The Hungarian Central Europe.

Of the 12.5 million Hungarian speakers, 9.5 million live in Hungary , where the Hungarian language. As for the large number of speakers, the following country is Romania, with 1.45 million people . In this country, the Hungarian can be used in local government in the localities where the weight of individuals belonging to the Hungarian minority exceeds 20%. Serbia (286 000 speakers) , in the province of Vojvodina , the Hungarian is "official use" in localities where the Hungarian-speaking population reaches 15% of the total population. This language has the same status in three locations in Slovenia (6000 speakers) . Slovakia (573 000 speakers) , Ukraine, in the region of Transcarpathia (150 000 speakers) , Austria, in Burgenland (40 000 speakers) and Croatia (12 000 speakers) , the status of Hungarian minority language or regional.

Apart from the countries neighboring Hungary, where Hungarians have the status of national minority , there are many Hungarian speakers in the diaspora. Communities are most numerous in the United States (118 000) , Canada (90 000) and Israel (70 000) .

History

The longest sentence in Hungarian, in the letter of the founding of the Abbey of Tihany.

The history of Hungarian begins there are some 3000 years, to the east of the Urals , in the region of the river Ob. From that time and thereafter, during the migration of Hungarians to the south-east, their language is influenced by language turquiques and Iran. Once established in the basin of the Carpathians , the adoption of Christianity and the founding of the kingdom of Hungary , Hungarian is influenced by Slavic and the Latin , the language that begins culture written in Hungary.

The first written attestation of Hungarian dated XI ^century. These are some phrases and words isolated in the letter of the founding of the Abbey of Tihany.

In the ^twelfth century appeared the first complete text in Hungarian, Halotti Beszdes s knyrgs (Speech and funeral prayer), and the ^fourteenth century the first work literature , the poem magyar Mria-siralom (Complaint of the Virgin Mary in Old Hungarian).

In the ^sixteenth century , language develops through secular literature, but particularly in the early works printed in Hungarian, translations of texts biblical initiated by the Catholic Church and the Protestants. In the same century appeared the first works language for Hungarian.

In ^XVI - XVIII ^centuries in the Principality of Transylvania , Hungarian becomes the first language of the State. Codes of laws Compillatae Constitutiones Transylvaniae Regni ( 1671 ) and Approbatae Constitutiones Transylvaniae Regni ( 1677 ) are written in Hungarian .

In the nineteenth ^century , the national language unit is formed and the norms of standard language are fixed by scholars followers of the movement called "revival of the language," which tends to eliminate the influences Latin and German , as well as the works normative Hungarian Scientific Society. First between 1844 and 1849 , then permanently in 1867 , the Hungarian language became official.

Regional variants

Groups of Hungarian dialects: 1. West 2. from beyond the Danube, 3. South 4. the Tisza 5. Northwest 6. Northeastern 7. Transylvania 8. vesicles 9. Csangos.

The Hungarian has nine groups of dialects:

• the group of dialects of the Tisza ;
• the group of dialects of the South;
• the group of dialects of the West;
• the group of dialects from beyond the Danube ;
• the group of dialects of the Northwest;
• the group of dialects of the Northeast;
• the group of dialects Transylvanian ;
• the group of dialects vesicles ;
• the group of dialects Csangos.

Phonology and orthography

The system phonological Hungarian standard consists of seven pairs of vowels , a short and a long pair, and 25 consonants , each of which can be short or long. The opposition brief - long a functional value: the meaning of words can be differentiated by the quantity of a vowel or a consonant.

The Hungarian is characterized by vowel harmony , that is to say, in general, a word contains only vowels with a certain trait: they are, without exception, either earlier or later.

In Hungarian, the emphasis is tonic (also called intensity), more marked than in French. The relatively long words can have multiple accents, including a principal. The sole or main focus always hits the first syllable of words to lexical meaning full.

The writing of Hungarian is phonemic to a great extent. With rare exceptions, a grapheme is always the same phoneme.

