Home  ›  Italian

Italian

The Italian is a language belonging to the group of Romance languages family Indo-European. There are so many dialects of Italian novels.

Dante has given the nickname of the Italian language so by comparing it to the langue d'oc (Occitan) and the langue d'oil (French), by way of saying "yes" in three languages.

Like many national languages, Italian is a modern dialect that has "succeeded" in establishing itself as language specific to a region much larger than its original dialect region. In this case, it is the dialect Tuscan from Florence , Pisa and Siena , who won, although as it shows ( koine based literary Florentine enriched by contributions Sicilian , Roman and other Italian regions) not for political reasons as is often the case, but because of cultural prestige it conveyed. The Tuscan is indeed the language in which wrote Dante Alighieri , Francesco Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio , considered the three greatest Italian writers of the late Middle Ages. It is also the language of the city of Florence , famous for its architectural beauty and history prosperous. So it's no surprise that the Italian has long been the international language of culture and arts, and the vocabulary of every European language retains to this day a large number of Italian words used in music , which are same replicated in other languages like Japanese.

The general standards of Italian grammar were not yet set in the Renaissance , with language reform of Pietro Bembo , Venetian scholar collaborator of Aldus Manutius , who set forth the fundamental ideas in Gli Asolani.

Summary

/ / Influences on Latin language and the Tuscan

Before the development of the Roman Republic is the Etruscan was spoken in Tuscany and northern Lazio. If the Etruscan language did not survive the immense influence What would then the Latin , it has perhaps influenced the Tuscan (as substrate ). However, too many facts (date of last certificate of the use of the Etruscan cons of a Romance language in Tuscany, for example) make it difficult to confirm this hypothesis. In contrast, the Etruscan influenced the Latin as' adstratum : the Etruscan alphabet was the basis for the Latin alphabet and many common words are of Etruscan origin (like the word "letter").

During the Roman conquest, the life of Italy - like most of Western and Central Europe - then spoke Latin. Given the time of Roman rule, Latin was the strain of many European languages, Romance languages and strongly influenced the other. After the fall of the Roman Empire of the West in 476 , lives in Tuscany arrive Ostrogoths and Lombards ( fifth and sixth centuries ), the Germanic peoples from eastern and northern Europe. They n'influencrent little language ( superstrate ).


Worldwide presence

Italian is spoken mainly in Italy (and San Marino ), where he is the national language, but also in southern Switzerland ( Ticino and Graubnden ), where he is also recognized as official language (there is about 6, 5% of Swiss speakers). At the Vatican , he is second official language with the Latin.

In addition, there are many Italian-speaking communities in Croatia ( Istria and Dalmatia ), in Slovenia and the former Yugoslavia. In Slovenia, there is language in some cities, including Capodistria / Koper , Croatia is an official in Istria , especially in the towns of Porec / Porec , Pola / Pula , Umago / Umag and Rovigno / Rovinj.

It is also spoken in France ( Corsica , the Corsican , Ausbau language , is closely related to Tuscan , to Nice to Menton and royasque Valley of the Roya , at Monaco ), in Malta (where she was an official language until 1934 ), in Albania , the United States (about 4 million speakers, especially in large cities), in South America ( Argentina , Brazil , Uruguay in particular, Ethiopia , in Eritrea in Libya (she is the business language with English) and Somalia (she has been academic language until 1991).

The Italian seems to have greatly influenced the Spanish as spoken in Argentina where the influx of Italian migrants has been massive.

Writing

Main article: Italian Alphabet.

Italian uses 21 letters of the Latin alphabet. The letters j, k, w, x and y are used only in loan words. It is, however, d (i lunga) and the y (i greca or ipsilon) and w (doppia vu) in some place names and names or surnames.

The vowels can carry accents acute or severe (mostly) marking accented syllables phonetically. The words do not bear graphic accents on the last syllable, or in rare cases on other syllables to avoid disambiguation (eg "the", feminine singular article, and "there", adverb of place ). It is never mandatory to mark the written accent on a syllable that is not the last word. The large number of French loans are often written without the accents, however, this is a spelling error condemned by the purists of the Italian language.

There are several conventions for writing graphic accents.

The simplest is to mark the grave accents everywhere, regardless of the pronunciation of the vowel. Thus the name of the actor Gian Maria Volont may as well be written "Will" - which does not affect the pronunciation.

The agreement put forward by the poet Carducci Giosu provides that the acute accent to write the vowels, the pronunciation is always closed (, ), grave accent in the pronunciation of which is still open, and the focus corresponding to the openness of the pronunciation for the e and o, ie, E & E O and O.

