Geography General Information
Galicia covers an area of 29,574 square kilometers (almost like Belgium) and has 1,300 km of coastline. At the Roman Galicia has significant resources of gold , of silver and tin.
Galicia is a limited geographic area north and west by the Atlantic Ocean to the east by the end of the mountains of the Cantabrian coast ( Ancares Os ), and south-west by the river Minho , which the end of the course is the border with Portugal. It is a green region, the oceanic climate , windswept, recalling the north-west Europe.
This is the breakup of his former base, during the formation of the chain Pyrenean - Cantabrian to tertiary gave him his current physical appearance. The eastern border of Asturias and Leon , high peak at the massive Trevinca Pena (2124 meters). North and west, plateaus lies roughly between 200 and 600 meters high and contrasts with the south valley of the Mio and the gorges of the Sil. The uplift of basement granite and schist has also resulted in the formation of outstanding coastal landscapes: the " rias " Rias Baixas "south-west and the" rias altas "north kinds of estuaries that dentellent ribs, and cliffs, like those of Cape Ortegal.
The region is divided into 4 provinces, 53 comarques , 316 concellos (Commons), 3847 31 855 parishes and "localities" lugares Galician (half of all Spain which has 63 613) or "aldeas" (villages). But the parish is for Galician, the absolute reference. It is common, if you ask a Galician where it came from, he replies with the name of his parish.
The origin of these parishes is due to the Swabians, a Germanic people who founded the first Christian kingdoms of Europe to 410. A document attesting to the year 569 this administrative organization, the "Parochial Suevorum.
Cities in Galicia
Galicia is characterized, unlike other Spanish regions, the lack of a dominating metropolitan area. Indeed, the urban framework consists of several towns that bring together the region.
Climate
Despite its limited area, Galicia has three climate zones relatively trenches. In rias altas, temperatures are pleasant (average 14 C) without major variations between minimum and maximum seasonal there are one hundred and fifty days of rain (annual average 1000 mm to La Coruna ), but more than two thousand hours of sunshine per year. Protected from the north wind, the Rias Baixas have a climate more mild, but the winds southwest to cause heavy rainfall throughout the year (1 500 mm on average), however, less important than that 'was recorded in Santiago de Compostela (1973 mm). The climate of the interior is characterized by strong contrasts of temperature (4.9 C Manzaneda during the colder months, but 31.8 C average A Rua during the warmer months) rainfall much smaller (359 mm to Manzaneda) and winter frosts marked Lugo and Ourense.
History
- See History of Galicia
Galicia Gallaeci takes its name, the name given by ancient writers to the peoples of this region (actually an area extending to the river Douro ). The Gallaecia became a Roman province with a degree of autonomy with its own capital ( Braga , Lugo and Astorga ).
In recent decades the Western Roman Empire in the early Germanic invasions, the Swabians , a people living between the Rhine and Danube , arrived in the Iberian peninsula in 409 with other Germanic tribes. The kingdom Suevian lasted almost two centuries ( 409 - 585 ) before being integrated into the Visigothic kingdom.
The most lasting influence remains left by the Romans the Galician language that developed from the Vulgar Latin spoken in that region.
The Kingdom of Galicia
The Roman conquest (137-22 BC), motivated by the mineral wealth, has created over the centuries, a culture where indigenous elements have emerged with growing force. Roman roads, bridges (Bibei, Ourense), walls (Lugo) and farms around the villas are gradually changing the country's image. The Gallaecia becomes a Roman province independent with its own capitals, Braga, Lugo and Astorga. But the fundamental trace left by the Romans remains the Galician language.
Christianity is gradually changing popular religiosity, even if it remains through myths, rituals and symbolism particularly rich. In the fourth century, the first bishoprics are emerging doctrines Priscillianists with singular success in rural areas. Priscillian eventually executed, accused of sexual orgies and magic but it was considered in Gallaecia as a martyr, to such an extent that the bishops of Galicia, in the Synod of Toledo of 396, refused to consider Priscillianists as martyrs.
