History Of Austria
The name Ostarrchi (popular name from the Latin orientalis Marcha, the march of the East) is documented in a deed for the first time in 996 and is the origin of the name sterreich ( Austria in German). The Latinized form of Austria gives the French word Austria.
Already populated by the Celts ( Hallstatt Civilization ), belonging to the Roman Empire (Provinces Noricum and part of Pannonia and Rhaetia ) and partly owned by East Francia , Austria during the Middle Age one of the many principalities germanophones up the Holy Roman Empire. With the Minus Privilegium and House Babenberg , independent of Bavaria since 1156, Austria adopted by the house of Habsburg in 1278 ( Rudolph I. ) has long been the dominant force in the Empire, putting his head in many its sovereign, until its dissolution in 1806 by double-Austrian Emperor Franz II / I.
In the late Middle Ages, the house of Habsburg (later Habsburg-Lorraine ) transforms its possessions in European power by connecting speaking countries and non-germanophones, centralized administration and law in the archduchy of Austria - including after the War of Austrian Succession by Maria Theresa and their son Joseph II - and finally in 1804 as the Austrian Empire. In 1815 - after the Congress of Vienna - Austria and other speaking countries trying to form a new German confederation , but the opposition dominates the Austro-Prussian, then the Austro-Prussian War completed the confederation in 1866 and solves the issue German definitively from Austria. So in 1867 Austria in the reign of Franz Joseph I turned to the south-east Europe so that the Austrian Empire becomes extended to form the Danubian monarchy (German: Donaumonarchie), the Austria-Hungary.
Antiquity and Middle Ages
Inhabited since prehistoric times ( Celts in Hallstatt Civilization ), the Austrian was originally part of the Roman provinces called Noricum , Pannonia Superior and Rhaetia. She was reunited with the Roman empire under Tiberius , circa 33.
The birth of Austria
In the early Middle Ages , the territory of Austria is currently divided into two zones: western river Steyr belongs to Bavaria , under the influence of the Franks , led by Agilolfides. Straubing is the core of their territory they enlarge with Upper Austria and to present South Tyrol. These areas are sparsely populated. The east is under Slavic influence. The Lombards settled on the banks of the Danube migrate from 568 to the Italy. The Avars take their place.
Tassilo Agilolfides chief allied with the Lombards in the south now, and with the pope. This distance with the Carolingians is not welcomed by Charlemagne, who destroyed the Lombards in 774. In 787 , Pope no longer supports either Tassilo who finds himself isolated. Charlemagne defeated militarily and integrates its territory to the kingdom of the Franks in 800.
Charlemagne no longer wishes exists a duchy of Bavaria. After defeating the Avars in 791 , he puts the country "Austrian" directly under his tutelage.
The ninth century saw the Christianity settle permanently in Austria today. In 841 , the name Vienna appears for the first time. Salzburg , founded in 791 , is the largest city.
In the late ninth century, a new people comes into play: the Hungarians. They conquered a large part of the Pannonian plain. In 881 near Vienna and 907 near Bratislava , they defeated the Bavarians, who must cede the territories east of the river Enns. However, in 945 , Otto I stopped the Hungarians Lerchenfeld near Augsburg.
In 976 , Luitpold of Babenberg was appointed Earl of the March on the Danube. In 1056 , Ottokar I installed the same way at the head of Styria. In 996 , the Danubian territory appears for the first time under the name "Ostarrichi.
The Babenberg (976-1246)
Dynasty Babenberg plays a decisive role in the development of Austria.
Leopold III (1095-1136) founded many monasteries, including that of Klosterneuburg in 1114, which was to lock up family graves. Besides this cloister was built a castle, the residence of Babenberg, making the first capital of Klosterneuburg Austria.
Leopold wife Agnes, the Franconian dynasty. She is the daughter of Emperor Henry IV , the sister of Henry V and mother of Konrad III. In 1105 came a conflict between Henry IV and Henry V. Henry V promised his sister in marriage to Leopold in exchange for his support. This wedding will be a possible candidate Leopold to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire in 1125.
On the death of Leopold, his son Henry V decided to move to Vienna and developed the town.
In the year 1140 , a conflict between the Babenbergs to Welf prevailing on Bavaria and Saxony. Konrad III, emperor and brother of Henry V of Bavaria withdrew the possessions of Welf to provide Babenberg. Babenberg disappoint the expectations of the emperor. At the coronation of the new emperor, Frederick Barbarossa , it wants to reconcile with the Welf, and makes Bavaria. To overcome the reluctance of Babenberg, he raised Austria to the rank of Duchy in Privilegium Minus (1156). It's the end of the influence of Babenberg on Bavaria, which are now focusing on Austria.
In 1186 , the Babenbergs sign a treaty of inheritance with Ottokar who ruled the Styria neighbor. This treaty offers to Austria Styria Ottokar if he dies without an heir, but on condition that the special rights of Styria are protected. In 1192 , Ottokar died childless, and Babenberg inherited Styria.
In 1236 a conflict broke out between Babenberg and Emperor Frederick II. It accuses the Duke's many conflicts with its neighbors since the death of Leopold VI in 1230. The emperor wants to hunt and take Babenberg Austria under his tutelage. From 1236 he began to remove their rights Babenberg Ducal. He went to Vienna, where the population supports it. Duke retires at Wiener Neustadt and leaves its territory to the emperor. Vienna became a town of Empire. Duke is trying to reclaim its territory. In 1239, the whole of Austria is back under his control, except Vienna, besieged it. In 1240, the city fell and he was again duke of Austria and Styria. He is reconciled with the Emperor makes him his rights.
In 1246, the Duke dies in battle against the Hungarians. Only two women have access to the throne, his sister and niece. Yet the nobility was powerful, it considers itself the sole power to decide the future duke. The Styrian turn to the king of Hungary , while the Austrians want the King of Bohemia. In 1251, it finally Ottokar II of Bohemia who became duke of Austria. The emperor had earlier attempt to recover power over Austria but without success.
