Guyana
Administration
Country	France
Code Department	973
Prefecture	Cayenne
Sub-prefecture (s)	Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni
Districts	Cayenne Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni
Townships	19
Commons	22
Regional Council	Regional Council of Guyana
President Mandate	Rudolph Alexander 2010 -
General Council	General Council of Guyana
President Mandate	Alain Tien Liong
Official language	French
Demography
Population	225 751 inhabitants (2009).
Density	2.7 inhabitants / km 2
Demonym	Guyana, Guyanese
Geography
Area	83 846 km
Time Zone	UTC -3
Internet domain	. Gf
Calling code	+594

Guyana is a region and a department of the overseas departments (DOM or DROM) French of South America. His Insee code is 973. With an area ^{Place names}

Like many cliches of French Guiana, Guyana is the name of native origin. It means "land of abundant water" in Native American.

A variant of the obsolete French name spelled with two n: "Guyana" .

History

Native Americans and Europeans

The earliest archaeological evidence (pottery, rock carvings, polishers ...) between the Amerindian peoples and the Maroni Oyapock back to the sixth millennium BC. Many of their successors in the same geographical area mainly belong to the group of Tupi-Guarani language.

It is estimated that by the end of the third century, the Arawak Indians and Palikur originating banks of the Amazon, settled on the coast of Guyana. They are followed in the eighth century by the Indian called Caribbean or Kariba, the Kali'na (Galibis) and Wayana.

The coast of Guyana was acknowledged by Columbus in 1498. Despite the division of the New World, organized by the Treaty of Tordesillas between Portugal and Spain (1494), European nations are behind many attempts at colonization in Guyana since the sixteenth century.

From 1503 started the first French settlements in the region of Cayenne. Note in particular that of the French trip Nicolas Guimestre in 1539, followed by that of the Englishman Robert Baker (1562) and Gaspard de Sotela (1568-1573) which implements more than 120 Spanish families on the island of Cayenne.

From 1596 to 1598, the Englishman John Ley and Lawrence Keymis, and the Dutchman Adrian Cabeliau, conduct reconnaissance specific geographic coast of Guyana. The real human settlements occur mainly in the seventeenth century, by occupation point (several years) of river mouths, and are the work of France, England and the Netherlands.

In 1604, the colony of Guyana took the name of France equinoctial.

Slavery

If the first significant attempts of French settlements date from 1620, they are often undermined by internal divisions of the settlers, poor human relations with the Indians or the harsh living conditions, including yellow fever. For their part, Indian nations are facing a high rate of mortality due not to the wars against the Spaniards, but the action of epidemics newly imported from Africa and Europe.

Long, the guardianship of the king of France in Guyana is regularly challenged, it is only with the resumption of Cayenne in December 1676 by Admiral John of the French Estre implanted permanently. And yet they do not control the island of Cayenne and, intermittently, some military positions in river estuaries. This human presence and military loose largely explains the extreme ease with which the Portuguese of Brazil captured the island of Cayenne during the Napoleonic wars, they occupied the island from 1809 to 1817.

The human colonization of Guyana is primarily the result of European workers, the "committed", also called the "thirty-six-month" because under a contract of three years to master. This quasi-European slavery, lack of volunteers, was soon replaced by an easement of African origin, which is used in homes (farms) to the culture of colonial products: sugar, spices, chocolate and coffee. As in other French colonies, slavery is largely governed by the texts of the Code Noir (1685). The Housing Corporation remains the dominant economic model in Guyana until the second abolition of slavery in 1848. However, it has failed to bring true development in Guyana, the region remains poor and underpopulated, even cursed, of all French colonial America.

The Kourou expedition, conducted in 1763, but very poorly prepared to establish a true European settlement of farmers in the savannas of western Guyana, is a resounding failure: almost all the settlers "survivors" fled Guyana to join the city. Only remaining German settlers in Guyana and Canada, establishing themselves permanently in Kourou, Sinnamary Malmanoury, and Corossony Iracoubo, and founded a company original (and mixed) farm operators in Guyana.