Kingdom of Galicia
Suevian dynasty (fifth-sixth centuries) green meadow: limits of the Roman province
rosy region having changed authority
Green: limits of the kingdom of
Suevi In 425 - 426 , the Vandals , another Germanic people, drove the Swabians and also settled in Galicia. After an initial period of conflict, Galician, Vandals and Swabians allied and founded a kingdom that lasted a century and a half. Then the king Visigoth Leovigild annexed in 585 , the kingdom Suevian Galicia, which became an administrative unit of the Visigoth kingdom. Over the next few centuries, various peoples Galicia component, that is to say Galco-Romans, Swabians, Vandals, and Visigoths, became integrated socially and linguistically, and fortified their kingdom. It was an era of golden age for Galicia, which went on almost the entire west coast of the peninsula (northern Portugal Current). In 711 , the Arabs ended the Visigothic domination over the entire Iberian Peninsula, but Arab influence was always low in Galicia.
In linguistic terms, the consolidated their Galician language, Galician (galego), which developed not only in North Galicia (now the Autonomous Community of Galicia), but also throughout the South Galicia (northern Portugal to today). Throughout the Middle Ages, we spoke the same language in Galicia North Galicia South. The river Mio , Galicia, which separates North and South of Galicia (northern Portugal), was central to the area of the common language galeco-Portuguese.
The Galician , a language and culture
Romance language , Galician was the Portuguese a common core, the Galician-Portuguese from Latin during the Middle Ages. This fact has motivated the creation of a rich medieval literature and gave birth to the two existing languages: Galician and Portuguese with a strong enough resemblance.
A language movement (the reintegrationist ) argues that Galician and Portuguese are only two varieties of the same language gallego-Luso-Brasileiro, and that the current separation between the official Portuguese and Galician official is due only Hispanicization normative Galician (single variety Galaico-portugus being written with a spelling similar to Castilian).
The earliest known document written in Galician, was recently found. It dates from the year 1228 , and is called the Foro do bo burgo Caldelas do Castro. It was granted by Alfonso IX , King of Leon, in April this year the city of Ourense Allariz.
After the cultural decadence of modern times, Galician and its literature have resurfaced with the revival of the nineteenth century called the century of the period and with Rexurdimento Our ("We") of the first third of the twentieth. Despite the interruption of the process, because of the Spanish Civil War and the Franco dictatorship, the Galician culture was again imposed gradually since the fifties until today. With the advent of independence in 1981, the Galician language became official with Castilian in Galicia.
Galician is taught at primary school and is lingua franca important in secondary education and the three universities of Galicia: the Saint-Jacques de Compostela (with its campus Lugo ), that of the Corunna (with its campus in Ferrol ) and that of Vigo (with two campuses in Orense and Pontevedra ).
Separation of Galician and Portuguese
Submitted by the kings of Asturias in the eighth century , Galicia was united to the kingdom of Len and Castile in 1071. In 1230 , during the reign of Ferdinand III of Castile , the kingdom of Galicia was absorbed into the final Castilian monarchy of Castile and Leon. Previously, part of Galicia South (north of Portugal today) had become independent, then the kingdom of Portugal was formed definitively in 1139 with the current boundaries.
Therefore, the political frontier that finally settled between Portugal and Galicia produced little by little its effects on the common language galeco-Portuguese. This language, however, born in Galicia in the North, which had implanted in the south during the Reconquest against the Arabs, was cut off from its roots in Galicia and undergoes different influences. Thus, while the Northern Galician (galco-Castilian) began to be colonized by Spain and borrowed heavily to Castilian, Galician South (galeco-Portuguese) is influenced by Arabic, then later subjected to Dynasty Burgundy and the influence of the monks of Cluny (famous Abbey of Burgundy ), he borrowed some of his French vocabulary. From 1500, the Portuguese word finally replaced that of galego to designate the language spoken by the Portuguese, which sealed the fragmentation galego in two languages.
The decline of Galician
Throughout the sixteenth century , a final period of economic prosperity in Galicia led to a population explosion and artistic development and language that will culminate at the time baroque. However, royal absolutism, the Catholic religion and Castilian Culture official, three major forces should unite Spain, saw to it that the Galician excluded from any official use, was regarded as a language that can only be used in informal oral communications. There followed a long period of darkness called the Sculos Escuros (the dark Centuries), which ends with the advent of democracy in 1975. Galicia continued its decline in the nineteenth century and remained cut off from the rest of Spain. For various reasons, rural modernization has not been possible in Galicia, which came out of the nineteenth century with an underdeveloped economy and limited farm, which led to massive emigration to Spain first, then the outside the country. Between 1860 and 1936 , most of the Galician emigrants left for Cuba , the Argentina , the Brazil and Venezuela. Galicia then took a considerable delay on the rest of Spain and the Galician language remained confined to oral and lost all social standing.