Ottokar II of Bohemia (1251-1278)
Ottokar quickly extends his power over Styria , whose nobility was soon dissatisfied with the king of Hungary who was trying to limit their rights. Thus, his kingdom extends from Bohemia to the Adriatic Sea.
In 1269 he received the Carinthia inherited following the death of the last Spanheim childless. The Kingdom of Ottokar is an assemblage rather fragile territories which do not take long.
Ottokar moved his court to Prague. But Vienna continues to grow and divient the second largest city in the Holy Roman Empire after Cologne.
In 1273 , Rudolf of Habsburg as Emperor. From 1276 , the emperor seeks legal action to remove Ottokar power. It is supported by many disgruntled Austria and Styria. On October 18, 1276 after a short battle near Vienna, Styria Ottokar abandoned. On the banks of the Danube , the Emperor meets with little resistance. Combined with Hungary , it encircles Ottokar negotiating. He agreed to return the territories acquired since 1252 if he is confirmed its authority over its territories original. Ottokar, however, some supporters in Vienna. For coax, the emperor grants privileges to the city. In 1278, Ottokar relies on its supporters to attempt a last stand. He died at the Battle of Marchegg. Austria is definitely the hands of the Habsburgs.
The Habsburg
After the extinction of the family Babenberg, Austria passed into the hands of the Emperor Frederick II , then in those of Ottokar II of Bohemia (1251), and after him in those of the Emperor Rudolf of Habsburg. The latter gave Austria to his son Albert (1282), his descendants have kept first under the title of dukes, and, from 1453, under that of Archduke.
The house of Habsburg and Austria, which since Rudolph had already provided several emperors in Germany, saw the dignity becoming hereditary to her from the advent of Albert II in 1438. At that time, Austria had already enlarged the Styria (1186), of Carniola and hereditary domains of Rudolph of Habsburg, namely: the Alsace , the Swabia and Switzerland (1282), but in 1307, Switzerland had made independent.
The marriage of Maximilian with Mary of Burgundy (1477) gave the house of Austria the Netherlands and a large part of Burgundy , the advent of Charles V there joined the Spain with its huge holdings in both worlds. Reformation Lutheran touch the Austrian States. The persecution suffered by Protestants leads to various population movements. The Anabaptists of Tyrol refuge in Moravia , before leaving for North America. Nearly 100,000 Lutherans fled to the cities of Germany, Switzerland, Sweden and the Swedish Baltic provinces .
The Habsburg-Lorraine
In 1740, the male branch of the House of Austria having extinguished his hereditary states fell to Maria Theresa , daughter of Emperor Charles VI , whose husband, Francis III of Lorraine , was, after long conflict, recognized Emperor in 1745 under the name of Francis I and became the leader of the new house of Austria-Lorraine. The Empress Maria Theresa , concerned about agricultural progress, installs on the royal domains forty-five thousand settlers, Bavarians and others. The Banat region and near the Batschka are totally German culture. One hundred to two hundred thousand German colonists settled in Austria between 1740 and 1780 in search of more productive land. Joseph II confirmed the privileges of the thirteen thousand German colonists settled in Galicia and Bukovina The Empire of Austria See also: Austrian Empire The wars of the Revolution and the Empire of Austria had taken much of its possessions in Germany and throughout Italy, but the Congress of Vienna of the 1814/1815 he went, except the circle Burgundy, whose loss was compensated by the provinces of Lombardy and Veneto in Italy. From 1815 to 1848, the Austrian political life is dominated by the personality of Chancellor Metternich, who became from 1817 the chief minister Francis. In September 1815 , Metternich agreed to participate in the Holy Alliance to the conservative powers given by Tsar Alexander I : Rulers of Russia , Austria and Prussia , under the doctrine of Christianity, affirm their solidarity and promise aid and fraternal. Metternich remained skeptical vis--vis the alliance and saw the renewal of the pact of Chaumont of 1814 , in November 1815 , a safer way to maintain the order established by the Congress of Vienna. The major powers promise to meet occasionally in the form of conference and give themselves the right to intervene in other countries to maintain order. In Troppau Congress in December 1820 , Austria received the mandate to intervene against the Neapolitan revolution which threatens the interests of Austria. The Austrian army in Naples restore the absolute power of King Ferdinand I of Bourbon and April occurs in Piedmont at the request of the King of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel I.. During the insurrection of the Greeks, Metternich refused to intervene on behalf of the insurgents because he wants Christians to maintain the status quo in the Balkans. Any change in the Balkans, he said, would benefit Russia. He was concerned when Russia intervenes formally with insurgents in 1828 but the Treaty of Adrianople maintains the principle of the integrity of the Ottoman Empire and contains the Russian thrust into the Balkans. The revolution of 1830 put a strain on the system imposed by the conservative powers. Part of France, it spreads to the rest of Europe without Austria could still do something. Metternich is not involved in the Belgian crisis insofar as it considers that Belgium is too far and he is concerned about Italy. He wanted an intervention of other powers but they do not want to intervene without Austria. By cons, Metternich sends the Austrian army when Romagna revolted against the Holy See. The occupation of Romagna causes the intervention of France, which threatened military intervention if Austria does not withdraw its troops once order was restored. Metternich its promise to raise Romagna but six months later so he does occupy Bologna. Casimir Perier is then occupy Ancona as Austrian troops will not evacuate Bologna. French presence in Italy is conducive to liberal uprisings but they are put down by the concerned sovereign prerogatives. Paris refused to support the insurgents. The liberal movement and national spread in the Germanic Confederation which Metternich who gets easily disturbed the support of the Prussian king Frederick William III. Metternich manages to restore a political authoritarian states of the Confederacy. Who needed the support of Prussia to crush the Liberals, Metternich could not react against the customs union - the Zollverein - that Prussia organized in northern Germany. Metternich