Some signs diacritics are used for vowel graphemes noting: the acute accent used to record the long vowels (, , , , ), the umlaut (, ) which refers to short vowels and double acute accent (O, U) is also worth noting that long vowels and can be considered an umlaut long as it only modifies the length of a vowel with an umlaut.

Some consonants are scored using digraphs ( The agglutinative nature of Hungarian

Hungarian is an agglutinative language , which is the main feature which distinguishes it from the Indo-European languages , but the closer the languages of his family and other families of languages such as Turkish and Japanese. The agglutinative character is that the morphemes are affixes (prefixes and suffixes) that attaches to the word radical , often several suffixes one after the other, so that the boundaries between them remain sharp, each corresponding to a single stroke semantic or functional.

Linguists who study the Hungarian use different terms for different types of suffixes. The suffix derivative called kpz and grammatical suffixes are of two kinds. Those are in addition to a root or a suffix distraction and can be followed by another suffix grammatical jel called 'mark, sign'. Such suffixes are those that indicate the plural and possessive suffixes. Those who express the grammatical cases and those that indicate the person of the verb called ragok (singular rag). They are distinguished by the marks that it is impossible to attach them another suffix.

Example of word suffixes: hzaimban 'in my houses', formed from the root hz 'house', the vowel-to-the-i suffix indicating plural objects owned, the suffix-m indicating ^the 1st person the singular possessor, and the suffix-match ban the French preposition 'in'.

Suffixes follow one another in an order that follows specific rules. For example, in the case of names, derivational suffixes attach to the radical of the word or another derivative suffix, is followed by grammatical suffixes, whose casual suffix is always the last. It may be preceded by:

• k suffix marking the plural without an idea of possession: ember 'man' + ek emberek 'men' + embereknek nek 'to men';
• the personal suffix applied to the object possessed: ember + Emberemi em 'my man' + nek emberemnek 'my man';
• i suffix marking the plural object possessed suffix + staff 1 ^st or ² nd person singular and plural, or ^the 3rd person plural: ember + eim embereim 'my men' + embereimnek nek 'my men';
• the personal suffix of ^the 3rd person singular + suffix i marking the plural object possessed: + e ember Ember 'her man' + i emberei 'his men' + nek embereinek 'his men';
• suffix marking the possessor: az ember + e 'that to which human' + t az embert 'that to which the man' in the accusative , az emberemt 'one / my man' ( accusative), az embereimt 'that / those of my men' (accusative), az embereit 'one / one of his men' (accusative).

Grammar

Morphology

Morphological classification of the words

The handbook of academic grammar newest Hungarian classifies words according to their nature as follows:

I. Fundamental types of words:

1. Types of basic words properly-called:

A. Word

B. Nominal types of words:

a. Name

b. Adjective

c. Numeral

C. Adverb

2. Types of words substitutes basic types of words ( pronouns ):

A. Personal Pronouns

B. Demonstrative Pronoun

C. interrogative pronoun

D. relative pronoun

E. General Pronoun

F. indefinite pronoun

3. Types of intermediate words between the verb and other basic words - nominal forms of the verb:

A. Infinitive

B. Participate

C. Gerunds

II. grammatical words :

1. In morphological structures:

A. Auxiliary Verb

B. Nominal forms of auxiliary verb

C. Subordination

D. Adjective derived from postposition

E. mint trainer complement

F. Prefix Proceedings

2. In structures of non-morphological

A. Conjunction

B. Particle

C. Rule

D. Word of negation

III. Keyword phrases :

1. Interjection

2. word-sentence interaction

3. modalisers

4. Onomatopoeia

The personal suffixes

In Hungarian, the people expressed through the personal pronouns and suffixes specific, which have different functions, covering:

• in the form of nominative personal pronouns to form their accusative (with irregularities);
• to casual suffixes to form personal pronouns in other cases ;
• with postpositions to form various adverbial ;
• various names and pronouns, to express the owner thereof;
• to verbs, to serve as their endings :

Verb

On the verb, the grammar of Hungarian take into account the grammatical features include: diathesis , mode , time , number (singular and plural) and person. Compared to French, as with other types of words, it lacks the verb type.