Under the authoritarian rule of Francisco Franco ( one thousand nine hundred thirty-six - one thousand nine hundred seventy-five ), though born in Galicia in Ferrol, the use of Galician was forbidden at school.
In the fifties, continued Galician emigration to Europe ( UK , France , Germany , Netherlands , Belgium and Switzerland ) and in major industrial centers of Spain ( Catalonia , Autonomous Community Basque Country and Madrid Community ).
This bleeding of the population began to slow in the early seventies.
Then, once past the regime of Franco's dictatorship (1975), Galicia was finally able to enjoy a status of autonomy where the nationality requirement was proclaimed under the provisions of the Spanish Constitution of 1978.
The Autonomous Community of Galicia was then established and Galician was recognized co-official with Castilian.
The use of language by the population is in decline in recent years in rural areas for the benefit of the Castilian (Spanish). This language is influential in urban areas for much longer.
Despite this historical evolution in favor of Castilian, a recent study of idiomatic customs of the Galician population shows that 80% of this population still practices Galician.
Although this is the language most spoken in proportion, Galician enjoys less social prestige than the Castilian , and enjoys a regional policy in its favor weaker than Catalan in Catalonia or the Basque in the Basque Country. Thus, Galician evil succeeds in establishing itself as normal tongue in formal communications, both orally and in writing. Yet Galician remains very restrained in friendly conversation and the intimate family environment. In the street, Galicians still meet the target or unknown (almost always), in Castilian.
Many Galician emigrated to Brazil in Argentina and Cuba , to the point that is known today gallego (Galician "in French) people and blonde colored in Brazil. Even today, in much of Latin America, all the people from Spain or living in these countries they are called again, Galician, regardless of their regional origins.
Galicia has the status of autonomous region since 28 April 1981.
On 13 November 2002 , the Prestige sank 270 miles off the coast. The oil reached the beaches of Galicia.
During the summer of 2006, 175,486 hectares of vegetation have been destroyed by forest fires in Galicia.
Politics
As an autonomous community of Spain , Galicia has the skills and powers conferred by the statute of autonomy under the constitution of the Spanish State.
Executive power is exercised by the Xunta de Galicia (Xunta de Galicia ") to the head of which is the president of Galicia.
The Parliament of Galicia , where 75 MPs sitting exercises legislative power. Every four years, elections were held to renew the parliament.
The last elections were held on 1 March 2009 and allowed the return to power of the People's Party after four years of coalition government between the Partido Socialista dos de Galicia-PSOE and the Galician Nationalist Bloc. The Socialist Emilio Perez Tourino , president of the Xunta since July 2005 , then had to give way to Alberto Nez Feijo.
Previously, Manuel Fraga Iribarne , a leading figure of the Spanish right and editor of the 1978 Constitution , led the Government of the Autonomous Community of Galicia in 1990 to July 2005.
Economy
Fisheries, livestock, forestry, automotive and textiles are the most dynamic sectors of the Galician economy. A few remarkable companies and sectors:
Inditex (Inditex, Industrias de Diseo Textil SA, or ("Textil Design Industries, Inc..") Is the leading global textile manufacturing group in front of the U.S. GAP. The group comprises more than one hundred companies and more than 4,200 stores in 73 countries. Its head office is located in Arteixo (A Corua). That's where most of the confections trademarks of Inditex are made (Zara, Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius , Oysho, Zara Home, Uterqe).
With a remarkable number of power plants with coal, hydropower and wind power generation net of Galicia in 2005 was 25,097 GWh, which represents 9.33% of total production in Spain.
With the PSA Peugeot-Citroen of Vigo in Galicia established since the 60's many suppliers have moved into the region.The Galicia has become a major European automotive production regions. It may be noted that a majority of the plant's production is exported by sea from the port of Bouzas. The industry has taken advantage of the Galician maritime tradition.
Culture
Galicia is famous for the pilgrimage of Saint Jacques de Compostela.
