ire (ga)
Ireland (fr)
Ireland (en)
( Flag of Ireland ) ( Arms of Ireland )
National motto : Ireland still Irish : Eirinn go Brach (Unofficial)
Official language	Irish , English
Capital	Dublin (in Irish Baile tha Cliath ) 53 20.65 'N 6 16.05' W / 53.34417, -6.2675
Largest city	Dublin (in Irish Baile tha Cliath )
Form of State	Republic
- President - Prime Minister	Mary McAleese Brian Cowen
Area - Total - Water (%)	Ranked 117 th 69 797 km 2 2%
Population - Total ( 2009 ) - Density	Ranked 120th 4,446,000 inhab. 60 inhabitants / km 2
Independence - Declared - Recognized	the United Kingdom 21 January 1919 6 December 1922
Demonym	Irish Irish
HDI ( 2005 )	0.959 (high) ( 5th )
Currency	Euro ( EUR )
Time Zone	UTC +0 ( was +1)
National anthem	Amhrn na bhFiann Singing Soldiers
Internet domain	. Ie
Indicative Telephone	+353
* Before 2002, the Irish pound .

Ireland, in long form Republic of Ireland, Irish and in British and is a country of Western Europe , member of the ' European Union since 1973. It is a republic that covers 26 of the 32 historic counties of the island. It shares the island of Ireland with Northern Ireland (six counties) remained a constituent part of the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland Celtic claimed their identity so that, in cultural terms, it usually represents the island of Ireland considered one of the six " Celtic nations ".

The official symbol of the country is the Celtic harp (which appears on the euro coins), but the three-leaf clover is often used as another symbol, including the Irish rugby team.

There are two official languages in Ireland. The constitution provides that the first national language is the Irish , and that the English language is attached. However, English is a strong majority, and Irish, though necessarily taught in school is no longer spoken fluently by very few people, mostly in different areas of the Gaeltacht .

Follower of tax competition and deregulation, the country has experienced strong growth since the early 80's but now lives as a serious crisis linked to the overheating of the economy than from some non-European multinationals seeking lighter taxation within the EU.

According to the constitution of 1937 , the official name of the state is ire in Irish and Ireland in English.

Since the legislation that established the Republic on 18 April 1949 , the country also has the commonly used name "Republic of Ireland (Republic of Ireland in English , Poblacht na hireann in Irish ) name not constitutionally recognized . For example, the President called President of Ireland and not President of the Republic of Ireland. In addition, the French names sources ( IGN , EU , ILO ) indicate that the long form (or official) of the country is Ireland, which is confirmed by the French versions of the European treaties to which Ireland belongs.

The English name Irish Republic ( Irish Republic ) is not used - the name of the republic proclaimed 21 January 1919. Between 1922 (output of United Kingdom ) and 1937, the state called the Irish Free State (Saorstt ireann in Ireland, Irish Free State in English).

Geography

Ireland is an island located northwest of the European continent in the North Atlantic. It covers an area of 70,273 km ² . It is situated at 53 degrees north and 8 west . The country includes twenty six counties (thirty-two All-Ireland) since the country's partition in 1921.

The capital of Ireland Dublin (Baile tha Cliath or Irish), but other cities have a certain reputation: Galway , Cork , Waterford , etc..

The morphology of the island comprises a central plain surrounded by mountains and hills, particularly in Donegal and Wicklow. The landscapes are made of bogs, lakes and rivers. At Southwest, the Cliffs of Moher overlooking the Atlantic Ocean. Nearby, the Aran Islands facing the Bay of Galway. To the east, north Dublin, the shoreline is fairly flat. But all around the island lie numerous sandy beaches.

Climate

The climate is temperate oceanic, or Cfb as the system of Kppen climate classification.
Summers are generally mild, the temperature rarely exceeding 25 C. Winters are cool and rainy. Minimum temperatures rarely do down below 0 degrees. The center and east of the island experiencing temperatures a bit cooler in winter than in western countries, which benefits greatly from the effect of the Gulf Stream (Gulf Stream in English). In Dublin, the coolest months are January and February averages of 3 for the minimum and maximum for 8 in summer, temperatures average between 12 to 19 and the minimum to maximum. Rainfall is fairly large (733mm annual rainfall average in Dublin). They rarely fall as snow (4 days of snow per year in Dublin).

Temperature variations in a single day are low: it is not uncommon for the temperature is constant all day, which contrasts with the sudden weather changes during the shoulder seasons (spring and autumn), during which the rapid evolution of time is amazing with episodes of "showers" very frequent.