According to the convention adopted de facto by the publications in Italian, is a grave accent mark on all but e and o corresponding to a pronunciation closed. Long as there is no native word ending with an O, so no word where it would be mandatory to mark the accent graphics, no use to finally score some rare homographs such boot " barrel, vs. bunch, "hits" or articolatri, plural of articolatre (articulator) vs. articolatri, plural of articolatrio (articulatory).

It is important to note that the convention is the simplest orthographically correct only if it is applied in a rigorous way, that is to say, if we write acute accents on foreign words borrowed.

An acute accent mark on a is still a spelling error, except in a borrowed word.

Spelling

As the Croatian , the Spanish , the Czech , the Occitan and Romanian , Italian has an almost flawless transparency in grapheme-phoneme transcription. According to Claude Piron , "In Switzerland , Italian language students write properly at the end of the first year of primary education, while young French still do not write properly at the age of 12-13 years. Why? Because the spelling of Italian is simple, consistent, while that of French contains an impressive number of arbitrary forms that must be saved with the word, without being able to trust the way he pronounces " .

Phonetics and pronunciation

The International Phonetic Alphabet for Italian describes all the sounds used in the Italian language. This is its sound to its particular vowel (preserving vowel final, even dull, and drop consonants finals) and its geminate consonants (consonant doubling). The main stress is usually placed on the penultimate syllable, but also very often on the penultimate for words of three syllables or more. In many cases, very small minority, it moves to the last syllable: in this case, the last letter must include a written accent grave or acute. In some verb forms such as the 3rd person plural, the accent falls on the syllable before the antepenultimate located: (abitano Grammar

Main article: Italian Grammar.

History

Dialects

Dialects of Italy , ,

.

The many dialects Italian novels can be classified by their common linguistic strains. Thus, they are all from Latin , but the language before the Roman domination, the substrates are different in different regions and have often conditioned the evolution of dialects.

North-Italian

The northern dialects, also called North Italian, northern Italian and more recently Padan (or very rarely Cisalpine) form a dialect group in the original Italian ensemble.

The language Roman considers traditional dialects of northern Italy as part of the Italian language. But the difference between Italian and Northern Italian central-southern boundary is marked by a clear language: it is a beam isoglosses importantly, Massa-Senigallia Line (called a less accurate La Spezia-Rimini line ), which corresponds at break of the Romance languages into two main groups: the western Romania and eastern Romania.

This leads some linguists (minority) to consider that the northern Italian , sometimes called Italian or North Padan, is an independent language from Italian itself. Some even claim cultural movements the language tag for each of these dialects, but this view has much less echo among linguists (except perhaps for the Piedmont , which has acquired a cultural codification and Dynan quite advanced compared other northern varieties).

Here dialectological classification of dialects of northern Italy.

Italian central-southern

Central-southern dialects and Italian central-southern

Examples

Word Translation Standard pronunciation
earth terra ta
sky cielo lo
water acqua akkwa
fire fuoco fwko
man uomo wmo
Women gave dnna
Dining mangiare manae
drink bere bee
great great ande
small piccolo pikkolo
night notte ntte
day giorno no

References

  1. Under Article 13 of the Brazilian Constitution ( s: pt: 1988 Constituio da Repblica Federativa do Brasil / Artigo Ttulo II # 13 ), the country's official language is Portuguese, Brazilian Sign Language is also recognized as "legal means of communication and expression" from Act No. 10436 of April 24, 2002 ( s: pt: Lei do Brasil 10 436 2002 ). However, the Italian language was recognized in 2007 as "ethnic language" in two municipalities in the state of Espirito Santo and his teaching as a second language is compulsory in public schools in these municipalities.
  2. Claude Piron Linguists: ignorance ignored on claudepiron.free.fr.
  3. Atlanta Linguistico d'Italia
  4. Dialects of Italy in a study by the University of Padova University
  5. Italine of Dialects in the charter Pellegrini
  6. AIS, Sprach-und und der Sdschweiz Sachatlas Italians, Zofingen 1928-1940

See also

Visit in Italian.

Related articles

External Links



Leave a Reply


Frequently Asked Questions

1 vote, average: 4.00 out of 51 vote, average: 4.00 out of 51 vote, average: 4.00 out of 51 vote, average: 4.00 out of 51 vote, average: 4.00 out of 5 (1 votes, average: 4.00 out of 5, rated)
Loading ... Loading ...
Help us improve the wiki Send Your Comments