Galician traditional music, including galega gaita ( bagpipes Galician) is the symbol of a revival of Galician culture. Particularly in music, seeks, among other things, to strengthen the community of what is now called "countries Celts ', although linguistically Celtic countries make up only "six Celtic nations": Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Isle of Man, Cornwall and Brittany. The intimate Romanesque Galician Galicia has the largest number of Romanesque buildings in Spain, even if such a rich heritage is not as well known in other places of the peninsula. Only some delay in the catalog of these monuments has prevented this area is assessed as it deserves in the context of the Romanesque Hispanic history and evolution of Galician Romanesque art through a series of phases vicissitudes and too complex to detail here.
Throughout the Middle Ages developed in Galicia, where a construction period of the Romanesque prevailed in the great cathedrals such as St. Jacques de Compostela , as well as in monasteries, such as the Ribeira Sacra , characterized by the importance of monuments, plaques real strong medieval architecture. But the Romanesque was also imposed in hundreds of rural parishes scattered throughout the territory, particularly in the center of Galicia.
As head of Galician Romanesque cathedral we find the Saint Jacques de Compostela, Galicia but is rich in medieval cathedrals, like Lugo , Ourense , Tui and Mondoedo. Areas inside, where the four provinces are almost united in one point, one finds one of the largest concentrations of Romanesque art in Spain.
All along as the Atlantic coast from Pontevedra / A> until Lugo, via La Coruna, the rural Romanesque is present, especially as sweat the coast of Pontevedra and La Coruna rtabro Gulf and to other areas away from the coast; throughout the Green Valley or mountain we had built hundreds of rural parishes. Some municipalities have several Romanesque churches, temples and hermitages parish of the greatest artistic quality. They often go unnoticed to the eyes of an uninformed public.
The visual strength of granite buildings, almost all well preserved except by the direct action of man is consubstantial made in Galicia.
Another characteristic of this art Galician is keeping in time and the persistence of Roman architecture forms during the centuries of the late Middle Ages. Although some innovations have been used Gothic, monasteries and temples rural thirteenth centuries to the fifteenth, almost all have clear memories of romance, especially derived from the world "mateano (master Mateo) of the cathedral of Saint-Jacques.
The intimate simplicity of this art was fully identified with the spirit of contemplation of the landscape and devotion Galician. In the hamlets and localities now isolated roads outside the usual tourist routes leading to these witnesses so much history. To visit them, we must reluctantly turn to the villagers who keep the keys to the vaults and know more about their past history. Sometimes abandoned by the Church and by the administration, sometimes wild victim restoration, this heritage still keeps in its centuries-old granite, the finesse of a wolf, San Miguel Eire, signs of ancient lapidary cutters or jealousy-inspired Celtic embedded with other pre-cut stone Romance in the walls of the church of St. Estevo of Atan. Stone in the stone, the world has always been Galaico in this superposition of cultures and civilizations.
The earthenware Sargadelos
The industrial and cultural Sargadelos responds to a project and full modern great importance for Galicia, the company, whose origins date back two centuries ago, the late eighteenth century, to be reborn in the twentieth century and thus contributes to the recovery of the country's memory and use of natural resources in the region where industry and artistic dimension are related closely linked.
The proponent was shown Galician-Asturian Raimundo Antonio Ibez Llano y Valds, enlightened liberal, the people and the first Marquis of historians have Sargadelos and will start the first full steel Spain. Having discovered and identified near the tanks kaolin ( china clay ) in the early nineteenth century. In the same complex will also be established a factory for the manufacture of earthenware, which, among other innovations introduced in the Iberian landscape drawing particular mechanical design printed dinner.
However, during the War of Independence from Spain (1808-1813), Napoleonic Wars, Ibez, accused by his enemies to be a "afrancesado, a supporter of Napoleon, was dragged up on shore he died in the streets of Ribadeo, where he had his "Pazo (Manor), at the passivity of the British army entrenched in the city. This episode, tragic and unjust was investigated controversial among historians, and literary motif for many writers.
Ibez murdered, its factories had an uneven survival until they stop in 1875, when the reality is what initiated the closure and the degradation of complex architecture.
Sargadelos was an important place to begin recovery of the history of Galicia. And with its restoration, a project born of the 1963 Laboratory Forms of Galicia, then sustained and associated with the experience of the Castro Pottery since 1947.