As the proverb says, "in Ireland, it's nice ... several times a day! .

History

The first occupants of Ireland arrived on the island at about the 9 ^th millennium BC. AD. Then came the megalithic peoples and Neolithic, who developed agriculture and animal husbandry. In ^the sixth century BC. BC , the Celts will impose their civilization Tne. It is a society perfectly organized into clans, and speaking Gaelic in which the early poets compose songs and legends that make up the indigenous heritage.

Prehistory

Dolmen Poulnabrone

The oldest traces of settlement on the island date back to the ^9th millennium BC. AD , they were found in County Waterford. Migration of populations Mesolithic is attested to LXVI ^centuryBC. AD , it appears to come from people of northern Europe , awarded by the Scotia. They settled in the region of today's Ulster. Their lifestyle is an economy of predation ( hunting and fishing ) that will gradually evolve into the agriculture and livestock. They know the use of polished stone tools, cultivate the land and livestock. It is a civilization megalithic who erected dolmens oriented funeral. New arrivals between ^twentieth and ^seventeenth century BC. AD bring the Bronze Age. It is this time that the mining of copper in the regions of Cork and Kerry and gold in Wicklow.

Celts

It -500 to the Celts made their appearance in Ireland, their civilization on the island will last nearly a thousand years. Their arrival was made by two different routes, by the current Great Britain and by Spain. The Celtic mythology moreover, preserved the memory of the Spanish origin since, according to the Lebor Gabla renn (Book of Conquests of Ireland), the Milesians (that is to say the Gaels ) are called the son of Ml Espain. Before the introduction of the civilization of La Tene (second Iron Age ), the story of Erin is largely mythical.

The structure of Celtic society follows the pattern of the tripartite social structure of Indo-European summit in which there is a priestly class made up of druids , the bards and vates. Druids are in charge of religion, sacrifice, justice, education, poetry, divination, the bards are specialized in oral poetry and song and have to praise, satire or censure; the vates are became devoted specifically to divination and medicine. In Ireland, Philidas (bards) will become the most influential members of the priestly class, which is a prerogative to advise the king. In the Celtic civilization, the role of the king is not only to wage war, but especially to redistribute wealth and say justice, inspired by the Druids. Long as these kings were leaders in power and succession issues uncertain. The second class of society is that of the warriors and the third is that of producers, artisans, farmers and ranchers. These clans will gradually merge to form four kingdoms (or province): the Ulster , the Leinster , the Munster and Connacht (Connaught). In the early ^fifth century , a renn Ard ri (supreme king of Ireland) extending its authority throughout the island, he sits Tara capital of Meath. The other kings owe the "Boroma" tribute payable in cattle - his non-payment results in wars whose mythology is echoed, as well as the raids.

The Romans, who hold the UK (Britain today) never occupy Ireland (they call Hibernia), populated by people too easily assimilable and far from the center of the Empire.

Related articles

• Celtic
• Irish mythology
• Druid , Bard and Vate
• Lebor Gabla renn

The Christianization

Celtic Cross Knock

The Christianization of Ireland marked the end of the Celtic religion, at least in terms of its mythology , because the structure of society was maintained, with a predominantly priestly class. The exact circumstances of the introduction of Christianity in the island are poorly understood, especially since the texts for its founder, Saint Patrick is largely hagiographic.

Padraig was born in 390 in an uncertain place of the island of Britain. He was the son of an official Roman-Britto. In 405 , he was the victim of a raid Gaels and was taken into slavery in Ireland during the reign of the Ard ri renn , Niall Noigiallach. During six years of captivity, spent monitoring herds, his faith in God would have strengthened and once escaped, he pursued his theological studies in Gaul. The dates of his return to Ireland is uncertain (between 432 and 490 according to different theories) but the conversion of the island, probably begun before him, would have been a decisive moment in the reign of King Loegaire , son of Niall. Patrick is often depicted conversing with druids trying to convince them that only God is more powerful than druidic magic. Legend as he drove all the snakes from the island and he used to explain the principle of the Trinity by showing leaf clover. The concept of triads was indeed very prevalent in Celtic mythology. Patrick died around 461.

