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Ideological

An ideology is at large, the science of a system of ideas conceived. The ideology comes with beliefs, ideas, opinions, beliefs and is sometimes incorporated into doctrine.

For Karl Marx , ideology is a set of social ideas, religious and philosophical produced by the dominant class in society to mask its origin material.

In another context, the term carries a pejorative connotation and refers to a common set of speculations, ideas, vague and mysterious that promotes unrealistic ideals and justifies radical actions.

Summary

/ / Origins of Ideology

Etymology

From ancient Greek (idea), "idea" and (logos), "science, speech." Ideology is, etymologically, a discourse on ideas. In ancient Greek, the name related to the verb , "see", suggesting instead the meaning of "image". Ideology is commonly interpreted as:

  • the logic of an idea.
  • the logic of vision.
  • the logic of a developed image to the groupthink.

Origins of the term ideology

  • Logic (from ancient Greek : ): it is both the discourse and the rhetoric of human political animal as Aristotle current meaning of the term ideology

    An ideology is a set of ideas about the structure of society, the forces acting in society, sources of conflict are present, and also on how that can resolve these conflicts, all of ideas shared by a group, commonly called political party. A definition derived from the ideology is a doctrine policy that provides a single principle to the explanation of reality. This is likely to inspire an early action program and provides a coherent set of ideas imposed and sometimes accepted uncritically and indiscriminately. Ideology provides much broader concept than the doctrines which are the size of an intellectualized idea imagined. The doctrines rely on the cultural dimension of " psychological behavior , "and enroll` s important in a collective process: the notion of ideal replaces ideology in framing a "mass society".

    Ideology can be seen from the perspective sociological : the ideology has been defined by Guy Rocher as "a system of ideas and judgments, explicit, and usually organized used to describe, explain, interpret or justify the situation a group or community and, based largely on values, provides a clear direction to the historical action of this group or community "

    Another writer, Jean Baechler , however, gives a more sensitive and more comprehensive ideology.

    1. Initially, the ideology is the set of mental representations that arise when men forge links between them and associations.
    2. These representations then form a set of states of consciousness related to political action, in other words how conflictual or not that humans organize their social lives. The core of these states of consciousness is non-verbal, that is to say composed of emotional impulses, and these statements ideational actualized in different types of register and can be inferred from objective manifestations and material to which they give rise.
    3. The ideology is in the content and not in the container. There is no gender discourse that can be declared as such ideological.
    4. In total, for this author, an ideology is a discursive formation controversy, neither true nor false, effective or ineffective, coherent or incoherent, developed or not, normal or pathological, with a passion which seeks to realize value from the exercise power in a society .

    Analyzes epistemological bring a slightly more nuanced reformulation of ideology: the latter, which allowed the conceptualization of science, is also analyzed for its neutrality, its construction and its foundations. And the Marxist critique is only possible angle to study them.

    The German philosopher Christian Duncker invokes the need for "a critical concept of ideology" (2006). In his work, he tries to introduce the concept of ideology in the forefront, as closely connected concerns of epistemology and history. The term ideology is defined in terms of systems of representation that explicitly or implicitly claims to absolute truth.

    In the totalitarian system, Hannah Arendt wrote that ideology is consubstantial to the totalitarian phenomenon and it has several characteristics inseparable. On the one hand, it forms a definitive interpretation of the world, it displays a claim and omniscient "Omni-explanatory" thereof, whether past or future events. On the other hand, it says his character unimpeachable unfalsifiable. She has never faulted and emancipated from reality. Another feature of ideology is its "logicism", its ability to develop internally consistent, to permanently integrate the contradiction in a logical process. The ideology of this view, Arendt wrote, is exactly what it claims to be the logic of an idea.

    • Ideology is a groupthink , speech, vision, and the logic is for the group supporting them and the entire society in order to bring as many people. In other words, ideology is a way for a group to increase its power through the accumulation of force policy , supports, within the company. Ideology is however a very biased view that can be far off (see Nazism ), but what defines it is that it seeks to become the majority, and the same it is necessary according to a statement (speech of a person and his group, his minority) and with a logic as the supporting structure (see Totalitarianism ). It is the dictatorship of the majority , but the majority in the ideology is a force exploited majority: there yet or there is influence of one group over another or the policy of the company, it is therefore not Strictly speaking, democracy , but another type of government.
    • Ideology has often root for a minority group, and more often a leader (a leader, one who speaks). There are also cases of ideology is no leader or organization wanting (see anarchism ) but the same as this 'vision logic' refuses speech imposed vertically, so it refuses the groupthink and is thus not strictly speaking an ideology.