During the Revolution (1798), Guyana is a first place of exile of political opponents (the "deported Fructidor") and refractory priests: Counamama Sinnamary and the cemetery will most of them.

Abolished in 1794, slavery was reinstated by Napoleon in 1804. It is permanently removed by decree on 27 April 1848, under the leadership of the great abolitionist Victor Schoelcher. The disappearance of the slave labor puts a stop to the traditional colonial economy.

To overcome this lack of manpower, develop Guyana, but also rid the metropolis of political opponents of Republicans and common criminals, the Second Empire creates prisons in Guyana. They welcome transported, deported and also relegated until 1946. In the 1930s, special penal institutions, known as "sweatshops Annamites" are implanted in the Territory Inini. Populated by political opponents and intellectuals Indochina, but also petty criminals, thieves and pimps, these prisons will be a bitter failure.

Tests settlement of Guiana by workers 'free' immigrant (Africa, India, USA, Madeira ...) will not be sustainable.

The Gold Rush

In 1855, gold was discovered a site in eastern Guyana on Arataye, a tributary of the Approuague. In the West, gold is extracted from the river Inini (high-Maroni). The early twentieth century was marked by a gold rush, with 10 000 active researchers, resulting in growth of local trade often artificial, and the last stop of agricultural activities due to lack of manpower.

Like Reunion, Guadeloupe and Martinique, French Guiana department is overseas in 1946. But the economic takeoff is struggling to achieve because of high production costs, low size of the population, the trade dependence (imports) vis--vis the hexagon and the dearth of the most basic infrastructure : routes, schools, health system etc..

The Exile

Guyana remains a French colony until 19 March 1946 , where she obtained the status of the overseas department. It is famous for the prison at Cayenne , which made his reputation as only 3% of prisoners have survived ^{The European space base}

In 1964, General de Gaulle took the decision to build a space base in French Guiana, to replace the base Saharan located in Algeria, and develop the Guyanese economy. The Department's position is favored near the equator with a large opening on the ocean. The Guiana Space Centre, from the first rockets 'Veronica', has largely developed over the years. Europe's Spaceport with launchers like Ariane 4 and Ariane 5 , which proved a commercial success in the world ^{Administration and Policy}

Administrative division

Guyana is both an administrative region and one department French overseas ( DOM ) that the prefecture is Cayenne. It is with Guadeloupe and Martinique , located in the Caribbean , the French Departments of America (DFA).

At the regional level, Guyana elect a regional council.

At departmental level, Guyana is divided into 19 cantons , which each elect a councilor to form the General Council of Guyana.

It is expected, following approval by the Guyanese in a referendum January 24, 2010 , to merge the Regional Council and the General Council meeting in a single or "single community".

At the municipal level, there are 22 municipalities headed by mayors. Some of these municipalities, as Maripasoula and Camopi , have areas larger metropolitan departments. In addition, some municipalities are subdivided into villages supervised by masters.

In addition, Guyana is represented nationally by 2 members (see the districts of Guiana ) and 2 senators.

She is also the largest of the nine outermost regions of the EU.

Politics

Three political trends shared political life of Guyana. The two main political forces remain, like the rest of France, right loyalist, represented by the UMP and the loyalist left, represented by the Guyanese Socialist Party (PSG), the Walwari ( PRG ), the democratic forces Guyana (FDG), the Socialist Party (PS) and the Greens.

Finally, the third political ideology, is the extreme-left independence, championed the guyanit , represented by the movement of decolonization and emancipation MDES.

Elected officials present at the general council meeting in Guyana voted unanimously for the recognition of the flag of Guyana. .

Geography

The town of Kourou hosts, the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) , the Guiana Space Centre (CSG) (base for launching rocket Ariane launcher and European Civil satellite business).