understood that the German states would now form a compact unit headed by Prussia. In the 1840s, the international system established by Metternich eroding due to competition from major powers. Austria and Prussia confronts about German unity. Austria and Russia clash on the Balkans, Metternich and needing a status-quo and the Tsar wishing the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. Following the return of the Liberals in Britain, relations between the two powers are deteriorating. Therefore, Metternich began a rapprochement with France, Guizot, which applied a very conservative policy. In domestic affairs, Metternich was not the master. The Emperor Francis who decides everything. Interest in the fight against revolutionary ideas, the Austrian government was somewhat more favorable to the Church. The clergy found his right to inspect primary schools and colleges. The clergy was likened to a body of officials, providers sacraments . While most members of the clergy were satisfied with their situation, some Catholics are trying to restore a romantic mystical dimension in the life of the Church. In 1840, military service was reduced from 10 years to eight years, except in Hungary and many continued to be granted exemption to the nobles, officials, doctors, students, farmers and big breadwinners. In 1848, broke a violent insurrection in Vienna and at the same time Hungary and the Italian provinces rebelled, but Italy was subdued, despite the support of the King of Piedmont, who lost the decisive battle of Novara (May 1849) , and Hungary was reduced after a long struggle with the help of Russia (1849): it was granted a constitution in 1861, then another in 1865, which establishes a diet and a Hungarian ministry, and calm the spirits. In 1859, the emperor, threatened in its Italian possessions by the Sardinian States, invades, repelled by the Piedmontese and the French, including the Battle of Magenta and that of Solferino , he signed the Treaty of Villafranca , and sells the Lombardy. Opposition growing with modern Prussia led to the War of 1866. The Prussians to unite Italy in order to encircle the Empire. The Italians were defeated at the Battle of Custoza (June 24), but the Empire is defeated by Prussia at the battle of Sadowa on 3 July 1866 , and was forced to cede Venetia. At the Treaty of Prague (August 23), Austria abandons the German Confederation , which was later reconstituted as the German Empire without its participation. To calm nationalist tensions, the Empire became a dual monarchy in integrating the crown of Hungary and became the Austria-Hungary. (see this article and the Chronology of the Austro-Hungarian ) On 28 June 1914, the heir to the imperial throne, the a href = "% C3% Fran A7ois-Ferdinand_d 27Autriche%" title = "Franz Ferdinand of Austria"> Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife are assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip , a Serbian nationalist. After sending a pseudo-ultimatum to Serbia and have ensured the full support of the German Empire, the old Emperor Franz Joseph declared war on Serbia on July 28. In less than a week, the conflict becomes a world war. Austria-Hungary enters the war with gloom, has no experience the same enthusiasm as Germany or France at the beginning of the conflict. Indeed, the country has many ethnic and nationalist unrest, and an aspiration Republican who is becoming increasingly important. The Hungarians also refused initially to mobilize for the war effort. Moreover, the fragile finances of the Empire prevented to maintain the war effort, even with German help considerably. If the Austro-Hungarian Army is considered one of the major military powers and if the people can count on a quick victory, in reality the military has only 1.8 million men 52 million inhabitants! Moreover, it is poorly equipped and very little incentive for a conflict of this magnitude. Its military budget, well below that of France, Germany or the United Kingdom, will soon be responsible for the limited capacity of the army. In 1914 , the theater can be summed up in Russia and Serbia. The beginning of the war is catastrophic for Austria-Hungary. The first major offensive is Russian, with the capture of the Austrian province of Galicia. The Imperial Army and Landwehr Austrian does not shine in the fierce battles of the early weeks, and the Austrian artillery, which, however, reveals greater than that of the Entente and did speak their firepower is not enough to restore situation. Austro-German forces arrived, however, defeat the Russians at Tannenberg on August 29. But if the Germans can contain the Russians, it is not the same for the Austrians, who were crushed again at the battle of Lemberg on September 11. The Russians have finally stopped in November, having totally invaded Galicia, the Carpathian Mountains and Bucovina. The Austrians then bet everything on the Balkans : they want to finish quickly with Serbia and Montenegro in order to resume the offensive in the east next year. August 24, Austrians launched an offensive to Cer , but are ridiculed once. A new offensive on November 6 allows them to take the city of Belgrade , which will be lost on December 13 after the defeats of Rudnik Mountains and Putnik. The balance sheet for the year 1914 is alarming: the Austrian army proved unable to quickly overcome the small but brave Serbian army and can do nothing against Russia without German help. The situation will eventually evolve through the intervention of German troops in Serbia and especially thanks to the Hungarian political leaders who decide to support the war effort Austrian mainly because they fear that a Russian victory resulting in the secession of minorities Slavic Hungary. The Hungarians then mobilize nearly 4,000,000 men who were incorporated into the Hungarian Honved. Early 1915, Austria-Hungary made further gains against the troops, however, few Russians who win battles but fail to stop the advancing troops of the Triple Alliance. But in May 1915, Italy, who had declared neutral in 1914, left the Triple Alliance and declared war on the Allied side. The Austro-Hungarian, taken from the rear, wiper many defeats. June 23, the Italians launched an offensive on the Isonzo. But the Austrian Army resumed the offensive and stop on July 5. To the east, it also takes with Germany of Poland August 31, shaking the Russian army in Ukraine. In the Balkans, the Serbs are out of breath and Belgrade on October 9 falls. Montenegro is also on his knees and the Italians are on their side all their offensive routed. The generals and the people hope to resume the development of the conflict. Early 1916, pushing the Austrians a new Italian offensive and accept the