The White Rose of York , a symbol of the Jacobites

In 1688 , King Jacques II of England and Ireland and VII of Scotland ( 1633 - 1701 ) who reigned from 1685 was dethroned by a coup, called by historians the Glorious Revolution , led by the Dutch army and more than 3000 Huguenot French.

His first name is Jacobus in Latin, British royalists who had remained faithful, as well as his successors, known as the Jacobites. Historians estimate that 40,000 the number of Jacobite refugee in France who emigrated after the Glorious Revolution , about 60% were Irish, English 34% and 6% Scottish. Among them, 40% were of aristocratic families.

The "Jacobite" was a historical political movement near the Tories between 1688 and 1807 consisted of those who supported the deposed dynasty of the Stuarts and regarded as usurpers all British kings and queens who ruled during this period. He was particularly well established in Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland which was the scene of several riots and also had a number of supporters in the north of England and Wales.

The "Jacobitism" Modern is a very small movement composed of those who regard as illegitimate all the kings and queens ruling over the countries of the British Empire and Commonwealth from 1688 until today. The modern view that the Jacobite Queen Elizabeth II (born in 1926, Queen since 1952) is that "the princess Philip Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg.

Famous for having beheaded with an ax after a one-week trial the controversial King of England Charles I of England , Oliver Cromwell was also awarded the 2000 massacre of people in decision- Town of Drogheda in Ireland.

The violence led the first wave of emigration to France of Irish Jacobite, by far the most numerous, who took over the management of the port of Nantes , while the settlers by Cromwell on the best lands of Ulster were the first pattern of conflict.

The origins of dynastic Jacobitism

Portrait of Jacques II by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1684)

To understand the rationale behind these movements, we must consider the kings, queens and other people related to the king Jacques II and VII and with the entire Stuart dynasty between 1541 and 1807.

Before he became king, Jacques II and VII was known as Prince Jacques, Duke of York since 1644 , and also Duke of Albany in Scotland since 1660.

Prince Jacques was supreme head of the Royal Navy (Lord High Admiral) between 1660 and 1673. When the Dutch colony of New Netherland in North America and its capital New Amsterdam was taken by the Royal Navy in 1669 (during the Anglo-Dutch Wars), they have both been re-named ' New York 'in his honor. The walled town within the colony, Fort Orange, was also re-named ' Albany '(the modern capital of the State of New York ).

Jacques II and VII was the great grand-son of Mary Stuart ( 1541 - 1587 ), Queen of France (wife of King Francis II , 1544 - 1560 ) who ruled from 1559 to 1560 ) and sovereign queen of Scotland (since 1542 , deposed in 1567 ). Jacques II and VII was also the grand-son of King Jacques ( 1566 - 1625 ), the son of Mary Stuart is known as Jacques VI , King of Scotland (reigned from 1567 ) and as Jacques ^I. , King of England and Ireland (reigned since 1603 , the year he inherited the thrones others] who, after this succession has met throughout the island of Great Britain under the authority of one king, then declaring himself "King of Great Britain and Ireland." Jacques II and VII was also the youngest son of King Charles ^I ( 1,600 - 1 649 , who reigned since 1625 and who was himself the son of Jacques ^I. and VI) and the French-born British Queen Henrietta Maria de Bourbon ( 1609 - 1669 ).

Queen Henrietta Maria was the daughter of Henri IV ( 1,553 - in 1610 , ruling since 1589 ), the sister of Louis XIII ( 1601 - 1643 ruling since 1610 ) and aunt of Louis XIV ( 1638 - 1715 ruling since 1643 ).

Louis XIV, therefore, was the cousin of Jacques II and VII.

William III of Orange-Nassau

The elder brother of Jacques II and VII, Charles II ( in 1630 - one thousand six hundred and eighty-five ), succeeded his father in law to his execution in 1649. He fought unsuccessfully for two years to settle on the British and Irish thrones. It has been restored to the throne in 1660, even after 9 years of exile with his brother Jacques and the rest of the Stuarts. During those years, the Great Britain and Ireland were united republic led by Oliver Cromwell.

The older sister of Jacques II and VII, Mary Henrietta Stuart , Princess Royal of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1631 - in 1660 ) was married to the governor (stadtholder) of the United Provinces (the Netherlands ), the Count William of Nassau ( 1 626 - one thousand six hundred and fifty ), Prince of Orange , who ruled as William II since 1647. They had a son also named William (1650-1702). It will stadtholder the United Provinces between 1672 and 1702 under the name of William III.

When he was the prince Jacques, Duke of York, Jacques II and VII was married twice.

Portrait of Mary of York by Caspar Netscher (1676)

His first wife was Anne Hyde , daughter of one of the ministers and advisers favorite of King Charles ^I and King Charles II in exile, Edward Hyde , Earl of Clarendon.