In the nineteenth ^century and early twentieth , she was best known as a place of deportation of convicts sentenced to hard labor in the penal colony of Cayenne. The prison has been abolished but there are still buildings with Hi Islands in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni , etc..

Guyana is the border of Brazil (about 730 km), making Brazil the country with the longest land border with Guyana, to the Suriname (about 510 km). It has an equatorial climate. Its capital is Cayenne.

Environment, wildlife, forest

This country is among the world's richest in biodiversity as animal than vegetable.

The Guyanese forest is a primary forest at the highest level of biodiversity (hot-spot among the richest in the world), protected by a new national park and six nature reserves. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the European Union (EU) to recommend special efforts to protect .

Following the Grenelle Environment Forum in 2007 , the draft Act II Grenelle (in Article 49) has proposed (in 2009, and subject to change) the creation of a single entity responsible for Guyana to contribute to the policies of knowledge and conservation of natural heritage Amazon (with expertise in the fields of wildlife, flora, natural habitats and semi-natural land, river and coastal and ecosystem functioning). It will help to implement environmental policies conducted by the State and local authorities and their associations. Art 64 of the bill also provides a "Guidance mining departmental plan" for French Guiana, promoting mining consistent with the requirements of environmental protection .

The environment of the coastal strip is the one along the N1, has historically experienced the most changes, but a strong artificial is locally observed along the N2 and where the miners are operating in western Guyana.

The rain forest of Guyana has paradoxically flourished on one floor poorest of the world, nitrogen in potassium , in phosphorus and organic matter. For this reason, and because this area has always maintained shelters for all species during dry periods or glaciation land, this forest is home to ecosystems that are unique among the richest and most fragile of the world: primary rainforests very ancient mangroves , savannas , inselbergs and many types of wetlands.

The acidity of soils is also the cause of this poor land of Guyana. It forced farmers to apply lime the fields, and led to the traditional mode of agriculture on burned : the ashes are involved in raising the potential hydrogen (pH) in addition to the contribution of minerals.

It may be noted that sites of Terra preta (soil anthropogenic ) were discovered in the area, especially near the border with Brazil. Research is actively conducted by actors from multiple disciplines to determine how to create these richer soils of the planet. The hypothesis was advanced that the very existence of the rainforest is due to the intelligent human intervention in the past (see section Terra preta ), where the burning (slash-and-burn) was replaced by coal (slash -and-chariot).

5500 plant species have been recorded, including over a thousand trees, 700 species of birds, 177 species of mammals, over 500 species of fish including 45% its endemic (fish "silt" and fish scales) and 109 species of amphibians. Micro-organisms would be much more numerous, especially in the north that rivals the Brazilian Amazon, Borneo and Sumatra. This alone is home to the French Department at least 98% of vertebrate fauna and 96% of vascular plants in France.

The threats to the ecosystem are fragmented by roads, which remains very limited compared to other forests of South America , impacts of immediate and deferred Dam Small-jump of EDF , the gold mining ( Operation Anaconda in Guyane ), a chaotic and hunting poaching facilitated by the creation of many tracks and the appearance of quads. Logging remains moderate because of the lack of road on both sides of the difficult climate and terrain. An ordinance of 28 July 2005 extended the Forest Code at French Guiana, but with adaptations and important exceptions. In an approach which is sustainable , concessions or free transfers may be granted by local authorities or other legal persons for use by individuals who traditionally living from the forest, but the means are no longer always traditional means, and the ecosystem is vulnerable Guyana, the impacts of logging and hunting could be significant.

Half of biodiversity is French Guyana: 29% of plants, 55% higher vertebrates (mammals, birds, fish ...) and up to 92% of the insects. All in a single department of 86 504 km . A national park and six nature reserves are working to preserve habitats and species as diverse and unique.

The beaches of the Nature Reserve of Amana , the common-Awala Yalimapo in the west, are for a sea turtle nesting site exceptional. This is one of the largest worldwide for the leatherback turtle.