    Ideology in Social Science

    Saint-Simon

    See detailed article Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon

    The Comte de Saint-Simon ( 1760 - in 1825 ), , was one of the first to recover the concept of ideology to make a complete philosophical system, based entirely on science, excluding any contribution of religions , as he was an atheist. He played a special role in the dissemination of ideology.

    Saint-Simon, heavily influenced by the Ideologues, including Dr. Jean Burdin, built between 1801 and 1825 a comprehensive system that Pierre Musso calls a philosophy of networks . For Saint-Simon, the relations of individuals in society are, by metaphor with physiology , which was booming at that time, comparable to organic networks of human beings (networks blood, nervous system, ..). It also introduces the concept of capacity of the network.

    The term "new Christianity" was in fact misleading for a system which, taking Isaac Newton as the supreme reference, claimed replace God by universal gravitation. On the spiritual, science will replace religion. At the time, economists replace policies.

    The system of government must include three bedrooms, (bedroom inventors, execution chamber ...) . Saint-Simon introduced the exclusive belief in industrial progress. His system was very full of religiosity , especially in recent years.

    In Search of a coherent system (1825)

    The concern of finding a coherent system that already found in the school ideologues, a moment missed by the wars of the Empire and the Restoration, resurfaces to 1825 , in the context of early the reign of Charles X.

    The end of the year 1825 and year 1826 were thus in France, a moment of reflection on a comprehensive philosophical system. We can consider this a pivotal time in the history of ideas. The scholars who participated in these discussions were mainly Auguste Comte , Barthlemy Prosper Childish , Fourier ... and probably Lamennais , who was engaged in the thinking of Catholics.

    This period initiated a number of different kinds of movements: Ideologies, utopias , which subsequently give rise to major theories of liberalism , and that various forms of socialism.

    Saint-Simon: continuation

    Main article: Saint-Simon.

    On the death of Saint-Simon ( 1825 ), a Polytechnique, Barthlemy Prosper Childish resumed his teaching. Very interested in the system of Saint-Simon, he published with St. Amand Bazard , the Exposition of the doctrine of Saint-Simon ( 1829 ). These ideas are well distributed by the movement known as Saint-Simonian , forms changed over time:

    Saint-Simonian ideas and have a strong influence in France in the industrial development phase of the Second Empire and the Third Republic ( Industrial Revolution ).

    They also are spreading across borders through colonization in Africa and the Middle East including Childish was the initiator . Thus we speak of a French colonial ideology .

    They find practical applications in the construction of railways (star Belgrand), roads, canals, and even today in the networks of telecommunications .

    Positivism of Auguste Comte

    Main article: Auguste Comte.

    Auguste Comte was secretary of St. Simon of 1817 to 1824. He left Saint-Simon to found his own philosophical movement.

    The ideology of Count is divided into two parts:

    • Scientific positivism

    Main article: Auguste Comte Positivism scientific #

    The root causes are forgotten. In the course of Positive Philosophy ( 1 830 - 1 842 ), Earl sets out the law of three states : humanity passes through three states: the theological (the gods govern the world), the state metaphysical (abstract entities determine the world), and the positive state (science reach the positive state).

    • positivism "religious"
    Main article: Church positivist.

    In this phase, Auguste Comte defines relationships in society based on three foundations: the altruism , order and progress. The sociology (he takes the term Sieyes ) crown-called positive sciences: mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, biology ( positive political system , 1851 - 1854 )).

    The world is ruled by the dead. Humanity is a Great Being, a kind of continuation of the cult of the Supreme Being , which is the "high priest".

    The positivism have a decisive influence from the mid-nineteenth century many personalities, and in many areas:

    Characteristics of raw ideologies

    The ideas of Saint-Simon and Auguste Comte have in common a certain religion and a faith in the absolute progress of human society through science, technology, and industry.

    Both exclude metaphysics , and replace the goal by the explanation of scientific phenomena.

    They ignore the classics of ancient Greek and Roman , who had been rediscovered since the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. They do not rely on pre-Socratic or on ancient philosophy.

    In particular, the philosophy which Greece had inherited the great Muslim scholars ( Avicenna , Averroes ...), transmitted to Europe through contacts with the Islamic civilization from the twelfth century , is not taken into account.

    Ideology analyzed by psychology

    This part is a translation of the passage on ideology in wikipedia (en).