In this context, the conversion of the country has made only by that of Philidas , who became the bearers of the new religion peacefully. The ritual is steeped in Celtic uses monastic. Celtic monks are many countries came in several Western European countries to evangelize and establish monasteries. The monasteries of Clonard, Clonmacnoise , Glendalough are important centers of culture and spirituality. The church of Armagh was founded by St. Patrick to 445. In ^the sixth century , the foundation of the monastery of Bangor ( 558 ) by Comgall and that of the island of Iona by Columba , which allowed the evangelization of Scotland. Not until ^the seventh century the Synod of Whitby ( 664 ) urges the abandonment of Celtic rites for the benefit of the Roman rite but some Celtic practices continue until the XIIth century.

Related articles

• Patrick Ireland
• Irish Christianity
• Iona
• Book of Kells
• Book of Armagh

Vikings

A Viking ship

In ^the eighth century , population growth and succession wars entail, it seems, of the Scandinavian people, Norwegians and Danes , out of their territories. The Varangians go east to Russia and founded the embryos of States, the Vikings (Norse fara vkingu of: an expedition and Vikingar which means those who leave) swept into the British Isles in the west and the continent South.

The Irish saw a golden age by the intellectual dynamism of its religious institutions, but politically the island is divided between one hundred and one hundred fifty tuatha (clans), the head of each of which is a ri ( king). These leaders are themselves subject to the king of one of five provinces ( Ulster , Connacht , Munster , Leinster and Meath ). The Ard Ri (high king) is an honorific title, the holder does not have real authority.

In this context of instability that the Vikings arrived in the island. The first shipments are certified to 795 , they burn the church of the island of Lambay and the monasteries and Inisbifin Inismurray, the latter will suffer a new assault in 807. From 812 raids concentrated on the west coast, then on the shores of the Irish Sea. In the early 820s around the island is done. For forty years, the Vikings will increase raids and forays, preferring the monasteries, not for religious reasons, but because the richest treasures. During the 830s , they ascend rivers and penetrate further inland they ravage. In 836 , they use the river Shannon and plunder the Connaught. The following year, two fleets of sixty drakkars each, recognize the Liffey and the Boyne , the territories are systematically destroyed, the inhabitants massacred. There are many examples of their misdeeds. Winter 840 - 841 is a milestone because for the first time the Vikings spent the season on the island and settled in fortified places which also become places of business: Dublin , Annagassan , and thereafter, Wexford , Cork , Limerick , to name only a few institutions. These are all entrenched bases that allow for shipments to the interior, culminating seems to be the year 845 , to the point that we are talking about invasion. The downside is that the kings Celtic can sometimes contain them and besiege them.

Under the English crown

After the victory of Brian Boru at the Battle of Clontarf , in 1014, Ireland experienced a brief period of independence. But at the end of the ^twelfth century , England began its conquest. After being limited to the west of the island in 1494, the English crown says its domination over the whole island (Law Poynings). In 1541, Henry VIII took the title of King of Ireland. Colonization by land confiscations develops. (See Plantations of Ireland ).

A revolt broke out in 1641 , broken by Oliver Cromwell in 1649 (massacres of Drogheda and Wexford). The Irish took advantage of the first English revolution to try to regain their independence. Cromwell landed in Dublin (summer 1649 ) with his soldiers, "Cotes de Fer" and organizing a massacre. According to sources, between one third and half of the island's population is massacred. After his defeat, Ireland is subject to the authority and the laws of England and the lands north of the country were confiscated and allocated to settlers came from Scotland and England.

Jacques II , King Catholic driven from the throne of Protestant England, is trying to regain a foothold in Ireland and is defeated at the Battle of the Boyne (1690), the fate of Ireland is getting worse. In 1695, William III promulgated the "penal laws" anti-Catholic.

A new uprising took place in 1798 , fueled both by the emancipation of the United States by the example of French Revolution (he is commemorated by the song The Wind That Shakes the Barley ). The repression was terrible and August ^1, 1800, in response, Britain declared an " act of union "uniting totally Ireland in the United Kingdom.

Related articles

• Expedition to Ireland (1796)
• Expedition to Ireland (1798)
• The Irish patriots

Emigration and revolt

The ^nineteenth century was marked by massive emigration of the Irish (several million) towards America, increased emigration from the consequences of the terrible famine in Ireland between 1846 and 1848. The famine is also the subject of controversy, whereas the Irish nationalist is deliberate that the British crown left the Irish to starve.

But in the late ^nineteenth century , the independence movement is picking up strength, the Irish parliament elected British would echo. A series of land reforms is beginning to return land to the Irish. In 1905, Sinn Fin independence is founded. For his part, James Connolly founded the first newspaper Socialist Irish Workers' Republic. Irish unions are growing.