The couple had two daughters.

The eldest daughter was Princess Mary of York ( one thousand six hundred and sixty-two - one thousand six hundred ninety-four ) who married Louis, the Grand Dauphin ( 1661 - 1711 ). But in 1677 , despite protests from his father Prince Jacques, she was forced by his uncle Charles II to marry his cousin, William III, Prince of Orange. William III of Orange-Nassau , therefore, n That was just the nephew of the future Jacques II and VII, but also his son. William III of Orange and Mary of York were husband and wife and also cousins. The couple had no children who reached adulthood.

The younger daughter of Jacques II and VII was Princess Anne of York ( one thousand six hundred and sixty-five - 1714 ) who in 1683 became the wife of Prince George of Denmark ( 1653 - 1708 ). They had eleven children, but none reached adulthood either.

In 1673 (after the death of his wife, Anne Hyde, 1671), Prince Jacques has re-married an Italian, Princess Mary of Modena (1658-1718). In June 1688 , after several miscarriages, Princess (later Queen) had a son, Jacques Francis Stuart , Prince of Wales ( 1688 - 1766 ). Four years later, in exile in Saint-Germain-en-Laye , she had a daughter, Princess Marie Louise ( 1692 - 1711 ).

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the birth of Jacobite claims

Mary II of England

Jacques II and VII was forced to relinquish power because of the invasion of England by the Dutch troops of his nephew and son William III , Prince of Orange. William has been invited to overthrow his uncle by some politicians called Whigs.

In 1689 , William and his wife Princess Mary are jointly proclaimed king and queen of England , to Ireland and Scotland William III and Mary II by the parliaments of England and Scotland up to assume the right to exclude from the throne the king Jacques II and his son Jacques , the Prince of Wales. The Irish parliament was never consulted (since 1494 , the English parliament had the right to make laws for Ireland without consulting the Irish Parliament). Queen Mary II died in 1694 , King William III continued to reign alone until his own death in 1702.

In 1701 the English Parliament declares that no Catholic (or someone with a Catholic spouse) will not inherit the British and Irish thrones. Scottish and Irish parliaments refuse to promulgate the Act to prohibit. King William succeeds on three thrones her sister Anne. She was crowned queen Queen Anne of Great Britain. During his reign the Scottish Parliament is abolished, the British Parliament absorbing Scottish MPs and peers. This parliament has changed his own name and the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain has finally replaced the parliaments of England and Scotland. And English laws on succession have become, therefore, the British laws. The successor of Queen Anne is the person closest to the Protestant throne. This is George ^I , Elector of Hanover , ( 1 660 - 1,727 ) a descendant of a sister of King Charles I.. George ^I was only 56 ^th in line of succession, but, like all other 55 before him were Catholics, he was able, under the new law on "Protestant Succession." The Jacobites were never recognized this second coup either.

From 1688 until the death of Queen Anne, supporters of "coups" were known as Orangemen (after William of Orange). Subsequently, with the ascension of George ^I in 1714 , those same supporters have been described as Hanoverians.

It was to defend the rights of the king Jacques II and VII and - after his death in 1701 - his son Francois Jacques Stuart (proclaimed "Jacques III and VIII) that many British and Irish became Jacobites rebelled several times between 1689 and 1746.

A massive emigration, and a strong presence of the Jacobites in the French army

It is possible to estimate with relative accuracy the first wave of emigration, by far the largest. Historians of Ireland shall determine the number of past military service of Louis XIV , after the Treaty of Limerick , to just over 19,000. By adding Mountcashell Brigade , landed in April 1690, gives a total of 25,000 officers and soldiers.

Flights of "geese" continued and new recruits came to fill the gaps by 1697 , when Louis XIV disbanded some of its foreign regiments. The reform of 1763 reduced them to less than 4,000 officers and soldiers. All refugees, however, were not military, although the majority, the Irish were not the only ones following his retirement in their fallen sovereign. England and Scotland have supplied their quota, especially lords. In total, emigration could affect 50,000 people.

The Jacobites made in the armies of the continent, honorable careers and often exceptionally bright. In France, two of them reached the ^eighteenth century to the marshal. We also counted 18 lieutenant generals, 14 field-marshals. Among the lieutenant-generals, Francis Bulkeley, Charles Fitzjames, Peter Nugent, Charles Edward Rothe Michael Rothe, Edward Fitzjames, Matthew Cook, Andrea Lee.

Unlike religious diasporas in Europe (Marranos of Portugal, Protestant Lucca or Siena, Huguenots from France) and Asia (Jews, Parsis, Armenians), that of the Jacobites is not the fact of a religious minority, but a phenomenon resulting from a political revolution, which is similar in that more French emigration in the 1790s.