    Some psychological research suggests that ideologies reflect the processes of needs and desires, contrary to the thought that political beliefs are derived always thinking independently and objectively. In 2008 , research has suggested that ideologies may function as elements of interpretation that spread to meet the needs of understanding the world, avoid existential anxiety and maintain relations of respect between people. The authors concluded that such needs could lead disproportionately to the adoption of systems of justification worldviews ((en) system justification ). (See the etymology of ideology)

    Psychologists have found that personality traits ((en) Personnality traits ), various individual characteristics, needs and ideological beliefs may be linked. For example, a meta-analysis by Jost, Glaser, Kruglanski, and Sulloway in 2003 faced 88 studies from 12 different countries, with more than 22,000 subjects and found that the fear of death (in the present terrorism in media, the marketing of fear) ((en) Terror management theory ), the intransigence / intolerance of ambiguity ((en) Ambiguity tolerance ), lack of openness to new experiences (lack of Openness to Experience) the avoidance of uncertainty ( the uncertainty aversion ), the need to reduce the cognitive (in) cognitive closure ), the need for personal identity structure and the fear of losing his position or his self-esteem , all contribute to the degree of political conservatism in the individual.

    According to researchers, these results show that the conservative political focus on the resistance to change and are driven by forces that seek to reduce fear and uncertainty. According to Robert Altemeyer ((en)) and other researchers, individuals with political conservatives tend to be placed high on the scale of right-wing authoritarianism.

    • ((En) Right-wing authoritarianism ) (RWA) scale measuring an individual's submission to established authority, aggression against opponents of established authority and its adherence to social norms. Despite the term "right-wing" (right), it was shown that individuals in the USSR communists could give high scores. .

    The psychologist Felicia Pratto and colleagues obtained data supporting the idea that a large social dominance orientation is strongly linked to conservative political agenda.

    It is therefore apparent that the conservative right and left, defined by policy and rigid ideology and closed, may lead to choose - often unwittingly - an ideology characterized by authoritarianism (up to and fascism totalitarianism), and thus promoting its representatives.

    In relation to the psychological and sociological

    Design policy ideology

    Marxist Analysis

    Historically, the term ideology has entered the discussion with the social Marxism that gave immediately a critical sense, ideology is the opposite of science. It appears first as a worldview, that is to say an intellectual construct that explains and justifies existing social order, from natural causes or religious. But this vision is actually a veil to hide for the pursuit of selfish material interests by strengthening and extending the rule of a privileged class: to enhance the powers that be, The ideologies of the ruling class are presented so that the interests of the ruling class seem to be the interests of all. The ideology is a superstructure of the company making the request and submits it. Criticism of Karl Marx 's ideology is primarily a critique of the misery that this ideology seek, misery lies in the social relations of both motor and result of this misery. The first poverty is the obligation to work involved in organizing the company by the capital in which a person lacks a part of that capital is obliged to sell his labor power, in more modern terms, to sell its vitality. According to Friedrich Engels "Ideology is a process that the so-called thinker consciously performs without doubt, but with a false consciousness. The real driving forces that put him in motion are not known, otherwise it would not be an ideological process. "

    Some authors (philosophers, sociologists) as Habermas , Hannah Arendt , Althusser , Thompson ... will develop a critical conception of ideology. Althusser uses the concept of "ideological apparatuses" status (school, military, universities, academic institutions ). Thompson on studies of ideology in our modern culture addressing the cultural and political ideology in relation to mass communication, characteristic of our contemporary world. Ideology refers to the "how" meaning "establishes and maintains relationships systematically asymmetrical power. "

    Analysis Situationist

    Ideology has also found its critics in the Situationist International , which makes the critique of ideology, the condition sine qua non of the relations of its members between them : the representation of the world responding to the self (" the dream world is the dream of the world " Raoul Vaneigem ) everyone is responsible for an entire project in which he finds himself, in this case, end the show , social organization in which "everything that was directly lived has moved away into a representation "( Society of the Spectacle , Guy Debord ), a show that is considered here as the final form of Capital.

    More clearly, the Situationist International, an organization must criticize revolutionary "radical ideology as a separate power of ideas and ideas of separate power."

    Types of political ideologies

    Main article: political idea.

    The nationalism of Charles Maurras

    Main article: French action.

    Charles Maurras , co-founder with Leon Daudet, the French action , movement nationalist , worked in France, a nationalist doctrine, which was very popular between 1890 and the beginning of the Second World War.

    According to Jacques Prvotat , the doctrine of Maurras leaned on several elements:

    • Some theses of positivism of Auguste Comte (subjective synthesis of the religious phase of positivism ): Maurras reduced the concept of "Great Being" of Count (initially humanity), the nation,
    • Forgetting the Old Testament (a kind of resurgence of Marcionism)
    • We discussed whether it was influenced by Nietzsche.

    These ideas have often influenced the political movements in France very right of the political chessboard.

    Relationship between nature of science and ideology

    It is interesting to ask the question of scientific research, the development of scientific knowledge in terms of ideology.

