Isle Of Man
| |||||
 | |||||
| Administration | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Political Status | Crown dependency | ||||
| Capital | Douglas 54 09'N 04 29'W / 54.15, 4483 | ||||
| Government - Lord of Man | Internal autonomy Parliamentary Elizabeth II | ||||
| Geography | |||||
| Area | 572 km 2 | ||||
| Demography | |||||
| Population (2010) | 76 913 hab. | ||||
| Density | 140 inhabitants / km 2 | ||||
| Language (s) | English , Manx | ||||
| Economy | |||||
| GDP ( 2003 ) GDP per capita. | 2113 million U.S. 28 155 U.S. | ||||
| Currency | Manx pound | ||||
| Other | |||||
| Time Zone | UTC 0 | ||||
| Internet domain | . Im | ||||
| Calling code | +44 | ||||
| Hymn | Arran Ashoonagh dy Vannin | ||||
| Currency | "O Land of Our Birth" "Arran Ashoonagh dy Vannin" (Manx) | ||||
| 1(en) Isle of Man Government - Census 2006 | |||||
The Isle of Man, in English , in Manx , or Mann, in Manx, is a British territory consists of an island 's principal and several islets in the Irish Sea , in the center of the British Isles. The Isle of Man as a dependency of the British Crown , that is to say that the island belongs neither to the United Kingdom or the European Union but is directly owned by the British monarch , currently Queen Elizabeth II. This status does not, however, recognized an independent state but it has wide autonomy and economic policy.
The Isle of Man is a land Celtic since the early history , then became a kingdom Viking in the Middle Ages , under the influence Anglo-Saxon. The Scandinavian rulers founded a political system based on the principle of "free citizens" and organized around the Tynwald , which is the oldest parliament in continuous operation in the world.
The Isle of Man is now one of six Celtic nations (with Ireland , and Cornwall , the UK , the Scotland and Wales ) recognized by the Celtic Congress and Celtic League.
The inhabitants of the Isle of Man are Manx and Manx.
Summary |
The Isle of Man is situated in the Irish Sea , equidistant from the coasts of Ireland , to England and Scotland.
The Isle of Man is relatively large (572 km 2, 53 km long and 21 wide) but low with 621 m maximum Snaefell. It is surrounded by a few small islands such as the Calf of Man and St. Patrick. Its vegetation is mainly composed of moors and meadows.
Like Scotland, it is based on an old Hercynian basement consists of schists. Enhanced by tectonic movement and planed by the ice of the Quaternary, the island culminates in Mount Snaefell to 621 meters. Moraines have created a triangular plain north which contrasts with the mountains of the interior.
Etymology
The Isle of Man is raised by several authors of Antiquity under various names: Manu ( Nennius , 853 ), or Manann Manand (Irish Annals, 1084 - 1496 ), My Maon or (in the sagas of Iceland , about 1240 ) . The form Welsh is Manaw. A cross from the twelfth century lives in Kirk Michael carries an inscription in runes which one reads my words (pronounced Maon) . In Manx language , the words "Isle of Man" translates Ellan Vannin; Ellan means an "island" is the form Vannin lenited Mannin ("Man" in French , "Man" or "Mann" in English ). According to Herv Abalain the word Mannin may designate simply an island. It proposes to consider the example of Mainland man whose form-meaning "island" .
Man seems the modern name derived from the Latin , the Scottish Gaelic Mana or Old English Moniga . This name was formerly given as the Isle of Man as a district of Scotland , whose roots are still in place names Slamannan and Clackmannan . According to John Rhys, the name might come from an Indo-European root Manavio, genitive singular Manavionos .
History
Prehistory
Recent research tend to show that before 8500 BC. , Man was related to Cumbria with a strip of land which has gradually been invaded by the sea . There is no evidence yet that at that time was inhabited Man.
The arrival of human groups on the Isle of Man earlier seems to at least a thousand years in the main remains of Neolithic found on several sites.
This is the Neolithic has left more traces on the Isle of Man . The site of Minorca, near the small town of Laxey , houses a cairn , known as the "King Orry's Grave" and wrongly attributed to the hero Manx Godred Crovan (died 1095 ). This falls to 12 meters long and it is much earlier date -4000 approximately . It dates from the same period the site of Mull Hill , south of the island, stone circle 18 meters in diameter . The site Cashtal yn Ard , in the parish of Maughold , it is more recent ( -2000 ) .