In 1914, the " Home Rule / A> is voted, giving a relative autonomy to the island. However the power of suspending the House of Lords and the outbreak of World War prevent him from being implemented.

During the war, in 1916, under the leadership of the Irish Republican Brotherhood from Sinn Fein and the Irish Citizen Army of James Connolly , broke the 1916 Easter Uprising in Dublin , which proclaimed the Republic in the name of God and Missing generations. She was crushed after a week. But Sinn Fein to withdraw the greater popularity: he triumphantly won the elections of December 1918, is an Irish parliament (the Dil ireann ) and proclaims independence. British power dissolved the parliament. A new uprising broke out, which will last three years.

Independence

On 6 December 1921 , negotiations between the British government and Irish nationalist leaders lead the Treaty of London , who is from Ireland, lost two thirds of Ulster , a dominion within the British Empire, the Irish Free State , which is endowed with a constitution in October 1922. In fact, the partition of the island has made on economic criteria. The East of Ulster was the most developed area at the time. This is why six of the nine counties of Ulster remained British, 2 with a small majority Catholic. This treaty was ratified shortly by the Dil ireann in December 1921 but was rejected by a large majority of the population. This led to the Irish Civil War which lasted until 1923, pitting supporters of a continued struggle for full independence for the island and supporters of the Compromise of 1921.

During its early years, this new state was governed by the victors of the civil war. However, in 1932, Fianna Fil , the party of treaty opponents, led by Eamon de Valera , won the elections (he remained in power until 1948). In 1933, De Valera became president of the council, said abolishing the oath to the sovereign of the United Kingdom.

In 1937, it passed a new constitution which renamed the State ire Ireland or English. A treaty concluded in 1938 with the United Kingdom, gave him its naval bases in Ireland and enshrined independence. Ireland remained neutral during the Second World War , banning even officially in the United Kingdom military use of its ports and airports.

In February 1948, the party Fine Gael , which won the elections. The government is a coalition formed with the Labour Party. In 1948 , the Oireachtas proclaims the Republic of Ireland Act which takes effect on 18 April 1949 and said that Ireland is officially a republic and the country is no longer part of the Commonwealth.

Ironically he did not name the new state as being the "Republic of Ireland", but considers that this is the description.

Politics

Since 1949 , Ireland is a republic parliamentary.

Map of Ireland

The President of Ireland (Irish Uachtarn, Speaker in English) is elected for seven years by direct universal suffrage. The Dil ireann is the Irish name of the lower house of Parliament (the Oireachtas ) of Ireland. It is directly elected every five years under a system of representation proportional (according to the method transferable vote ). He has the power to pass laws, appoint and replace the Taoiseach (Prime Minister). The upper house is called Seanad ireann.

Subdivisions

Ireland is divided between thirty-two counties and four provinces. The provinces are about the ancient provinces of Ireland, the six counties of Northern Ireland , in Ulster are not included. The provinces are not used by the administration, they are used only for sport, rugby or Gaelic games.

Counties are used for local administration. They were created by the British after the conquest of Ireland. There are 26 counties in the republic more traditional counties of North Tipperary and South Tipperary and counties from the partition of County Dublin ( Dublin South , Fingal and Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown ). Some cities also have power to decide the same level as the county through a City Council ( Dublin , Cork , Galway , Limerick and Waterford ).

Demographics

Demographic changes between 1961 and 2003 (figure in FAO , 2005). Population in thousands.

In Ireland there were approximately 4.34 million in April 2007 and the annual population growth was 2.5%, which is particularly high for Europe , and passes 5.1 million in 1850 due to a severe famine accompanied by massive emigration. The emigration continued during the ^nineteenth century and well into the ^twentieth century, and was more than offset the natural increase. The overall population has continued to decline until the year 1960: 3.2 million in 1901 and 2.8 million in 1961. From that time the population grew again . In the 1990s, and more the 2000s, the immigrant population has risen sharply. In 2006, 14% of residents were born outside the Republic of Ireland. Most come from Europe, the United Kingdom for more than half of Eastern Europe for a large and rapidly growing .

Dublin : 505 739, Cork : 119 143, Galway : 72 111, Limerick : 52 560, Waterford : 45,748

Economy

From 1995 to 2007, the Irish economy grew by an average of 6% per year , earning him the nickname " Celtic Tiger ".

As fifteen other European countries , Ireland has abandoned its national currency, the Irish pound to adopt the euro on January ^1,1999 (notes and coins have been introduced on ¹ January 2002 ).

