Franglais
Franglais (in English , sometimes: . It is frequently cited by proponents as a foil to the purity of French against the invasion of Anglicisms .
The influence of English is being felt in other languages, found in some of these similar constructs, the Germans know denglisch , Hispanics on Spanglish , etc..
The term "Franglais" was created by the grammarian Max Rat and was used for the first time in an article in France-Soir published in 1959 . Its use became popular following the publication in 1964 of up Speak Franglais? Of Rene tiemble . Since then, new anglicisms have appeared (Franglais-French dictionary to identify, in 1999 over 8000, which provides French equivalents), while others have become outdated or unknown (fully fashioned cameraman, up-to-date, cozy, etc..).
Some become anglicisms lexical borrowing , others see their use disappear. Tram and is commonly used (with a possible draft of ownership by tram), while software is out of fashion thanks to the adoption of "software" (adjective and noun) .
Included in the frequent use of Franglais anglicisms other than lexical, eg anglicism semantics, namely the attribution to a French word meaning from its English counterpart. Thus, "control" used in English meaning "order" (to control), is a anglicism. "Controlled by computer" to replace "computer controlled" because of the influence of computer-controlled.
Summary |
Various reasons have been advanced to explain the growth of Franglais: there would be regression of Greek and Latin in school, the hegemony of English as the language of international communication, cultural mimicry . In the younger generations tend to acquire English language status of prestige at the expense of mother tongue in the same way as the French language enjoys the status of prestige in francophone Africa, to the detriment of local languages.
Regression of Greek and Latin
When thousands of Greek and Latin roots are known to those who received a classical education centered around the Greek and Latin, it was generally uses these roots to create new words immediately intelligible as Sociology (created by Auguste Comte ). The medical profession, in particular, was fond of Latin and Greek. Now, most neologisms constructed on Greco-Latin roots are in most cases significantly, borrowing or layers English.
Hegemony of English
English became the language of international communication in reference , and the language of prestige for the youth of France overtook German, largely abandoned after 1945. It is present in international communication in all its forms but also developed a simplified form, respecting the rules of conventional grammar, the Globish.
The economic, political and cultural development of the United States and English-speaking countries, which tend to impose their language in both international organizations and in bilateral relations, resulting in a near monopoly of English in areas increasingly many: scientific publications, commercial and scientific education, foreign language teaching in secondary schools, advertising , film , music , patent technology, etc.. .
English tends sometimes to completely colonize the workspace, even in French-speaking country. In some large companies and French banks, meetings between managers are in English with a French accent, professional jargon is so anglicised that the step was taken almost imperceptibly. But some companies have been convicted in court for imposing the English to their French employees (GEMS , Europ Assistance , Nextiraone). Also in some departments, where they agreed to receive documents in English from the European Union and respond in the same language . Some jurisdictions accept formally or informally as they are foreign documents in English, so they require a certified translation of all documents written in a language other than French, which is quite pungent in the context of European integration, a same file being formed more easily and cheaply by a candidate from the United States of America as a candidate from Germany, for example.
English is the dominant more American than British. More importantly, the recent inventions of technologies or concepts are often named from the words of jargon technical English, as in the case of computer terminology. Therefore, non-English speaking countries are reluctant to create words in the same way as English and adopt the etymology of English words.
Cultural Mimicry
- the mundane (eg "Let's make a break (pause) and go through the back door to take a drink (preferably a soft drink without alcohol) in the lounge, which I knew the bartender on the backstage of a happening particularly in the most cool, and not in a backroom of the Queen, unlike the common gossip in the chat forums, etc.;.
- the need to be in fashion, connected to, often by seeking to neutralize negative judgments: best-selling book (best seller, bestseller literature station, two pennies, a housewife, that even my concierge home, etc..), best-of (compilation, the best tracks of potpourri, resumed all the old stuff), charts (charts, bestsellers .
Typology of Franglais
We can distinguish three broad categories of anglicisms: lexical borrowings, semantic and syntactic, plus anglicisms false (or false loans) and xnismes.