Therefore, the agreement between the Laboratory of Forms, an institution designed in Argentina by Luis Seoane and Isaac Diaz Pardo, creative artists and intellectuals galleguismo exiles and the Castro Pottery, will start the projects that had crystallized with an experimental area in 1968 which will lead ultimately May 10, 1970 with the inauguration of the new company Sargadelos whose goals were to restore the historical memory hidden by the dictatorship of General Franco and simultaneously create a clean industry.
The company has industrial facilities located outside the ancient walls of the complex Sargadelos, and then, Laboratory of forms requested in 1972 that this set is protected and declared of Historic-Artistic protection which was granted the same year.
Thus, under the guidance of Diaz Pardo returned to Galicia, builds again "earthenware Sargadelos. Since then, traditional forms Galician and experimenting with avant-garde international combine in an infinite variety of pieces for daily use or for decorative quality and an extraordinary success. Meanwhile, the Group is Sargadelos behind cultural and industrial projects, which have become fundamental in Galicia today.
Among its initiatives include, among others, the seminar Sargadelos devoted to technical research, artistic and historical Sada in one hand, the museum Carlos Maside Galician Contemporary Art, on the other hand, the Do complex Castro: china, graphic arts and publishing, and the Geological Laboratory of Laxe Foundation Parga Pondal; to St. Jacques de Compostela , the Galician Institute of Information (IGN) and its auditorium and, finally, across Galicia and other countries in Europe.
The Royal Patronage Sargadelos that protects all, has its headquarters in the new reconstruction of the Casa da Administracin (House Administration).
The emigration, cultural and political resistance
The Galician emigration began in the eighteenth century when workers began the diaspora to the Americas. Throughout this century, economic backwardness, geography and Spanish politics have propitiated the mass exodus of Galician in America, to the point that it has reached one third of the population, a figure that is around two million people. The number of emigrants from Galicia is so important that, in several American countries, it was customary to call "Gallegos" all Spaniards who settled there.
Over time, these Galicians outside organized themselves in cultural associations and charities, creating large committees to Havana , Buenos Aires , and Montevideo. Some of the more fortunate have funded the preservation and radiation traditions and language in Galician emigration, and the achievement of philanthropy in their homeland: public works, schools, cultural centers ...
Latin America could not be explained without Galicia (Cuban President Fidel Castro or former Argentine President Raul Alfonsin are descendants of Galician) but in return Galicia can not be understood without America Latin (Galician anthem was composed in Cuba and everywhere there are traces of the imprint "Indiana" - emigrants returned - for example in architecture or botany).
In the twentieth century, civic concern and " galleguismo "of some of these emigrant communities converge with the attitude of protest exiles arrived in America after the outbreak of civil war. It then occurred outside a hotbed of cultural resistance and political specificity of Galician in Galicia persecuted by the dictatorship of General Franco. During this period a new emigration occurred, this time to the countries of Central Europe, where new emigrant associations have been created.
There is no family that has known Galician, consequently, emigration, or through their ancestors, or as one of his relatives.
Gastronomy
The seafood, like fish and crustaceans, are known for their variety and quality throughout Spain. One can for example find shells, clams, shrimps, lobsters, sea spiders , knives , barnacle (percebes)
The "Tarta de Santiago" ("Pie Saint-Jacques") is a gourmet recipe made for pilgrims crossing. This pie is typical of the region of Galicia, and especially of St. Jacques de Compostela, a place of pilgrimage.
Men of Galicia
Writers and artists
- Castelao , Rianxo (1886-1950) writer, journalist and cartoonist, illustrator of Our review.
- Camilo Jose Cela , writer and Nobel literature
- Ramn Mara del Valle-Incln
- Rosalia de Castro
- Manuel Enrquez Curros
- Ignacio Ramonet , Redondela , director of Le Monde diplomatique
- Ramn Chao , writer, journalist
- Mara Casares Prez , La Coruna, 1922 - Paris, 1996 - artist
- Fernando Casado Arambillet, "said Fernando Rey , A Corua, 1917 - Madrid 1994 - Actor
- Emilia Pardo Bazn
- Gonzalo Torrente Ballester , Ferrol (1910-1999)
- Carolina Otero , Otero said the beautiful (Ponte Valga, 1868 - Nice 1965)
- Cristina Pato , musician
- Daniel Belln , musician
- Anxo Lorenzo , musician
- Carlos Nez , musician
- Susana Seivane , musician
- Julio Iglesias , born in Madrid, singer.