Economy

Guyana's economy is heavily dependent on the Hexagon and the space industry (CSG). There are few direct flights destined for other countries of South America , apart from Brazil. However, it is possible to visit the rest of America in calling at Pointe--Pitre - Pole Caraibes ( Guadeloupe ) or Fort-de-France - Aime Cesaire ( Martinique ).

The rate of unemployment in the second half of 2010 Official is 21%.

Infrastructure

• Infrastructure in Guyana
• r.org / wiki / R% C3% A9seau_routier_de_Guyane "title =" Highway of Guyana "> Guyana Road Network
• Public Transport in Guyana
• Rochambeau International Airport to Matoury

Demographics

At ¹January 2009 , the population of Guyana is 225,751 inhabitants . The index was Guyanese fertility of 3.98 children per woman in 2006.

The population is young (median age is 28.6 years) and in 1999 , 43.3% of the population was under 20 years

(600 000 according to a high estimate), due to a high rate of natural increase (excess of births over deaths) and under the effect of immigration (often illegal) from nearby countries ( Brazil , Guyana , Haiti , Suriname ). This immigration is motivated by the gold mining , an advanced health system, schools performance compared to countries of origin, a welfare state generosity ( RMI and family allowances in particular), and more attractive salaries.

Current Population

The people of Guyana are called Guyanese and Guyanese. Not to be confused with the Guyanese and Guyanese who are the inhabitants of Guyana.

The exact number of inhabitants is not known, mainly because of the presence of thousands of illegal migrants, mostly employed in the search for gold. The population is mainly clustered in a few municipalities along the coast, along the N1 (coastal strip) and along major rivers and their estuaries. Many communities coexist , from 80 countries, with some forty nations today, including:

• The Creoles of Guyana (about 40% of population)
• The Indians split into six ethnic groups (the Arawaks and Palikur which are language arawakienne the Kali'na and Wayana which are Carib language , the Wayampi and Swivels that are Tupi language ). They represent between 6000 and 9000 people.
• The descendants of the Maroons, called "Bushinengs" (the Saramaca the Paramaca the bonuses or Alukus the Djukas or Boscher ). They represent at least 4000 people.
• The Hmong , who arrived Sept. 6, 1977, represent about 2000 people gathered on the common Roura (village of Cacao) and Mana (village Javouhey).
• The French from metropolitan France currently represent approximately 30% of the population.
• Other populations ( Chinese , Lebanese , Brazilian , Haitian , Surinamese , Guyanese , Hindustani , Javanese of Suriname, Peru , etc..) represent almost 40% of the population of Guyana.

The illegal alien population (illegal) is estimated between 30 000 and 60 000 people, most of the 230 000 people listed.

On 7 August 2006 , according to Survival , "in the Amazonian department of French Guiana are now living some ten thousand Indians, whose rights to collective ownership of land on which they were once sovereign, are still not recognized " .

Major cities (2007)

• Cayenne , 58 369 inhabitants
• Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni , 34 336 inhabitants
• Kourou , 25 918 inhabitants
• Matoury , 25 191 inhabitants
• Remire-Montjoly , 18 947 inhabitants
• Macouria , 8386 inhabitants
• Mana , 8,322 inhabitants
• Apatou , 6360 inhabitants
• Maripasoula , 5584 inhabitants
• Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock , 3692 inhabitants
• Grand-Santi , 3430 inhabitants
• Sinnamary , 3137 inhabitants

Culture

Easter in Guyana

At Easter Guyanese eat a typical dish of Guyana the broth awara.

Carnival Guyana

The Carnival is one of the major events in Guyana. It unfolds, the afternoon of Sunday , between the Epiphany in early January , and Ash Wednesday in February or March. Groups disguised as the theme of the year, including decorated floats parade around the rhythm of percussion and brass. The preparation group lasts for months before Carnival. Groups parade before thousands of spectators massed on the sidewalks and benches set up for the occasion.