In Spain, the first regiment, Ireland, was established in 1698 and those of Ultonia and hibernates in 1709. In 1758, their number amounted to 4,200 officers and soldiers. Most refugees who settled in Spain, Naples, Rome, Austria, Prussia and even Russia, were first awarded by the Jacobite Court of Saint-Germain en Laye.

The Jacobite court of Saint-Germain-en-Laye

The largest concentration of Jacobites in the continent had gathered in Saint-Germain-en-Laye around the Court's exiled king of England Jacques II, who fled after the defeat and the Treaty of Limerick. His cousin Louis XIV then installs it in the historical castle of the kings of France, he deserted since 1673 and moved to Versailles.

According to calculations by the historian Guy Chaussinand-Nogaret ^{The Jacobites in the Caribbean}

The Jacobites have played a military role and economic role in the Caribbean Sea, especially during conflicts between English and French after the Glorious Revolution.

8 June 1694, they form the bulk of the shipment of Jamaica , a fleet of 22 ships and 1,500 men from the Port of Nantes under the direction of Admiral Jean-Baptiste du Casse to attack Jamaica. They burned hundreds of homes and seized 1,300 that slaves enmnent in Santo Domingo, but do not try to seize Jamaica, considered too difficult to make .

Jacobite Rebellions

Flag of the Jacobites in the eighteenth ^century

Areas where ideas Jacobites met the most support were the Ireland and Scotland.

In Ireland

In Ireland , the king Jacques II and VII was defeated by William III in person at the Battle of the Boyne (located between Dublin and Belfast , north-east of the island) on 12 July 1690 and the Battle of Aughrim. The Battle of the Boyne is still celebrated by an event on a holiday and big parades by the Protestant "Orangemen" in Northern Ireland ). The insurgency continued until 1692 when the last Irish Jacobites were forced to flee the port of Limerick in the southwest of the island and went to live in exile in France. Known in Irish history as the wild geese .

In Scotland

Scotland, where the Jacobites were however less numerous than in Ireland, has been the subject of five attempts to win back Jacobites in 54 years, all launched from France, aborted at the Battle of La Hogue in 1692, and more menacing in 1708, 1715, 1719 and especially 1746.

Battle of Culloden (1746), by David Morier

It was in Scotland , the birthplace of the dynasty of the Stuarts , as Francis Stuart Jacques ("Jacques VIII" for the Scottish Jacobites and "Jacques III" for the Jacobites out of Scotland , "the Old Pretender" to the Whigs ) sought to land in 1708 , launched an insurrection in 1715 , and again attempted to land in 1719.

Also in Scotland and on behalf of his son Charles Edward Stuart ("The Prince of Wales, Prince Regent, Lieutenant of the Three Kingdoms" and future "Charles III" for the Jacobites, the "Young Pretender" to the Whigs ) , launched the latest insurgency in 1745 , defeated the English in Scotland at the Battle of Prestonpans on 21 September 1745 , and went up to 250 miles in England, where he reached the city of Derby (192 miles from London) before it is forced by his military advisers to leave.

He suffered a crushing defeat before Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland , ( 1,721 - in 1765 ), son of King George II , ( one thousand six hundred eighty-three - 1760 , ruling since 1727 ) at the Battle of Culloden on 16 April 1746. The crackdown on the survivors of the battle, and civilians living nearby was fierce. The Jacobite cause was ruined in Scotland. Almost a thousand prisoners were enslaved and deported to the United States in which plantations have played a role in the history of cotton cultivation.

Ultimate conspiracy and end of the Jacobite movement

In 1767 , following the death of " Jacques III and VIII in Rome in 1766 , a final plot to support "Carlos III" was foiled among some of the political class to London but without any real hope of success. Charles lived in Florence and then Rome where he died without legitimate male heir in 1788. His younger brother Henry Benedict Stuart , Cardinal Bishop of Frascati and dean of the College of Cardinals , "Henry IX of England and Ireland and I of Scotland" for the Jacobites, was the last prince in direct descent from the Stuart dynasty , who began his reign in Scotland in 1371. In his last years of poverty (following the occupation of Rome by Napoleon's troops), the cardinal received a private pension and generous on the part of King George III ( 1738 - 1820 , ruling since 1760 ). As it was in 1801 that after the abolition of the Irish Parliament , the three kingdoms were united into a single term, it was George III as king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland that Cardinal Stuart to his death in 1807 - has left all the archives of the Stuarts in exile and all the jewels and seals made by his grandfather Jacques II and VII in 1688. Some can be seen today in the collection of crowns and crown jewels of England in the fortress of the Tower of London. The archives are in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle.

Except among the Jacobite Modern (a very small minority), this last act of the cardinal is considered the epilogue that closes forever the book of the famous royal family of Stuart and the Jacobite cause.