• In general, it takes into account five diathesis: active, passive, moderate, thoughtful and factitive. Apart from these deals is also the category of the verb potential.
• In the grammars of Hungarian, the expression patterns of verbal only so-called "personal patterns" in the grammars of French, or the indicative , the conditional and imperative.
  • The area has three tenses: present, past and future. In the nineteenth ^century , there were still several times past, but he remains one. The differences expressed in French by the imperfect , the tense and the pluperfect are made by Hungarian verbal prefixes and the context. The future also has a single form.
  • The conditional has the present and past tenses. It may also have a value of optative.
  • The imperative has only one temporal form. Hungarian grammars consider it includes all persons who also values the subjunctive French.
• Forms, which in French grammar, are considered "impersonal modes" are not seen as modes in Hungarian grammar but as nominal forms of the verb:
  • The Hungarian has only one infinitive form. He has the distinction of being combined, that is to say, to receive personal suffixes, the same as receiving the object possessed.
  • The part has three parts: past, present and future.
  • The gerund has a single form.

An important feature of Hungarian verbal system is the existence of two sets of conjugacy for transitive verbs : conjugation called "objective" (or "fixed") and another called "subjective" (or "indeterminate").

The name, the adjective and the numeral

Name. Grammatical gender is not indicated in Hungarian, the name can not express the natural kind.

The name includes the grammatical feature of number, although the plural is not always expressed by the same suffix.

In general, we consider that the paradigm casual Hungarian includes 18 cases. The casual system of Hungarian is very rich in terms of the expression of spatial relationships, with three different cases to distinguish between the place where action takes place towards which movement is performed and one from which a displacement is made. Example: a bank hz van he / she is in the house '- he / she enters the house' - he / she leaves the house '.

The Hungarian had no a href = "Adjectif_possessif" alt = "possessive adjective"> possessive, possession is expressed by means of suffixes, some of which are added to the object possessed and two others that apply to the owner. The construction that expresses possession are:

The adjective adjective is unusual not to agree in number in the function of epithet , but only that of attribute.

The Numeral Cardinal usually has two forms, for example Harms 'three'. The first is used to count as an additional name or where this name is implied, as to describe a figure in a number. The second form is the name of the item in question or the number that this number is unity. Hungarian grammars include the class of numerals what they call "indefinite numerals, such sok 'many', kevs 'little' Szamosi 'many,-euse', etc.. The numeral can also take adverbial forms if we add some suffixes: Oten 'five' (the number of people participating in an action), kettesben 'two' (the privacy of individuals limited to the number in question).

The adverb

The main specific feature of the Hungarian relative adverb in French, is a triple system of expression of the place, as for some casual suffixes: the place where action takes place, and towards which the movement from which is made. Example: benn bent or 'in, inside' (complement of verbs that do not express travel) - be 'inside, inwards' (with verbs that express the inward movement) - bentrl 'from within, from within' (with verbs that express movement from the inside).

Pronouns

The grammars of Hungarian take into account nine species of pronouns: personal, reflective, reciprocal, possessive, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, indefinite and general.

Depending on the type of words they replace, pronouns are classified substantival, adjectives and numerals.

Pronominal adjectives are not distinguished from pronouns.

The personal pronouns have a salient. Only the accusative consists of a nominal + suffix specific perquisites. The others are casual suffixes which are added personal suffixes applied to the object possessed. Example: 'I myself', nlam 'home' Velem 'with me', etc..

Unlike the French, Hungarian there is no possessive adjectives, possessive pronouns only. The function of adjectives is met by suffixes added to the object possessed (see above The name, the adjective and the numeral).

