History 
Distribution of Indo-European languages to -1500.
Distribution of Indo-European languages to -500.
Distribution of Indo-European languages to 500.
Current distribution in gray Indo-European languages.
In the seventeenth century linguist Marcus van Zuerius Boxhorn urge the existence of an ancient common language to Greek, Latin, Persian, Germanic, Slavic, Celtic and Baltic countries, which he called the name "Scythian". His work, however, remain childless.
In the eighteenth centuryWilliam Jones identifies the new Indo-European family. In his speech at the Third Asiatic Society of Calcutta in 1786 he wrote :
- "The Sanskrit language, whatever its antiquity, is a wonderful structure, more perfect than Greek, more ample than the Latin and more exquisitely refined but with neither of the two to each of them two affinity stronger, both in the roots of verbs in the forms of grammar, than it might have resulted from accident, so strong indeed that no philologist might do examine all three without believing that they arose some common source which, perhaps, no longer exists. "
In 1813, Thomas Young invented the term "Indo-European" to group these languages.
The systematic comparison conducted by Franz Bopp on these languages confirmed this hypothesis and its Comparative Grammar of Sanskrit, Persian (Zend Avesta), Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Slavonic, Gothic, and German published between 1833 and 1852 marked the early Indo-European studies. Karl Brugmann founded their comparative study.
In 1846 , the Old Persian , spoken to the fifth century BC. AD is decrypted. Then in 1917 it was the turn of the Hittite language. In the mid- twentieth century is the Mycenaean Greek is included.
A question mark (?) Indicates uncertainty about the reunion.
The major branches
o Indo-European I
o Indo-European II
o Indo-European III
o Agni-kuci (Tocharian)
o agnen
o Kuchean
o
o northwest common
o joint Italo-Celtic
o common Celtic
o italics common
o common Germanic
o East Germanic
o common Germanic northern
o common Germanic West
o common Balto-Balkan
o Balkan common
o Daco-mycien common
o Thracian
o common Baltic
o
o Old Prussian
o lette
o Lithuanian
o Slavic
o southern Slav
o Slovenian
o Serbian
o Croatian
o Bulgarian
o Western Slavic
o East Slavic
o great Russian
o White Russian
o Ruthenian (Ukrainian)
o northeastern common
o Greco-Phrygian common
o common arya
o joint Irano-Aryan
o Kafir dialect
o common Indo-Aryan
o common Anatolian
o Hittite
o luwite
o
o luwite hieroglyphics
o
o Lycian
o sidetable
o
o lykaonien
o South Phrygian
o Isaurian
o Cilician
o Palaic
o Lydian
File: The major branches of Indo-europennes.PNG
Branch balto-Balkan
- Western group:
- Southern Group:
- Eastern Group:
According to Jean-Louis Brunaux the Celtic languages can be distributed as follows :
- Brythonic (spoken in Great Britain)
- Gaulish (extinct language spoken in France, Belgium, Switzerland and the Po Valley, Italy, 300 BC. to 200 AD.)
- Goidelic or Gaelic (spoken in Scotland and Ireland)
- Lepontic (extinct language spoken in the Italian lake region 700 to 400 BC.)
- Celtiberian (extinct language spoken in Spain from 300 to 100 BC.)
- Hellenic Group
- Arcado-Cypriot group
- Mycenaean
- Arcadian, Cyprian, Pamphylian
- group Ionian-Attic :
- Wind band (Boeotian, lesbian, Thessalian)
- Western Group
- Phrygian (?)
(Or states) (the languages of India ):
- old-Indian ( Sanskrit Vedic Sanskrit Classical)
- Middle Indian ( Prakrit , Apabhrarhsa)
- Languages of the Southwest
- Languages of the Northwest
- Parthian
- Baluchi
- Kurdish : Kurmanji , Sorani , Gurani
- Zazaki
- Dialects tati
- Talysh
- Gilaki
- Mazandarani
- Semnan
- Dialects of the region of Semnan: sourkhei , lasgerdi , biyabuneki , aftari , sangesari
- Dialects of Central Iran: Yazdi , yarandi , farizandi , kohrudi , keshei , meimei , jawshakani , khunsari , vonishuni , zefrei
- sivandi
- parsha
- ormuri
- Eastern Languages
The Anatolian family , like the Indo-European, following the proto-Indo-European.
References
- (en) Definition on www.mediadico.com. Accessed on 29 of October 2010.
- (en) EXCURSUS: The Indo-European on www.ciep.fr. Accessed on 29 of October 2010.
- Quoted by Merritt Ruhlen in the origin of languages, Gallimard 2007
- Sergeant (Bernard), The Indo-Europeans: History, languages, myths, science libraries Payot. Paris, 1995.
- Ludwig Erich Schmitt (Hrsg.): Germanischer Dialektologie. Franz Steiner, Wiesbaden 1968, p. 143
- Brunaux (Jean-Louis), Les Gaulois, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2005.
See also
Bibliography
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- ICZeuss Grammatica e CELTICA Monuments old tom Hibernicae linguae quam Britannicarum dialectorum Cambriacae Cornicae Aremoricae comparative Gallicae priscae relics Construx ICZeuss , Phil.Dr.Hist.Prof., editio altera curavit. H. Ebel. Ph.Dr., Acad.Reg. Hib.Soc.Hon., Acad.Reg.Boruss.Adi.Comm.Epist. Berolina, Apud Weidmannos MDCCCLXXI ( 1871 ).
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- Elmar Seebold, "Versuch ber die Herkunft der indogermanischen Verbalendungssysteme", in Zeitschrift fr vgl. Sprachforschung 85-2:185-210.
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