- Juan Pardo , born in Palma de Mallorca, singer.
- Vicente Risco , writer.
- Manuel Rivas , writer, born in 1957 in La Coruna.
- Luz Casal , singer, born in 1958 in Boimorto La Coruna.
- Cedrn Rosa , singer and cellist.
- Luis Tosar, actor, producer, singer
- Pepe Rubianes , actor and director, born in 1947 in Vilagarca de Arousa.
- Laur Antonin Fernandez , a violinist in the folk group "Maltaverne.
Politicians
- Castelao , Rianxo (1886-1950) politician, deeply galleguismo.
- Fidel Castro , Head of State of Cuba
- Francisco Franco , O Ferrol (1892-1975), and Head of State (Caudillo de Espaa).
- Pablo Iglesias Posse , O Ferrol (1850-1925), founder of PSOE - Spanish Socialist Workers Party and the UGT
- Concepcin Arenal , O Ferrol (1820-1893), one of the initiators of feminism Spanish
- Jos Calvo Sotelo , Tuy (1893-1936) was a Spanish politician leading monarchist before the Spanish Civil War.
- Raul Alfonsin , the first president of the Argentine Nation Sports
- David Cal , World Rowing Champion (C1)
- Arsenio Iglesias , football player and coach
- Ivn Raa , European champion and world triathlon
- Fernando Romay , basketball
- Javier Gomez Noya , Vice-world champion, European champion and winner of the World Cup circuit Triathlon
- Oscar Pereiro Sio , cyclist, winner of the Tour de France 2006
- Michel Salgado , footballer
- Luis Surez Miramontes , football player. Ballon d'Or (1960)
- Ezequiel Mosquera , cyclist
Children Galician
"For the Galicians, Finistere has never been the end but the beginning" according to Raul Alfonsin , the first elected president of the Argentine Nation and son of a Galician.
The bleeding Galician emigration to the Americas and Europe, forcing some to mention "son" famous:
- Manu Chao , Galician father ( Ramon Chao ) and Basque mother, born in Paris, singer
- Jose Doval, "said Jose Garcia , son of Galician, born in Paris, actor
- Gabriel Garca Mrquez , grand-son of Galician
- Bernardino Rivadavia , first president of Argentina 1780-1845, master of the " Tercio de Gallegos "in 1807
- Pedro Benito Cambn , founder of San Francisco
- Jorge Lorenzo , pilot, son of Galician (from the village of Porto do Son )
- Fidel Castro , born in Cuba, the son of a Galician from the village of Lancara , President of Cuba 1959-2008
- Niki Lauda , son of small-Galician (Lauda Jose Soto) from the village of Lona do Monte
- Raul Alfonsin , former Argentine president, son of Galician native village Ribadumia
- Nlida Pin , daughter of Galicians Brazil
- Rubn Blades , son of Galician in Panama
- Natalia Oreiro , daughter of Galician
- Ramn Estvez, said Martin Sheen , Galician by his father from Parderrubias , and his son Charlie Sheen and Emilio Estevez
- Adolfo Perez Esquivel , Nobel Peace, born in Buenos Aires, the son of Galician native village Combarro
- Fernando caldeiro , said Frank caldeiro, NASA astronaut, born in Buenos Aires, grand-son of Galician native Devesela
- Lus Vaz de Cames , the greatest Portuguese poet of the sixteenth century (1524-1580), a national benchmark for the Portuguese was born in Lisbon in 1524. He is the son of Simo Vaz de Cames, a gentleman of the king's house from a family originally from Galicia.
- Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra , best known for his book, Don Quixote, named Saavedra original Galician by his mother.
- Fernando Torres , Spanish footballer, Galician by his father.
- Mike Castro de Maria , son of Galician.
- Jerry Garcia, guitarist of American band the Grateful Dead, Galician by his father.
References
- There is no Celtic language in Galicia. Furthermore, no inscription in ancient Celtic has never been found (unlike Celtiberian , well attested in Castile). It's just so few names antique (sometimes preserved in modern place names), some character names and dialect words, most of which are found in other Romance idioms , reminiscent of the presence of these peoples.
See also
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