The grammatical words

Are regarded as auxiliary verbs , not only those forming tenses compounds, but also takes into account the auxiliary aspectual , modal and pragmatic. Included in the same classroom copulative verbs. There are also verbs called "virtual assistants" in which the grammatical meaning is dominant, but they also have a lexical meaning more or less marked. These verbs can be, first, verbs of modality and aspect, on the other hand, verbs called "functional" used in association with types of words that are formally rated their additions.

The nominal forms of verbs considered copulative is types of words apart in the grammars of Hungarian, as well as the nominal forms of the verb in general (see above the verb).

Postpositions are grammatical words that are one means of expression of syntactic functions that are called in French grammar indirect object and adverbial. They generally correspond to prepositions and prepositional phrases in French (eg: a fa alatti 'under the tree').

Adjectives derived from postpositions are only formally adjectives. They do not have full lexical meaning, but serve the function of postpositions which they derive, forming additional names with the names by which they are placed (eg a alatti his pad 'the bench under the tree').

The Hungarian word can be regarded as a preposition is 'like, as', for example in He works as an engineer. "

Hungarian verbs are often equipped with a kind of prefixes partially different prefixes may have French verbs. On the one hand, prefixes Hungarian grammatical and lexical function, on the other hand, they must be separated from the verb in some cases, even sometimes placed after it.

Hungarian conjunctions have the same function as those of French.

The particle is in the grammars of Hungarian, "a word that can not accept grammatical affixes, or realizes reports morphological or syntactic with other words, may not be the end of the simple sentence The words-sentences

This category of words that do not include verbs, is characterized by their ability to be alone a single sentence.

Furthermore interjections and onomatopoeia, also present in the grammars of French, Hungarian grammars consider two other classes of words.

Sentence-words of interaction are used to interact with the recipient of the communication. This class includes greetings (szervusz 'hello'), words affirmative (igen 'yes'), negative words (nem' not ') and word order (rajta!' go! ").

The modalisers not participate in syntactic relations with any term of the simple sentence, but indicate the speaker's attitude towards the content of the statement that they are used whole. They are those particles (see above grammatical words) that may constitute themselves a simple sentence. Such words are talan 'maybe', valsznleg 'likely' esetleg 'possibly' lltlag 'they say', etc..

Syntax

The simple sentence

We present the syntax of Hungarian using the terminology Hungarian transposed into French. The syntactic functions in the simple sentence is the verb, the subject , object, complement of place, time, digital, status, origin, results, coaching, so, of cause, purpose, relationship, degree / extent, medium, attribution and comparison, supplements asemantic (or permanent) and the epithet .

About the epithet, it is noteworthy that stands before the term specified and do not agree with it.

In the simple sentence, word order is very free, depending on the word or phrase you want to highlight.

The complex sentence

Proposals coordinates can be linked by juxtaposition or by a conjunction. Coordination can be copulative, adversative, disjunctive, consequential or explanatory .

An important characteristic of subordinate clauses in Hungarian, is that they have mostly a history expressed by a pronoun in the main clause and the subordinate complete this history.

In Hungarian complex sentences may be subject to subject, predicate, object, subject complement (of place, time, digital, status, origin, results, coaching, so, of cause, purpose, relationship, degree / extent, medium, attribution, comparison), subordinates supplements permanent, subject to special semantic content (row, conditional, concessive and comparative) and subordinate epithet .

Glossary

The lexicon is mainly Hungarian (80%) internal lexical training, the rest being inherited words (8%) and loans (7%). The etymology of 5% of the vocabulary is unknown.

The most loans are of Slav (27%), Latin (25%), German (17%) or turquique. There are also borrowings from Iranian languages , the Romance ( Italian , French , Romanian ), and the English. The layers are also a major source of vocabulary.

The means of enrichment internal lexicon is by far the most used. Among these, the most productive are the spontaneous creation of words (interjections, onomatopoeic words, expressive creations), the spontaneous formation of words by derivation and composition , and the conscious creation of terms by the two latter methods. Compared to French, spontaneous composition and conscious creation are much higher .

References