This period also marks the beginning of defensive military structures, as on the hill South Barrule. Two walls fortified circular suggests that the community felt the need to unite to face adversity .
Celtic Period
The installation of the Celtic peoples goes back to 500 BC. AD. Language Manx , belonging to the Gaelic branch of Celtic languages , did differentiate the strap until the fifteenth century.
It is commonly accepted that Christianity was imported into the Isle of Man by the monk Ireland Patrick Ireland and, subsequently, monks from the Celtic countries, and Ireland in particular, effecturent mission trips to From the year 500.
These missionaries contributed to the building of chapels where they prayed. But the lack of space required to perform baptisms and preaching outside.
Have been recorded on the island 35 Celtic crosses (called keeills) probably dating back to that time, but there were at least 174 ancient documents that mention. These crosses were usually erected on tombstones. Many churches and chapels were built on the site of keeills.
Norse Period
We can separate two periods during the Scandinavian domination of the island of Man before the conquest of the island by Godfred Crovan IV , in 1079 , and after the conquest. The first period was marked by war, while the second is more peaceful.
Between 800 and 815, the Vikings came to Man mainly for looting. Between 850 and 990, they settled on the island and the latter came under the control of the Scandinavian kings of Dublin. Finally, between 990 and 1079, the island is subject to powerful jarls of Orkney.
Throughout the period Scandinavian, the island was nominally under the suzerainty of the kings of Norway, but they have had few opportunities to assert their rights, with the exception of Harald I of Norway in 885 of Magnus III of Norway , at the end of the eleventh century , and Hkon IV of Norway , from 1217.
Little is known about Godfred IV , which Man has conquered in 1079. It would have established his dominance over Dublin and the greater part of Leinster. He remained in the traditions of the Isle of Man under the name of King Gorse, or Orry. The islands under its control are called eyjar-Sudr, the southern islands (Isle of Man and all the small islands west of Scotland ), as opposed to Nordre-Eyjar, the northern islands ( Orkney and Shetland ).
Godfred IV's son, Olaf I of Man , wields considerable power and its alliance with the kings of Ireland and Scotland is so well established that the island is at peace during his entire reign (1137 - 1152). During the 1130s, the Church sends Wimund on the Isle of Man so that he founded the first bishopric. Shortly after, he abandoned his episcopate and began piracy across Scotland and nearby islands.
The son of Olaf I, V Godfred of Man , Dublin reign momentarily, before losing some of the islands, except those located on the coast of Argyll.
In the early thirteenth century,Ragnald IV Man paid homage to the King of England John Lackland. This is the first time that England interfering in the affairs of the island. But it will take long period of Scottish dominance before the island becomes really English.
British Period
The decades following were the scene of rivalries between Scotland and England for dominance of the Isle of Man. But the Scottish dynasty weakened from the late thirteenth century , is unopposed as the English king Edward I claimed the island and took possession in 1290.
In 1333 , the new king, Edward III , returning the island to William Montagu , first Earl of Salisbury. Several sovereigns in the pay of England will dominate the Isle of Man, but it will be 1405 to see a dynasty settle long term: the earls of Derby. Their representative iconic James Stanley , will give the island of defensive infrastructure and quality policies. The dynasty continues through Derby James Stanley , 10th Earl of Derby, who died on 1 February 1736 without a male heir. If the title of Earl of Derby goes to his cousin Edward Stanley , the Lord of Man and Baron Strange return instead to the house of Atholl , represented by James Murray.
James Murray died in 1764 in Dunkeld ( Scotland ), without surviving male descendant. For this reason, his nephew, John Murray who inherited the title Duke of Atholl and the lordship of the Isle of Man. England intervenes in the management of the island while John Murray is the head of a network of smuggling of goods. For this reason, the Crown convinces him to sell the Isle of Man to 70,000 pounds ( 1765 ). While the fourth Duke of Atholl is campaigning for increased funding to the Crown family presence on the island of Atholl , it is suddenly appointed governor, which will soothe the final ( 1793 to 1828 ).
Contemporary period
In 1866 , the Isle of Man gets a local self-government, autonomy is the first formal, but has gradually been extended. During the First and Second World War , the British government house on the island of Man civilian nationals of enemy powers.
In the early twentieth century , there has been a revival of traditional music and dances, and, to a lesser extent, the Manx language - which did not prevent the last speaker, Ned Maddrell , s' off in the 1970s.
In the years 1960-1970, the tourism from the British Isles began to decline, partly due to the growth of civil aviation and the new attraction exercised by Spain. The Manx government reacts to this situation by making the island a tax haven, which stimulated the economy, despite some cases of corruption.