The unemployment rate is 4.3% (2005). In the second quarter of 2006, 2,017,000 people worked in the Republic of Ireland or 87 800 more than last year. The largest increase occurred in the construction industry and selling . However, despite this economic development, the Central Bureau of Statistics estimated that 19% of the population is at risk of poverty. This is partly due to the high inflation of recent years, particularly in the area of housing .

In 2009, GDP per capita in Ireland is the second highest in the EU after the Luxembourg . She was in twelfth place on the same criteria in 1992 ) and Asia (many Chinese live in Dublin).

The state debt reduction through tax revenues. There are no more deficits. The unemployment rate is very low (4%), the economy lacks manpower.

However, the dependence of Ireland vis--vis the outside world is strong, despite the introduction in this country from the centers of international firms. Infrastructure of road and rail transport, though improving, have not kept up very high traffic. Real estate is overheated, with a disproportionate increase in prices due to high demand due to immigration.

Imbalances are evident: the Irish debt through the "mortgage" (mortgage) is excessive. Optimistic by nature, their savings rate is very low.

From early 2008, even before the financial crisis, the trend seems to be back.

Financial Crisis 2008 - 2010

The global crisis of 2008-2009 swept buffeted the economy Celtic.

The recession was particularly severe with a contraction in GDP of 2% in 2008, 7.5% to 9% in 2009 (estimates), 1-3% in 2010 (forecast) reaching almost 15% in 3 years. These numbers are staggering in their magnitude. Thus the unemployment rate should reach 15% of the workforce in 2010.

The budget deficit, because of the collapse in tax revenues and higher social spending is exploding. The bailout of the Irish banks cost a fortune to the government. The deficit announced for 2010 will be around 32% of GDP, which is quite unconventional. Public debt is nearly 100% of GDP.

Consumer prices fell sharply in 2009. The property prices are collapsing. The signs to let (rent) and for sale (for sale) bloom in the streets of cities. Number of households experiencing defaults on their mortgages.

The banking and financial activities which had grown without equal in Dublin on the banks of the Liffey in the 2000s were particularly affected by the financial crisis of October 2008, bringing great difficulties in the country's main banks and forcing the government to intervene or nationalizing recapitalizing financial institutions and prevent a general failure of the system. The cost of the bailout is huge (nearly 20% of GDP in 2010), explaining the astronomical level of public deficit to 32% of GDP (for comparison, France has a deficit of 7.8% of GDP in 2010).

The relocation of part of the activities of the Dell computer from Limerick to Poland, leading to the loss of nearly 2000 jobs (which the Irish scale is huge!), Is seen as a social and economic catastrophe by Ireland for the whole region that had experienced an economic renaissance in the 2000s.

The Irish, yet with an optimistic pegged to the body doubts about their personal future. The testimonies of the people on radio and television about the current difficulties are daily since 2008.

The magnitude of this crisis is unprecedented. The economic recovery will be long and laborious.

IMF bailout of November 2010

Accumulating financial difficulties for several months, the government of Brian Cowen, has resigned under pressure from European leaders to accept financial assistance from the IMF-led European Union. This "bailout" in the form of a loan of 85 billion euros at the rate of 6.7%, is widely criticized by the public due to its prohibitive cost and the austerity plan associated with it. There will be a decrease in the minimum wage by 12% and large tax increases on households (3000 Euro increase per household per year on average).

All these difficulties are a huge challenge for the people and the Irish Government.

Transportation

Railways

• Total in 1998: 1 947 km
• broad gauge (5'3 particular gap ": 1.600 m).
• 38 km electrified DC 1.5 kV (DART in Dublin)
• 485 km double track

Intercity services provided by the national company Iarnrd ireann (EI) linking Dublin to Cork, Waterford, Kilkenny, Galway, Tralee, Sligo, Limerick and Belfast. In Northern Ireland, is the company Northern Ireland Railways (en) (NIR), which operates the network, providing the link between Belfast and Derry (Londonderry) and commuter services. The border service "Enterprise" is provided jointly by the two companies, IE and NIR.

Since 1984, an electric train, called the Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) runs between Bray and Howth. There is also operated by IE.

A tram network, the Luas is being built in Dublin, a subway system is also programmed. Luas is the Irish word meaning "fast" and not an acronym. The implementation of the LUAS network to standard gauge of 1.435 m, under the aegis of the Railway Procurement Agency (en) (RPA), has caused much upheaval in Dublin and in response many believe that metro would have been a better solution, a possibility discussed further would be to convert the LUAS underground when it is built. The trams will be " Citadis "built by Alstom (identical model to that of Montpellier ). The concession for operating the network was awarded to Connex (group Veolia ).