Then, in early evening, touloulous go to the dance.

Groups Brazilian identical to those encountered in the Rio Carnival , are also valued for their rhythms and alluring costumes. The Asian community is also involved in Cayenne parades bringing its key feature, with dragons.

Personalities Guyana

• Agathon Hennique ( 1,810 - 1870 )
• Jean Galmot ( in 1879 - in 1928 )
• Felix Eboue ( 1884 - 1944 )
• Gaston Monnerville ( 1 897 - 1991 )
• Leon Gontran Damascus ( 1912 - 1,978 )
• Hector Riviera ( 1913 - in 2003 )
• Henri Salvador ( 1917 - 2008 )
• Elie Castor ( in 1943 - 1,996 )
• Patient Georges ( 1949 )
• Antoine Karam ( 1950 )
• Leon Bertrand ( 1951 )
• Christiane Taubira ( 1952 )
• Bernard Lama ( 1963 )
• Edward Montoute ( 1970 )
• Tariq Abdul-Wahab ( 1974 )
• Jean-Claude Darcheville ( 1975 )
• Florent Malouda ( 1980 )
• Lucie Decosse ( 1981 )
• Malia Metella ( 1982 )

Languages

The French is the language official in Guyana but many other local languages are also used. The language most spoken by a large majority of society is the Guyanese Creole , a language based on French, English, Spanish, Portuguese, African languages and Amerindian language. She was born in the seventeenth century among African slaves and their French masters who were trying to communicate. It is sometimes mixed with the influence of other communities Creole from Martinique ( Antillean Creole ), Guadeloupe ( Guadeloupe Creole ) and Haiti ( Haitian Creole ) ...

Six languages Kond bushi (the Maroons ), spoken by the Busi-Guyanese or Nengue Surinamese (Surinamese to the French Academy ): Languages bonus , ( Saramaca , Paramaca , Djuka ) mataray, kwenty.

Other regional languages are the six Indian languages ( Arawak , Palikur , Kali'na , Wayana , Wayampi , swivel ), and the Hmong (Lao language).

Finally, other communities form a significant proportion of the population speak daily Portuguese , the English , the Chinese , the Spanish , etc..

Armed Forces in French Guiana

Since July 2009, the commander of the armed forces in Guyana is the general Jean-Pierre Hester. There are 1,900 military and is expected to increase enrollment by 2014-2015 .

• ^3rd Foreign Regiment Infantry (3 ^e REI) from Kourou ( Foreign Legion )
• ^9th regiment of marines (9 RIMa ^e) of Cayenne , at the Madeleine.
• The gendarmes divided into departmental Cops, divided into 16 brigades that make up the department (to Kitten and Route de la Madeleine located Cayenne ). Other brigades Remire-Montjoly , Cocoa , Regina , Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock , Camopi , Macouria , Kourou , Sinnamary , Iracoubo , Mana , Saint Laurent du Maroni , Apatou , Grand-Santi , Papachton and Maripasoula ) and mobile policemen stay of 3 months. In September 2009, the gendarmerie Kitten moved to Matoury.
• The RSMAGy Regiment Military Service Adapted from Guyana located in Saint-Jean-du-Maroni , with a detachment in Cayenne.

There are also other detachments Corps:

• The platoon of the Air Force based at Air Base 367 of Rochambeau airport. She is awaiting delivery of aircraft .
• The platoon of the Navy based at Naval Base Degrad des Cannes
• A detachment of the Brigade of firefighters in Paris in Kourou, ensuring the protection of persons and property of the Guiana Space Centre

Codes

French Guiana has the code:

• FUG , in the standard ISO 3166-1 (country code list)
• . Gf , according to Internet domain names,
• TF , according to the list of prefixes ICAO aircraft registration ,
• GF , according to the standard ISO 3166-1 , code alpha-2
• SO , according to the list of prefixes ICAO airport codes.

References

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