclusiveness. In these dialects,wmen is then exclusive.

The Taiwanese is similar. The exclusive goan goa is the plural of "I", while inclusive LAN is a separate root which is also used with the suffix puriel. LAN can be used to mark politeness or solidarity, just as in odd formulation "where do we live?" to mean "where do you live?".

Austronesian languages

In Malay and Indonesian , is an inclusive pronoun kita and kami is exclusive. That is to say that you can say "We (kami) go shopping, and then we (kita) go eat," putting the accent on the fact that your listener will not come with you to make shop, but he is invited to come eat with you. In this case there is no ambiguity as might have been the case in French.

The Filipino has a very similar system with Kami and tayo which are respectively the unique shape and inclusive. Originally, the word kita (or forms) was the inclusive pronoun duel meaning "you and me." However it is now a pronoun-bag for the first and second person, as in Mahal Kita "I love you", originally "You and I are expensive (to each other).

In the other languages of the Philippines , particularly those spoken in northern Luzon , the use of a dual pronoun is widespread. In Kapampangan , for example, there Ikata (dual inclusive), ikatamu (plural inclusive) and Ikama (exclusive). The Ilocano uses its data / sita, datayo / sitayo and dakami / sikamea.

The Tausug spoken in the archipelago of Sulu is the only Visayan language , which has a dual form. His pronouns are kita (dual inclusive), kitaniyu (plural inclusive) and kami (exclusive).

The Malagasy have a 1st person plural inclusive "Isika", and another exclusive "Antsika / - (n) Tsikas.

Native American Languages

In Quechua , both forms, inclusive and exclusive uqanchik uqayku are clearly based on the pronoun first person singular uqa, but it is not obvious how they are connected historically to the pronoun of the second qam or person plural suffix-kuna.

The Aymara four pronominal roots: the jiwasa inclusive, exclusive naya, juma the second person and third person jupa. All are undefined with respect to the number, except jiwasa that relates to at least two people. The plural may be accentuated by the suffix-naka: the inclusive jiwasanaka implies that at least three people. Conjugations take the same four people.

Other Native American languages that make this distinction are the Tupi languages , among them the tupinamba , the Guarani and nheengatu. In these languages, there is a first-person singular (xe in tupinamba, ninth in nheengatu che in Guarani) and two alternate plural forms: ore (exclusive) and iand (Tupi) or NAND (in Guarani). The inclusive form may have been formed under the influence of the first-person singular (which is nd in most languages of this group).

In addition, all the Algonquian languages make a distinction between first person plural inclusive and exclusive. For example, in Shawnee the independent pronoun of the first person plural exclusive niilawe is, the pronoun and the second is kiilawe, while the pronoun first person singular pronoun is Niiler and the second Kiila. The distinction between inclusive and exclusive is also done through the pronominal inflection of verbs in all Algonquian languages.

Fulani Language

The Fulani language (also known as Fula, Fulfulde, Pulaar or Peul) in West Africa , has a first-person plural inclusive and one exclusive.

The pidgin

The Chinese model, with a plural form of "I" as a pronoun exclusive model is widespread. It is also common for the inclusive pronoun to be composed of the English pronoun "I" (I) and "you" (you or you). This is the case in Anglo-Melanesian creole languages Tok Pisin and Bislama , where the inclusive pronoun drift yumi (two people, are "you + me," you and me) or yumipla for more than two persons (-pla or suffix-pela is the plural), and the exclusive pronoun is the plural of "me" (me): MIPL.

The distinction in terms of conjugation

In languages where the verb undergoes a shift by combining, as in Australia and more in America, the distinction between inclusive and exclusive is made. For example Passamaquoddy "I / we" thought:

singular n-thin (prefix of the first person

exclusive n-thin-en (n-+ first person plural

inclusive k-en-thin (prefix +

A "we" very strange

There is an interesting twist on inclusive pronouns in Samoan. In this language, as has been said for the Malay and Tagalog, there are two separate roots for "us", inclusive, and exclusive Italian ima. But unlike these languages, to say "we" Samoan pronouns are to be used with the dual suffix - 'ua, or with the plural suffix-tu.

However, the inclusive pronoun 'ita may also occur in isolation as a singular pronoun. In this case it means "I," but with connotations of supplication or asking forgiveness, like the concept of amae in Japanese (and not as "we," plural of majesty used by French kings, not Referring to one person). That means that by using ita in place of the usual word corresponding to "I", a'u it yal'implication another person in what you said about you.

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