Since the 1990's and early twenty-first century , Manx culture is the subject of greater recognition, which suggests the opening of the first primary school where classes are taught in Manx; economic growth resumed.
Subdivisions
Historically, the Isle of Man was divided into two zones (north and south) later changed sides (northwest and southeast) subdivided into 17 parishes called "island" (Insular Parish, still used in traditional ways, primarily needs for geographical or cultural), and include 15 former church parishes and the two current districts). The boundaries of parishes and even some sheadings have varied over time (and the 2 current districts were parishes before).
Sheadings
The current principal administrative subdivision consists of 6 sheadings presented in the traditional order Manx in the direction of clockwise:
- the northwest side (mostly rural):
- the southeast side (the most populous today):
Two of sheadings current and Middle Garff, are different from their historical definition since 1796, when the parish of Onchan (then became the village) was moved from first to the second.
Parishes administrative
The sheadings are themselves divided administratively into 24 entities generally designated by the term "administrative parishes" (to distinguish them from traditional 17 parishes) or often simply as "parishes" (parish, parishes in the plural), and in fact these parishes administrative are 4 different types (according to their population density, and not their size or population):
- 4 cities (including the capital Douglas ), sometimes also called "urban parishes in some official documents;
- 5 villages (including 2 districts, preferred name in current documents for the less populated villages, consisting of rural towns);
- and 15 other parishes rural (including the current definition is sometimes different, smaller than that of the former island parishes, which were excluded from the new towns).
Constituencies
For electoral purposes, the archipelago is divided into 23 electoral districts (which may include parts of several sheadings) comprising the above entities, but without crossing the old traditional division between the sides northwest and southeast:
- 4 electoral divide the capital city (the historic center is in the constituency of West Douglas)
- 19 other districts include the 23 other administrative subdivisions.
Fauna
A famous breed of cat from the Isle of Man, Manx , has the characteristic of having a tail short or absent.
Another race typical of the island, the sheep Loaghtan.
Flora
Government
Structure
The bailiwick of Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man are considered by the Council of Europe (for the Treaties Bureau and Legal Services) as territories including the United Kingdom international relations. These territories do not have international legal personality to enable them to be a party to treaties of the Council of Europe. However, when the United Kingdom is party to a treaty of the Council of Europe may, in agreement with the territories concerned, declare that the Treaty applies (or not) on these territories. Citizens of Man are British citizens but do not have European citizenship.
The absence of legal personality does not mean they are treated in the United Kingdom, whose government has been formed by the union of the ancient kingdoms of England and the Duchy of Wales ( Deed of Union 1536 ) and Scotland ( Act of Union of 1707 ) and finally to Ireland ( Union Act of 1800 ). But historically, the Duchy of Normandy has never formally ceased to exist as a state (now independent kingdom of France) even though it no longer existed then as his last-lying islands. It is the same here with the ancient Kingdom of Man, became the Duchy of Man when he became a vassal of the Crown, but was not a party to the treaty forming the Union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland and the Duchy of Wales in a single State, or later during the conquest and annexation of Ireland (or its partial independence).
Although, previously grouped under the term "British Isles" (British Isles, not to be confused with British Islands), the bailiwicks gained greater autonomy with the creation of states like here in Man, Independent States of Jersey those of Guernsey.
The question now arises as to the recognition of the bailiwick of the Crown as a state even without legal personality at international level (which seems to be the case since the creation of "States of Jersey" "States of Guernsey" and "those of Man" - note the plural), and the ongoing modernization of the old medieval legislation based on titles of honor and birthright of the old Manx large families, some don ' most have no resident on the island for several generations and no longer participate in the territorial administration of the island).
Local Government
Politics
The archipelago enjoys a special status: it is not part of the UK (formally) or the European Union but depends on the British Crown. His self-government enacts laws, levy taxes and manages the budget.
Economy
The archipelago has its own currency, the pound Manx. The system of taxes Manx friendly businesses , has made the island a haven for those who want to avoid paying UK tax rates. To face the abuse and the suspicions engendered by this situation, the Government of the Isle of Man has signed agreements to exchange information for tax purposes in order to gain international recognition , .
According to Christian Chavagneux and Ronen Palan (2007) , the Isle of Man is at the forefront on the development of insurance market, the laundering of drug money by way of insurance contracts life.
The supply of electricity is partly provided by a submarine cable that connects Douglas to Blackpool in England.