surrender of Montenegro on Jan. 13. The Russians are also unable to defend the vast eastern front, which obviously benefits the forces of the Triple Alliance. But on April 19, the Austrians lost control cervical Di Lana in favor of the Italians. A cons-offensive was launched May 15 in South Tyrol , but it ended in failure. The Russians took the opportunity to start to turn a major offensive on June 5, which happens to be there as a total disaster. A new Italian offensive on August 6 undermines the Austrian forces on August 17 and is taking Gorizia the Italians. They continue to harass the Austro-Hungarian troops, landed in Macedonia on August 20 and attacked Salonika August 22. Worse, Romania joined the Entente and attack Austria-Hungary on August 27. The months are challenging for the Dual Monarchy, undergoing three new offensive Italian and a British assault in the Balkans October 5. In 1917, the nationalist demands, caused by the death of Franz Joseph in 1916, become ever more pressing in particular within the Austro-Hungarian army. The Italians launched an offensive on the Isonzo tenth May 12 and the Russians are trying to weaken the Austrians is July 1. August 17, eleventh offensive on the Isonzo the Italians who will be stopped only on September 12. Despite some demoralization of the Italians because of the incessant attacks and the prospect of a near peace with Russia, the new emperor Charles the first notes that his country is in critical condition and attempts to conclude a separate peace with the members of the agreement, which strongly dislike the Germans. This confession of weakness leading representatives of the oppressed nations Czech, Polish and Yugoslav trying to gain recognition by the Allied countries as sovereign nations. In spring 1918, the Austro-Hungarian on the brink of collapse. In lack of supplies and prey to separatist climate, it recoil on most fronts, and face serious mutinies. Inside the country, nationalist agitation led to the formation of independent national councils that have rocked the Dual Monarchy. In addition, the country general strikes to Budapest and Prague from 15 January which prevented him from continuing his war effort. The peace treaties with Russia and with Romania May 7 do not change anything, minorities are still demanding more autonomy and demonstrate violently. As a last resort, the emperor recognizes the rights of peoples to self Austrian October 4, 1918 and attempts to transform the monarchy into a federation October 17, but that does not approve of the southern Slavs October 7, 1918 union with Serbia, joined by the Czechs declared their independence on October 28. An armistice was finally reached November 3, 1918, at the same time that the Hungarian government announced its separation from Austria. Charles leaves the first power and the country on November 12 allowing the two countries officially become republics. The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye comes into force July 16, 1920, without any consultation from Austria, finally abolishing the Habsburg Empire and weakened the country considerably by heavy economic sanctions, military and geographically. Political parties of the Republic was founded under the monarchy. They are three to play a leading role after the First World War and the collapse of the monarchy: All three parties want to establish a republic and form political camps that are losing power to the monarchy. Other groups are turning against the monarchy (especially the Czechs). Nationalism is an obstacle to creating a nation state. The "pseudo-parliamentary system" is also a weakness of the monarchy. The parties are therefore reserve power for the period after the fall of the monarchy, also caused obviously by the military defeat in 1918. Party representatives of the monarchy will be the first representative of the Republic. The majority party is the DV, then the CS and finally the SDAP. If the DV and CS take the monarchy, the SDAP happens to convince them that it is anachronistic and responsible for military defeat. A republic would be stronger, especially since it would be attached to Germany. Republic proclaimed November 12, 1918, currently fills a political vacuum. Members will meet in the National Assembly and elect a government, headed by Karl Renner (MANPADS). The Assembly also needs to draft a constitution for the republic, but as it comes from the monarchy, new elections must be held. They are in spring 1919 , women take part in the vote. What follows is a reversal of political forces: the SDAP was the first party, followed by CS and DV. This will affect the shape of the Constitution. Karl Renner (SDAP) becomes chancellor, Fink (CS) Vice-Chancellor and Schumpeter (non-party) Minister of Finance. Despite the proportional vote, the three parties get almost all of the votes. Although the Communists have played a role in the strikes of 1918, they are strongly challenged by the SDAP, very oriented to the left. The relationship between SDAP and CS are strained despite the coalition. A debate between the parties on the shape of the Constitution takes place after the election of the coalition. This debate is tense, and lead to the end of the coalition. The Constitution comes into force in November 1920. It is a compromise between the wishes of various parties. CS wanted a federal republic with a powerful head of state, the SDAP a centralized republic without a head of state (only the chancellor). The Federal Republic is adopted but its regions have little autonomy, the head of state has limited jurisdiction. Weapons of Austria is an eagle with a sickle, a hammer and a wreath. They symbolize the three classes of Austrian society: peasants, workers and townspeople. The colors will remind the part of Germany: black, red and yellow. There is another meeting, the Bundesrat, which represents the Lnder, and a president who is not elected by direct universal suffrage. The first is Michael Hainisch , an economist representative of liberalism but advocating social reforms. The rupture occurs from the coalition in July 1920. The first parliamentary elections are organized to form a new government. The CS becomes the largest party in the country and form a coalition with the DV, it is called Brgerblock and will last until the end of the Republic. However, no government will more than one year and three months in office. The parties are struggling to agree, and their economic situation is not favorable. After the fall of the monarchy, "non-Germans" get independence and are attached to various neighboring countries (Poland, ..) and "Germans" found their own state, Austria. The Austrian Republic is proclaimed November 12, 1918. The government plan was