The lexical Franglais
Computer Science and Business
The United States of America extend their influence in the fields of science, technology, entertainment, food and clothing patterns. The economic globalization and cultural homogenization that have effects in the field of language and especially the vocabulary of business and computer science. Association Actions for Promoting Business French (APFA ) lists several hundred words Anglo-American employees in the fields of business and IT .
In computing , the English terms prevail: "I will reboot (restart, or I do a hard boot) for the drivers ( drivers ) that I just updater (to update) are load (loaded) but the system does bugue (plant, kidding), but the French vocabulary to replace the original anglicisms since the corresponding concepts become sufficiently familiar. Words such as software (along the lines of "material") were adopted very quickly by the general public (but remove hardware and software among professionals and technicians). Hardly anyone, except Hubert-Felix Thifaine A girl in the rhesus negative - "we n'sommes the wildest fantasies of a computer" - says computer (or the French language The Computer) for "computer", although the first word is shorter (while being longer than the abbreviation "comp") .
In the trade , boost sales occurs far more often than boost sales, or even promote them. Similarly, top is used at every turn of phrase while French has "top", "height", "height", "height", "height", "zenith", "crown", "pinnacle", " highest ... "," best of ... "(eg a PC on top of technology," You're on top, my daughter (in great shape, beautiful, radiant), "A solution tip-top The boomerang effect (or return to sender)
Languages mutually enriching: thus words like bazaar and sauerkraut are borrowings, the first in the Persian bazaar, "procurement", the second in Alsatian dialect srkrt "sour grass" (ie d. Sour cabbage ) , so the ship was once the packet boat and riding the coat-coat , to borrow the examples cited by tiemble. If the French language now borrows a lot of English for the reasons stated above, the opposite has long been true (especially with the invasion of England by William the Conqueror in 1066 and possession during the Middle Ages by the English crown vast provinces in the territory of ancient France) and the English language contains many Gallicisms some of which, by a linguistic effect, give rise to new words used in turn by the French, this so-called re-borrow:
- challenge, which comes from the Old French "chalenge" rivals challenge (as in facing a challenge and a challenge not win), especially in France , but also in Quebec , with all the pronunciation variants of / al / to / tald /;
- e-mail / email (abrv. of electronic mail, electronic mail or email), where the word mail comes from mail coach ;
- Marketing , on verbal noun formed to market itself verbalization name market, from the French "market";
- management (management), "household" as defined, fell into disuse, and management. Manager (including Christiane Collonge recalls the similarity with "housewife", the qualities required - plan, manage budget and resources ... - being much the same) comes from the French seventeenth and eighteenth centuries "household" (masc.) (where the female "housewife");
- just roast roast beef, roast beef (use the English word of French origin for beef meat served on the table, and the Anglo-Saxon words ox or cow for the live animal); roast comes from the Old French rost; this is because the new rulers of England after 1066 imposed their language at the table but left their servants free to use them in their work);
- Tennis , which comes from the French "hold", a term used when serving in the game of tennis, tennis ancestor retaken by the English, which distorted the word "hold" in tennis;
- mayday , pilots in trouble from the French "m'aider";
- pedigree , the Anglo-French "pe de gru" (foot of skull), a sign in the shape of bird's foot indicating parentage in pedigree ancient manuscripts;
- pony , from the Old French "poulenet" which meant the small horses.
Etymological proximity of some English words with French may facilitate the adoption of layers of neologisms. And " flexicurity "is built the same way in French and English, and is not considered a anglicism.
The semantic Franglais
- The impact on English language is evident in the rough translation, particularly in the media, among others because of false friends and modeled on English expressions: I have a job opportunity (Opportunity) for possibility employment. In computer science, library translated "library" instead of "library" Implemented translated as "implemented" rather than "applied", "done" or "implemented".
- In Quebec, this type of Franglais is more common, but "naturalized" linguistically ("bag of peanuts (sack of peanuts) = bag of peanuts).
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