Tomb of Jacques Francis Edward Stuart, Charles Edward Stuart and Henry Benedict Stuart, "Vatican grotto," Basilica of St. Peter

Jacques Francis Stuart and his two son are buried together at the Vatican in the Basilica of Saint Peter , in a tomb erected by Pope Pius VII (Barnaba Niccol Maria Luigi Chiaramonti 1742 - 1823 , reigning from 1800 to 1823) with an inscription which gives them for one last time, their royal titles. The tomb of Jacques II and VII is located in the parish church in front of his home in exile, the castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, a suburb west of Paris. In the 1820s, the church was rebuilt. King George IV ( 1,762 - one thousand eight hundred and thirty , ruling since 1820) promises to build a monument at the end of this work. In a final act of reconciliation, this monument on the tomb of Jacques II and VII is set 148 years after his death, at the expense of Queen Victoria ( 1819 - 1901 , ruling since 1837 ).

After the death of Cardinal Stuart, pretender to the title of the British throne is passed to distant cousins, descendants of another sister of Jacques II and VII, Princess Henrietta Anne Stuart , Duchess of Orleans. According to his will, he signed "Henry R", his pretensions to the British crown passed to his nearest relative, Charles Emmanuel IV , King of Sardinia , a Catholic. The eldest representative current House of Stuart is Francois de Wittelsbach , Duke of Bavaria , recognized as legitimate by claiming most of the Jacobites contemporaries. However, neither it nor any of the cardinal's successor Stuart have never publicly stated intentions of claiming those rights. Because a marriage between an uncle and niece, celebrated with papal dispensation, some Protestants do not recognize Jacobites that and want to recognize contender as the Princess Alicia of Bourbon-Parma, widow of the Infante Alfonso of Spain, Prince of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, titled Duke of Calabria.

List of contenders for the House of Stuart to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland after 1688

1. Jacques II of England and VII of Scotland and Ireland (February 6, 1685 - September 16, 1701).
2. Jacques III and VIII (16 September 1701-1 ^January 1766), Jacques Francis Edward Stuart , also known as the Chevalier de St. George, or "the Old Pretender."
3. Charles III ⁽¹ January 1766 - January 31, 1788), Charles Edward Stuart , also known as "Bonnie Prince Charlie", the "Young Chevalier" or the "Young Pretender".
4. Henry IX and I (January 31, 1788 to July 13, 1807), Henry Benedict Stuart , Cardinal Duke of York.

The following contenders, although presumptive heirs, officially no longer claim the title of King of England, Ireland and Scotland.

Jacobite Pretenders since 1807

After the death of Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart , the Jacobites are legitimate succession to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland go to the descendants of the elder princess Henrietta Anne , Duchess of Orleans , the youngest daughter of King Charles ^I.. In 1807 , this person is the former King of Sardinia , the House of Savoy. Since then, the estate is passed to the House of Austria-Este ( Duchy of Modena ), then to the House of Wittelsbach , where she is today:

1. Charles IV ( Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia ) (July 13, 1807 to October 6, 1819)
2. Victor ( Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia ) (October 6, 1819 to January 10, 1824), his brother
3. Mary III of England and Ireland and II of Scotland ( Mary Beatrice of Savoy , Duchess of Modena ) (January 10, 1824 to September 15, 1840), his daughter.
4. Francis I ( Francis V of Modena ) (September 15, 1840 to November 20, 1875), his son.
5. Mary IV and III (Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este , Queen of Bavaria ) (November 20, 1875 to February 3, 1919), his niece.
6. Rupert or Robert I and IV ( Rupprecht , Crown Prince of Bavaria ) (February 3, 1919 to August 2, 1955), his son.
7. Albert ( Albrecht , Duke of Bavaria ) (August 2, 1955-July 8, 1996), his son.
8. Francis II ( Francis , Duke of Bavaria ) (since July 8, 1996), his son.

Jacobite refugee families in France

• Clarke of Dromantine:
  • author Patrick Clarke Dromantine
• Family MacMahon
• O'Brien of Thomond :
  • Charles O'Brien of Thomond
• Sarsfield :
  • Patrick Sarsfield
  • Paul Sarsfield
• Stapleton :
  • King John Stapleton
  • Jean Stapleton II
  • William Stapleton
• Walsh Serrant :
  • Phillip Walsh
  • Anthony Walsh
  • Jacques Francis Walsh

See also

• Jacobite Rebellion

Notes

• Line of succession Jacobite kings of England, Ireland and Scotland

Bibliography

• Patrick Clarke Dromantine, Wild Geese. Memoirs of an Irish family fled to France (1691-1914)
• Patrick Clarke Dromantine, The Jacobite refugee in France during the eighteenth century. The exodus of an entire religion because of nobility

External Links

• An elite island in the service of Europe: the Jacobites in the seventeenth century

• United Kingdom portal
• Scotland portal
• Ireland portal

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