changed because of social problems: hunger and poor living conditions cause large strikes in January 1918. The connection to Germany is proposed, justified by the Program of U.S. President Wilson , in which it requires determination of peoples, allowing germanophones Germany and Austria to consider themselves a single people. Republic "Austro-German" (Deutschsterreich) was born, the connection to Germany is planned for later: parallel to the selection of the Republic, members will also speak out for the part of Germany. In Vorarlberg , 80% of the population want to be integrated into Switzerland , but it refuses to not upset the balance of faiths within its territory. In addition, 98.5% and 99.2% of Tyrolean residents of the Land of Salzburg want a unification of their region to Germany. The allies speak out against, and Germany too, for diplomatic reasons. Austria wanted the connection because it had become too small and no longer had enough industry. Moreover, Germany was also led by the Social Democrats. Austria is a defeated country, peace talks are, therefore, with the victors. According to the principle of self-determination of peoples, one might think of an annexation of Austria to Germany, or the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) forbids the not to strengthen the Germany. In addition, the Austria-Hungary accounted for Clemenceau clericalism, there was no question of the support. This treaty is redefining the borders of Austria. It gives the Tyrol south, southern Styria and parts of Burgenland. During the winter of 1919-1920, Austria enjoyed a period of economic difficulties, including inflation, leading strikes and demonstrations. The government seeks to borrow money from other states. This policy is supported by the chancellor Ignaz Seipel , very active diplomatically. He signed the Geneva Protocol in October 1922 , an agreement with France , the United Kingdom , the Italy and Czechoslovakia , which guarantees loans to Austria in exchange for which the latter promises to keep its independence, although few are really believe. A political vacuum for economic reasons would be dangerous for the stability of Central Europe. Finances are sanitized: the number of staff reduction, the state spends less. Despite rising unemployment, economic policy is approved and Seipel led to electoral success for his party in 1923. A new currency is implemented in January 1925 : the schilling. Seipel is a victim of an attack and resigned in 1924. He resumed his duties in 1926. This attack is an illustration of the violence increasingly strong in politics, especially since the end of the coalition in 1920. The two major parties compete more and more, and are backed by paramilitary organizations: Many former soldiers find a place in these organizations, particularly those hit by rising unemployment. In the elections of April 1927 , the SC has only one more seat than the SDAP at the meeting. Politics is still radical. The SDAP was included in its program in 1926 (Linz Program) the dictatorship of the proletariat, which was interpreted by the SC as a challenge. In January 1927 Schattendorf held street battles between Heimwehr and republikanisch Schutzbund which two died on the side of Heimwehr. The trial takes place in July, and defendants are acquitted July 15, 1927. Spontaneous demonstrations resulting in the Palais de Justice and a symbol of the unjust state is on fire ( Revolt of July ). Schober , the police chief, fired at demonstrators, causing 90 deaths, including 4 policemen. The police repression sign the final separation of the CS and the SDAP. Population away from the government. Protesters condemned the chancellor and Seipel (priest elsewhere) refuses to grant amnesty. Some 30 000 Austrians withdraw from the Catholic Church. To overcome this crisis, we decided to strengthen the executive. A constitutional amendment is decided in 1929 : the president is now elected directly by the people and its powers are expanded. It is the expression of authoritarian tendencies and European unparliamentary. Because of internal problems to political parties, the next president is not elected directly by the people, but still receives more power. The global economic crisis does not spare Austria. Discontent is growing and the government is held responsible. Thus, the elections of 1930 , the SDAP was the first party. In addition, a new political force made its entry: the Heimwehr have indeed constituted party. They are more nationalist and less democratic principles hold that the CS voice and take it. Despite this, the coalition CS / DNV continues to operate. Two other crises reinforce the economic crisis: In September 1931 Pfrimer, Chief Heimwehr attempts a coup that fails quickly. At right, the Nazi party, and left the SDAP, becoming stronger. The SC decided to prevent the next election. The presidential system of Hindenburg in Germany shows that it is possible to govern a country without a parliament. On 4 March 1933 , parliament s'autodissout: parliament speaker, who has no right to vote, resigns in order to bring its voice to his camp, the first vice-president did the same, and the second. For the Chancellor Dollfuss , the parliament showed that he was not able to function and said March 7 that will govern without him. On 15, a session of parliament is held by some members, but prevented by the government. Several measures announced an ideological shift, the shift from a democratic state to an authoritarian state: the republikanisch Schutzbund is dissolved and Heimwehr organized into militias. The SDAP responded by creating a movement within the party, the Socialist Revolutionaries. They advocate armed resistance in case of dissolution of political parties, ban unions, attacks against Vienna la Rouge (led by the SDAP) and Fascist constitution. Difficulties arise between Austria and Germany, even if they are authoritarian and ideological soul mates. For Hitler , Dollfuss did not go far enough, is not radical enough. He wants to take power in Austria. Attacks are perpetrated by the Nazis in Austria, and the party was banned in June 1933. Hitler's threat of annexation, and Austria sought support from its neighboring Hungary and Italy. In August 1933, Mussolini's fascism requires more of Austria in exchange for his support. The Austrian government then created a single party fascist Patriotic Front. The austrofascisme is a fascist whose Catholicism is an essential component. Weapons of Austria was added a halo. This reference to dictatorship religion differs from other forms of Austrian European dictatorships that see religion as a competitor. The State is fascist, but not authoritarian, corporatist but without the racial laws. There