Routes

Mileage (total 1999): 92.500 km

including:

• Roads paved: 87,043 km (including 667 km of motorways - 350km under construction)
• Unpaved: 5 457 km

Driving is on the left as in Britain.

The roads are improving, and many sites along the roads of Ireland. However, there is still some way to go to reach the comfort of continental infrastructure. The typical characteristics of Irish roads part of the charm of the country. It is not uncommon to see a cow or a sheep wandering on the roads of the Burren or Connemarra.

Speed limits and distance signs in recent years are expressed in kilometers. However, this is not to take literally the same information: it happens very often to find speed limits to 100 km / h which are actually quite fantastic because tractors, turns, bumps or potholes ... or even the narrow road.

Highways and other 2x2 (dual carriage way) develop.

In recent years, awareness of the people helped by government campaigns and the media seems to have borne fruit to make the roads relatively safe, especially for driving on Saturday night ...

Waterways

Total in 1998: 700 km

Ports

Major commercial ports: Arklow , Cork , Drogheda , Dublin , Foynes , Galway , Limerick , New Ross , Rosslare Europort and Waterford.

Shipping (total 1999): 31 ships (1,000 tons or more gross tonnage) totaling 100,639 tons (115,793 tons deadweight).

Ships by type:

• bulk carrier 1;
• Cargo 27;
• container 2;
• short-sea passenger 1.

Airports

service, the Dublin Airport Authority (en) (DDA), formerly Aer Rianta.

Many regional airports provide some international flights. For example: Knock / Mayo, Galway , Sligo, Farranfore / Kerry and Waterford.

The Irish national airline, Aer Lingus operates flights from Dublin, Cork and Shannon to Great Britain, Europe and North America. Other airlines based in Ireland: Ryanair and Aer Arann.

Sport

Tourism

Ladys View in County Kerry

All counties have developed their infrastructure to attract tourists worldwide. The country offers many activities such as fishing, horseback riding, golfing, hiking ... to discover the riches of the country.

• Connemara : its lakes and hills;
• Aran Islands ;
• Dingle Peninsula : its ports and hills;
• Kerry : The Killarney National Park , the Muckross House ... ;
• Dublin ;
• Midlands and Shannon ;
• County Clare : The Cliffs of Moher ;
• County Waterford : the crystal;
• County Louth and County Meath : The Valley historic Hill of Tara, Monasterboice ... ;
• County Cork ;
• County Galway.

Education

• List of Irish Universities

Culture

• Irish writers : Oscar Wilde , James Joyce , George Bernard Shaw , Samuel Beckett , WBYeats , Eoin Colfer ;

• Groups of music or artist: John McCormack , Rory Gallagher , U2 , Thin Lizzy , The Cranberries , The Pogues , Van Morrison , The Corrs , Sinead O'Connor , Enya , Westlife , The Script , Flogging Molly , The Dubliners , The Bothy Band , Planxty , Clannad , De Danan.

• Movies :
  • The quiet man of John Ford came out in 1951 ;
  • Ryan's Daughter by David Lean released in 1970 ;
  • Barry Lyndon by Stanley Kubrick released in 1975 ;
  • My Left Foot of Jim Sheridan released in 1989 ;
  • The Commitments by Alan Parker released in 1991 ;
  • The horse came from the sea of Jim Sheridan released in 1994 ;
  • On behalf of the father of Jim Sheridan released in 1994 ;
  • Michael Collins by Neil Jordan released in 1996 ;
  • Angela's Ashes by Alan Parker released in 1999
  • Bloody Sunday by Paul Greengrass was released in 2002 ;
  • The wind rises from Ken Loach released in 2006 ;
  • PS I Love You by Richard LaGravenese released in 2007.

• Actors and actresses: Daniel Day-Lewis , Pierce Brosnan , Peter O'Toole , Jonathan Rhys Meyers , Colin Farrell , Evanna Lynch , Fiona Shaw , Pauline McLynn , Devon Murray , Saoirse Ronan , Brendan Gleeson , Liam Neeson , Maureen O'Hara , Richard Harris , Maureen O'Sullivan , Cillian Murphy.

• Museum of Guinness in Dublin

• The Distillery Midleton and Cooley

• The crystal of Waterford

References

Additions

External Links

• (Fr) Irish administration portal
• (En) Official website for the island of Ireland

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