Demographics
The island's population is estimated at 76 913 in 2010 , a population considerably increased in recent years, thanks mainly to immigration coming from England.
Culture
The Isle of Man is one of six Celtic nations recognized by the Celtic Congress and Celtic League.
Emblems
Language
The official languages are the English and Manx , a Celtic language group Gaelic , near the Irish and even closer to Scottish Gaelic. The use of Manx by the government is largely symbolic, but an increasing number of language activists are reviving the language, the last speaker deemed to have spoken as first language, Ned Maddrell , died December 27 1974. Today it is estimated that just over 2% of the population of the island can speak Manx. This is the Manx language in jeopardy.
The Society of Gaelic Manx also informs the public about Manx culture in general (books, music, songs Manx) and broadcasts messages to encourage the use of Manx and his teaching. Currently there are about 2000 mannophones, including sixty speaks the language as their mother tongue (all children at a kindergarten ). According to a recent survey, 50% of Manx children expressed a desire to learn the language.
The general public seems to agree with the promotion of bilingualism symbolic, but still very reluctant to any form of coercion in this respect, because more than half of the island were not born in the island, the latter coming mainly from England , of Ireland , from Wales or Scotland.
Religion
Anglicanism
- The Diocese of Sodor and Man is a diocese of the Church of England.
Sport
A famous race bikes takes place on the island last week of May and the first since June 1907 : the Tourist Trophy on the Isle of Man.
Mark Cavendish , Peter Kennaugh and Jonathan Bellis , professional cyclists, are from this island.
Gastronomy
Computer
The Isle of Man is the domicile of the company Canonical Ltd. which funds the project Ubuntu.
Transport
The island has an extensive transport network originals. Trams nicknamed "toastracks" drawn by horses are peacefully commuting along the seaside to Douglas , railway narrow gauge, with steam engines, serving the south. The most notable of these means of transport is the electric tram which connects Douglas to Ramsey , a seaside resort in the north, by way of the cliffs and climbs to the summit of Snaefell.
Codes
The Isle of Man has the following code:
- GBM , according to the list of international codes of plates ,
Trivia
The Isle of Man is the only country in the world to have no speed limits on highways. There are no highways. Speed limits are, however, strict settlements.
References
- There are also some texts in Latin , including those of Julius Caesar , Mona shape, but it usually applies to the Isle of Anglesey , it can be considered as incorrect when identify the Isle of Man.
- The shape Eubonia remained in use until 1393 in a deed describing the transfer of the island between the Earl of Salisbury and Wiltshire. Cf John Quine, The Isle of Man, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1911.
- a and b Destin languages, Herve Abalain, ed. Ophrys, 1989, p. 109.
- a , b , c and d (in) John Quine, The Isle of Man, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1911.
- A New History of the Isle of Man Volume 1 - The Evolution of the Natural Landscape. ed. Hiverrell Richard and Geoffrey P. Thomas 295-296, 1st edition, 2006, Liverpool University Press - ISBN 0-85323-587-2
- a , b and c (in) The Isle Of Man. Celebrating A Sense Of Place, Vaughan Robinson, Danny McCarroll, Liverpool University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-85323-036-6.
- (en) IOM Guide: King Orry's Grave.
- (en) Description Meayll circle.
- (en) IOM Guide: Cashtal yn Ard.
- See Barrule South Hill Fort, Archaeology in the Isle of Man, 1999.
- John Murray was the son of Lord George Murray, a general Jacobite Scots who took part in the Jacobite rebellion.
- Despite the easing of the situation and Murray's appointment as governor, Britain will invest large sums on the island for the continuation of the Dukes of Atholl (417,000 pounds sterling in 1828 for example). View (fr) The Isle Of Man. Celebrating A Sense Of Place, ibid.
- (en) Tax Information Exchange Agreements (TIEAs) , OECD.
- The Isle of Man signs with Nordic agreements on exchange of information for tax purposes , OECD, October 30, 2007.
- C. Chavagneux, R. The hoist havens Insights, Discovery, 2007
- (en) "CIA - The World Factbook "
- (en) "Horse trams' , Tourism, IsleOfMan.com.
Notes
Related articles
- Chronology of the Isle of Man
- Lord of Man
- Tynwald Day
- Leaders of the Isle of Man
- Localities in the Isle of Man
- List of rivers of the Isle of Man
External Links
- (In) Official website of Government of the Isle of Man
- (En) Information Guide on the Isle of Man
- (In) Manx Radio
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