is a single party, but not total control of political life. This is not a new party comes to power, but an old one that has changed. The Austrian state corporatist and hierarchical model for the Middle Ages with Catholic populations. The program was established in September 1933 (month of the 250th anniversary of the liberation of Vienna from the Turks). It is presented as a national liberation of internal enemies. "We want a Christian state Austrian and German on a base and a corporatist authoritarian leader." The enemies are the Marxism , the capitalist , the Nazi party and party dominance over the state. Chancellor Dollfuss remains, thus creating a continuity between democracy and fascism. It uses the constitutional means to create this new regime, but fails to power after the election, since there already is. He took the opportunity to prevent new elections. The austrofascisme is not a new ideology but the transformation of a former Democratic Party. A new constitution is written: the "constitution of May" comes into force on 1 May 1934. The date was chosen to try to rally the workers by showing them that the new regime are not forgotten. The preamble states: "In the name of God Almighty, which emanate all rights, the Austrian people adopt this Constitution for the federal state, German and a Christian. "The old values of federalism and Catholicism are reaffirmed. The accentuation of the German character of Austria, her news. In February 1934 a civil war erupts. The government ordered the searches to find guns at former members of republikanisch Schutzbund. They defend themselves, provoking street battles with police and army, as well as Heimwehr. There are about 1500 dead and wounded. Some representatives of the SDAP is performed and the party is prohibited. The others fled abroad. The regime emerges strengthened because his main opponent is eliminated. In July 1934, Austrian Nazis attempted a coup. He fails and is about 270 deaths. 13 people were executed and four suicide before. Chancellor Dollfuss was assassinated, Kurt von Schuschnigg succeeded him and remains at the chancery until March 1938. During the coup, Germany remains neutral because is not yet strong enough to intervene militarily. Mussolini sent troops to the Austrian border to protect the independence of Austria if it were to be threatened. The German population wants more assignments of Austria to Germany, because it is in the program of the Nazi party and because it would be a way to oppose the Treaty of Versailles. But the Austrian population is less favorable. The economic situation improves, and the elites do not want to lose their positions. The international context is changing in 1935 in favor of the Nazis. Germany is remilitarised, a referendum is held in Saar at which the local population is in favor of integration in Germany. This referendum is internationally recognized and Germany may want a similar one in Austria. In July 1936 was signed "the agreement of July" between Germany and Austria: Austria is defined as the German state, renounces his foreign policy and Austrian Nazis convicted amnesty. The party is increasingly controlled by the Nazis who adhere to seize it. Affiliation (Anschluss) is preparing. Many Nazis already occupy high positions in the Austrian State. In February 1938, Hitler and Schuschnigg and Hitler meet demands that Arthur Seyss-Inquart (Nazi) is appointed interior minister of Austria and unifies its economic system with that of Germany. An ultimatum was issued for March 15. Schuschnigg meets with the various party leaders. Otto von Habsburg , head of the Monarchist Party, proposed a reconciliation with the Left parties, which are also in agreement. Schuschnigg refused. Austria in the 3rd Reich The Austrian history is intertwined with that of Germany from 1938 to 1945. Austria, integrated into the Reich is organized under the Nazi program. The old institutions are dissolved March 17, 1938. The first train to Dachau share from 1 April, and May is built concentration camp Mauthausen. Germany enjoys the natural resources of Austria, she won the national bank and industries. A war is coming and it will be a success if the economy works well and makes a good weapon. Austria produces a lot of energy thanks to its water and oil in Lower Austria. It also has heavy industry in Linz. Unemployment is falling, but many Austrians have already left their country. The administration is occupied by the Germans, Austrians, but also occupy important positions and are not just victims. On May 30, 1938, Austria is divided into 7 "Gaue" called "Ostmark" in 1939 then "Gaue Alps and the Danube" in 1942. The persecution of Jews do not encounter strong opposition in Austria, antisemitism is a long tradition, especially in Vienna. They suffer the same fate as the German Jews. Approximately 130,000 fled, most in the United Kingdom. 70 000 die in concentration camps. Si la population autrichienne ne reprsente que 8% de la population de la Grande Allemagne, les Autrichiens constituent 14% des membres de la SS et 40% du personnel li la mise en uvre de l'assassinat des malades mentaux et de la Shoah. Parmi les Autrichiens ayant occup de hauts postes au sein du Troisime Reich, on peut citer Franz Bhme , Lothar Rendulic , Julius Ringel et Alexander Lhr , gnraux dans la Wehrmacht et la Luftwaffe, Adolf Eichmann , l'un des principaux organisateurs de la Shoah, Odilo Globocnik , lui aussi impliqu dans la Shoah, Amon Gth , commandant du camp de concentration de Plaszow, Franz Stangl , commandant des camps d'extermination de Sobibor et Treblinka, Ernst Kaltenbrunner , successeur de Reinhard Heydrich la tte du RSHA, ou Otto Skorzeny , qui organisa notamment l'vasion de Benito Mussolini du Gran Sasso. Quant Arthur Seyss-Inquart , aprs avoir t l'adjoint de Hans Frank en Pologne, il fut commissaire du Reich aux Pays-Bas . Enfin, Adolf Hitler lui-mme tait natif de Basse Autriche et y avait t lev. Ne s'en posant pas moins aprs la guerre en "premire victime du nazisme", l'Autriche refusera durablement toute responsabilit et toute indemnisation des victimes juives. L'Autriche est plus longtemps pargne par les combats que l'Allemagne. Elle ne devient champ de bataille qu' partir d'avril 1945. 245 000 soldats autrichiens meurent ou sont ports disparus. 20 000 civils meurent sous les bombardements. 