    In the nineteenth century is also appeared on scientism , the ideology that scientific knowledge should allow to escape the ignorance in all areas and therefore scientifically organize humanity.

    Main article: scientism.

    Declare that science, technology is neutral is an integral part of an ideology. And critics who see "science" as an ideology in itself, scientists respond that since the scientific method is itself an ideology, therefore a collection of ideas, this is only the logical continuation, the n 'There is no relevance to put a value judgments.

    Main article: scientific ideology.

    In the nature of science itself, in Kuhn , the concept of dominant paradigm explains the stagnation and the discontinuity of the evolution of scientific theories. / / develop

    Article: a href = "% C3% 89pist% C3% A9mologie" title = "Epistemology"> epistemology.

    Quotes

    Today, the concept of ideology often takes a negative meaning, as evidenced by the following formulas:

    • "No conscience can be released suddenly without the aid of something else. It is still a utopia that defines what is ideological, and this statement is always relative to the claims of conflicting groups. "Ricoeur
    • Napoleon: "That ideology, this shadowy metaphysical, in subtly seeking the root causes, wants to build on these foundations the laws of nations, instead of appropriate laws to the attention of the human heart and lessons from history, we must attribute all the misfortunes that are experiencing our beautiful France Napoleon to the State Council in 1812, cited by Brehier
    • "Utopias appear to be much more feasible than was once believed. And we are now faced with problems far more distressing: how to avoid their final completion? ... Utopias are realizable. Life marches towards utopias. And maybe a new century begins there, a century when intellectuals and the educated class will dream how to avoid utopias and return to a utopian society not less "perfect" and free. Nicolas Berdyaev in the preface to Brave New World
    • "The ideology is that which thinks for you" - Jean-Francois Revel.
    • "" The ideology is the idea of my opponent "would be one of the least bad definition of ideology" - Raymond Aron.
    • "The ideology distorts taking shape" - Edgar Morin.
    • "Ideology is a sense in the service of power" - Thompson.
    • "This is the strength of ideology, not their accuracy but their ability to mobilize" - Philippe Braud.
    • "Ideology is exactly what it claims to be the logic of an idea" - Hannah Arendt.

    But many authors consider ideology rather as inevitable:

    • "An ideology is a complex of ideas or representations which passes the subject's eyes for an interpretation of the world or his own situation, which represents the absolute truth, but as an illusion by which he is justified, hides, evades one way or another, but for its immediate advantage - Karl Jaspers.
    • "An ideology is a system (with its own logic and rigor) of representations (images, myths, ideas or concepts as appropriate) endowed with an existence and a historical role in a given society. Without entering into the problem of the relationship of science to its past (ideological), say that the ideology as a system of representation differs from science in that the practico-social function in it outweighs the theoretical function ( or function of knowledge) "- Louis Althusser.
    • "Ideology is the antithesis of knowledge or reality as an illusion, ignorance or false consciousness, but the form and means of collective organization. This is not a modality of view, but a constraint of how "- Regis Debray.
    • "Ideology is a thought cons. There is never "one" but rival ideologies, reflecting the values and to specific effects that collide with others and seek to spread to other heads. The ideologies are three things: help interpret reality, linking them adopt and against other groups "- Francois-Bernard Huyghe.

    References

    1. a and b Aristotle, Politics
    2. Guy Rocher , Introduction to General Sociology, Volume 1: Social Action, p.127
    3. Jean Baechler, "What is ideology?", Gallimard.
    4. Not to be confused with the Duc de Saint-Simon's memoirs of the famous author
    5. Peter Musso, Telecommunications networks and Philosophy
    6. For details, see Pierre Musso , Telecommunications networks and Philosophy
    7. This year was the death of Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon (19 May), the system found a posterity through his relatives and former students.
    8. For details, see the article on Prosper Barthlemy Childish
    9. See also article in the St. Simon circle links with colonization and the spread of French language
    10. Peter Musso , telecommunications networks and Philosophy
    11. a and b Jost, JT, Ledgerwood, A., & Hardin, CD (2008). Shared reality, system justification, & the Relational Basis of Ideological Beliefs. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2 0.171-186
    12. Jost, JJ, Glaser, J., Kruglanski, AA, & Sulloway, FJ (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129 (3), 339-375.
    13. Altemeyer, B. (1981). Right-wing authoritarianism. Winnipeg, Canada: University of Manitoba Press.
    14. The early success of the struggle of the International led to overcome the confusing influences of the dominant ideology that remained in it. Thesis 91 of the Society of the Spectacle
    15. Jacques Prvotat, Catholics and the French Action

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