1,5 million d'Autrichiens ont pris part la guerre. La rsistance (ea sterreichische Freiheitsfront ) est prsente mais n'obtient que peu de succs. Elle est souvent intellectuelle, elle diffuse des tracts contre la propagande par exemple. Elle ne s'arme qu' la fin de la guerre et libre mme la ville d' Innsbruck avant l'arrive des troupes allies. La prison ou les camps de concentration ont eu pour effet de rapprocher les diffrents partis autrichiens pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Ainsi, les sociaux-dmocrates et les chrtiens-sociaux commencent travailler ensemble ds la fin de la guerre. En avril 1945 , l'ancien chancelier social-dmocrate Karl Renner est dj en contact avec les autorits sovitiques qui le soutiennent dans la formation d'un gouvernement provisoire. Il pouvait permettre l' Union sovitique d'tendre son influence en Autriche. Renner accepte ce soutien, mais il n'est reconnu que par la seule URSS. Le 27 avril, un gouvernement est form, compos de trois partis : le parti social dmocrate ( SP ), le parti communiste ( KP ) et le parti populaire autrichien ( VP , anciens chrtiens-sociaux). Le 28 avril est signe la Dclaration d'Indpendance. La nouvelle rpublique devait tre fonde dans l'esprit de la Constitution de 1920 , mais sous la pression des Allis , c'est sur la Constitution de 1929 (donnant plus de pouvoir au prsident) que la II e Rpublique s'appuiera, car elle est la dernire avoir t en vigueur en Autriche. Les pays occidentaux sont mfiants vis--vis de l'Autriche, car celle-ci faisait partie intgrante du Reich , et elle est maintenant soutenue par l'URSS. Ils reconnaissent finalement le gouvernement autrichien, notamment aprs que les conservateurs ont perdu le pouvoir au Royaume-Uni. L'Autriche est divise en quatre zones, comme l' Allemagne et Vienne en quatre secteurs, comme Berlin. Cependant, l'Autriche tant considre comme la premire victime de la guerre, les Allis lui laissent un gouvernement. (L'Allemagne devra attendre 1949 .) Les premires lections ont lieu le 25 novembre 1945. Il ya 3,5 millions d'lecteurs et 64% sont des femmes. L'VP (anciens chrtiens-sociaux) obtiennent 49,8% des voix, le SP 44,8% et le parti communiste 5,4% (la propagande nazie anticommuniste avait laiss des traces, et l' Arme rouge avait une mauvaise image dans la population, notamment cause des violences qu'elle a caus Vienne) Leopold Figl devient chancelier, Schrf vice-chancelier. Bien que le VP eut la majorit absolue en siges, une coalition est forme par ces trois partis (le parti communiste ne disposant cependant que d'un ministre) car c'tait encore le temps de la reconstruction du pays. De nombreux anciens rsistants ou opposants au Nazisme se retrouvent au pouvoir, mais leur pouvoir reste limit cause du conseil de contrle alli : comme en Allemagne, les Allis gardent un il sur la politique autrichienne. Ce conseil est modifi ds le 28 juin 1946 : les Allis n'ont plus qu'un droit de veto en ce qui concerne les changements constitutionnels. De plus, les dsaccords entre Amricains et Sovitiques laissent plus de marge de manuvre au gouvernement autrichien, tout en tant un obstacle une dcision quant au futur de l'Autriche. Il n'ya pas de trait de paix, l'Autriche reste occupe jusqu'en 1955 , l'Est et l'Ouest ayant peur qu'une Autriche dfinitivement libre se rapproche du camp adverse. Les anciens problmes frontaliers ne sont pas rgls par la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Si la Dclaration de Moscou rgle enfin ceux avec l'Allemagne, l' Italie et la Tchcoslovaquie posent encore problme. Il existe une minorit germanophone au Tyrol du Sud (italien depuis 1918 ). Le 5 septembre 1946 est sign l'accord Gruber-De Gasperi qui prvoit que cette rgion soit voque dans le trait de paix. L'Europe occidentale cherche favoriser l'Italie et surtout viter une situation qui mnerait la cration d'un parti rvolutionnaire qui s'opposerait toute concession quant cette rgion (en 1948 , 35% des Italiens votaient pour le parti communiste). Les relations italo-autrichiennes resteront mauvaises jusqu'en 1969. L'Italie empchera mme l'entre de l'Autriche dans l' Union europenne. En Carinthie du Sud (Autriche), c'est la minorit yougoslave qui pose problme. Cette rgion aurait d tre rattache la Yougoslavie car elle fait partie des vainqueurs de la guerre, mais comme ses relations avec l'URSS sont excrables, la Carinthie du Sud reste autrichienne. La dnazification de l'Autriche se fait dans chaque zone d'occupation diffremment. Elle est prise en charge par les autorits autrichiennes partir de 1946. 134 000 personnes passent devant la Justice, 17% d'entre eux sont condamns dont 34 mort. 100 000 personnes perdent leur place dans le service public. Mais cette dnazification se termine vite, car en temps de reconstruction, chacun est utile, et peu importe quel est son pass politique. En 1948 , 480 000 personnes reconnues coupables de faits mineurs sont amnisties. Elles ont nouveau le droit de vote. Un nouveau parti se cre en 1949 , visant dmocratiser les anciens nazis : le VdU (Union des Indpendants, centre, devient FP en 1955). Il est soutenu par le SP car il peut faire perdre des voix al'VP. Aux lections de 1949, l'VP recueille 44% des voix, le SP 38,7%, le VdU 11,7 et le KP 05,1. La grande coalition fonctionne toujours (jusqu'en 1966) mais sans les communistes qui ont quitt le gouvernement en 1947 lorsque l'Autriche a accept le plan Marshall. Ils esprent continuer avoir une influence dans la rue. Ils auront une certaine importance lors de la crise conomique de 1949/ 1950 conscutive la guerre de Core , qui a entran une hausse des prix, un appauvrissement de la population et une dtrioration de la situation sociale, mais les grandes grves de 1950 seront un chec, et le KP restera marginal. Les annes 1949/1950 marquent la fin de l'aprs-guerre. Un nouveau parti de droite est cr, un ancien parti de gauche perd de son importance, de nouvelles institutions sont mises en place, les anciens nazis sont li Beres. Chancellor Renner died in 1950, a new generation of politicians on the scene, including President Theodor Krner (SP), elected for six years. A new government was formed in 1953 after new elections. Julius Raab Figl replaces the Chancery. A question remains unresolved: the occupation. May 15, 1955 is signed State Treaty between the four Allied powers and Austria. It is a peace treaty in which Austria declared its permanent neutrality, as the Swiss model. In return, the Allies leave Austria. Foreign troops withdraw Oct. 25 and the next day, parliament adopted officially the Treaty, making the October 26 national holiday in Austria. In addition, in December of that year, Austria joined the UN. The economic situation is improving thanks to the Marshall Plan that accelerates reconstruction. Prosperity sets in, giving confidence to the Austrians in the Republic. The two governing parties will be escorted to the government until 1966. No internal turmoil will disturb the peaceful Austria ... Only the crisis of Hungary in 1956 , revolt suppressed by the Red Army, causing an influx of 150,000 refugees in Austria. In 1966, the VP won the majority seats in the Assembly and decided to govern alone. In early 1960 , relations were strained with the SP, especially when Otto von Habsburg had attempted to return to Austria for the VP was, while the SP was cons. Josef Klaus becomes chancellor, a woman minister the first time. The SP came into power and ruled alone (he stayed, alone or in coalition until 2000). Bruno Kreisky was chancellor. The Freedom Party supports the government without participating, as many social democrats are against a coalition. In exchange, the government increases the number of deputies to the Assembly measure favorable to smaller parties. New elections are held in 1971. The SP obtains an absolute majority. Many reforms are adopted: the right to abortion in 1975 , legal protection of children born outside marriage, minority rights (bilingual signs in Carinthia in 1972 ), etc.. The SP won the elections of 1975 despite the oil shock. A left movement is slowly emerging in the late 1960/dbut 1970s: the Greens. They were originally against the construction of nuclear power in Zwentendorf and provoke a referendum in 1978. The majority of Austrians are against the commissioning of this plant. The SP loses absolute majority in 1983 because of rising unemployment and financial scandals. Kreisky resigned and was replaced by Fred Sinowatz in a coalition with the Freedom Party, which won three ministries (Justice, Commerce, and Defense) and the Vice-Chancellor. New political forces gradually settle in Austria: Greens go first in a regional parliament in 1982 and the national parliament in 1986 , Jrg Haider became leader of the FP, it is far more nationalist than his predecessor because of its party a party of the extreme right, which led to the end of the coalition government. A new grand coalition formed in 1987 between SP and VP. The presidential elections of 1986 caused a great debate about the past Austria. Indeed we learn that the right-wing candidate, Kurt Waldheim was an officer in the Nazi army in the Balkans. This debate shows how the issue of liability of the Austrian people was ignored. Waldheim is elected, because Austria is isolated internationally. Few heads of state agree to receive Waldheim. The new grand coalition's objective is to solve the economic crisis make reforms and economies. She began working with the European Union, and its expected accession from 1989 , which calls into question his neutrality. Unemployment is falling but the problem of financing the welfare state remains, including the pension. In 1989, the Eastern Bloc dissolved, causing a large influx of refugees, a godsend for Haider, whose party grew in the elections of 1990. The war in Yugoslavia, neighboring countries of Austria, the Austrian population concerned. Despite his defeat in the referendum on the EU, the Freedom Party remains popular in national elections. It pursues an aggressive opposition. The liberal wing of the party separates to create the Liberal Forum in 1993. The 1990s were also a period of change in Austrian politics. The coalition is increasingly questioned. The FP became the second largest party. With the accession to Europe another sign of normalization of Austria. Indeed, this situation of extreme-right is found in many countries such as Italy, Belgium , the Netherlands , the Danish etc.. In 1994, the two major parties no longer meet for the first time the two-thirds majority required for a constitutional amendment. In 1999 , the VP became the third party in the country. Negotiations for a coalition last for months and fail between the VP and the SP. The VP decides to govern with the FP. Schssel became chancellor. The VP had in mind that the FP's rise was due to the grand coalition. If it had continued, the Freedom Party might have become the first Austrian party in the upcoming elections. Moreover, because of his radical reforms, the FP could never get good results in the space of a Parliament (four years). In 2002, the Freedom Party lost because of the vote, but the coalition continues. This coalition is a break in recent history because the Austrian SP not participate. In addition, the first coalition "traditional" (for overseas) to be extended. Finally, two other results show changes: Protestant pastor is a woman presidential candidate in 1998 and collected 13.5% of the vote in European elections of 2004, a former member of the SP campaigned on populist themes and gets 14%. Austrian voters are willing to vote for new people. Elections to the Second Republic Nationalrat 
The era of Metternich
The Revolution of 1848
The period of neo-absolutist
Towards the Austro-Hungarian Compromise
Austria-Hungary
The First World War
1918-1945
Parties
Establishment of The Republic
The Regional Affairs
Economic policy
radicalization of political life
Attacks
The outcome of the elections of 1930 shocked the CS, which reflects a way of avoiding the next election, thinking that the result would be much worse. Political changes
Relations with Germany
The austrofascisme
The internal difficulties
The growing influence of Nazism
Italy began a policy of colonization in Africa and therefore less interested in Austria, leaving more leeway to Germany to enable it to extend its influence. The Anschluss
Depuis 1945
Reconstruction de la vie politique
Postwar
Les annes 1950, un nouveau dpart
The years 1960/1970, modernization
In 1969, the issue of South Tyrol is resolved, it is a success for Klaus, but the economic downturn will make him lose the election in 1970. The years 1980/1990, changes
The Austrian population is initially hostile to joining the European Union, as the SP, because it calls into question the neutrality, an essential component of Austrian identity. Loss of freedom and fundamental rights is fear. But it is also a protection against possible collateral damage in war Eastern Europe. In 1994 , the Austrian population, clearly supports the accession will be the following year. 
See also
References
<ref> incorrect, no text was provided for the named references clio.fr . <ref> incorrect, no text was provided for the named references ReferenceA . Bibliography
Related articles
Antiquity Hallstatt civilization Noricum (Noricum) Margraviate of Austria House Babenberg Privilegium Minus Duchy of Austria 
Habsburg era Habsburg Holy Roman Empire archduchy Austria War of Austrian Succession Josephism Austrian Empire Congress of Vienna Germanic Confederation Austria-Hungary Austromarxisme WWI Sarajevo assassination WWI Between the two world wars Republic of German Austria Treaty of St. Germain First Republic of Austria Austrofascisme WWII Anschluss WWII Postwar Allied occupation Staatsvertrag Second Republic of Austria
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