Maltese
| Maltese Malti | |
|---|---|
| Spoken to | Malta , Australia |
| Number of speakers | + 400 000 100 000 emigrants |
| Typology | SVO inflectional |
| Classification by family | |
| Official status | |
| Official language of |  Malta (national language) |
| Governed by | National Council of the Maltese language |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | mt |
| ISO 639-2 | mlt |
| ISO 639-3 | mlt |
| IETF | mt |
| Sample | |
| Article I of the Declaration of Human Rights ( see text in French ) Artiklu L-1. Il-bnedmin kollha jitwieldu ielsa ugwali u fid-d-u dinjit drittijiet. Huma mognija bir rauni u-bil-u kuxjenza gandhom iibu ruhom my 'bi xulxin spirtu ta' ahwa. | |
change  | |
Maltese (Maltese: is the only national language of Malta , and with the English one of the two official languages of the country and is also one of the 23 official languages of the European Union. Maltese is not only the only Semitic language of the European Union is also the only Semitic language that is transcribed using an alphabet based on Latin script , however, enriched diacritics as point suscrit or bar included.
The origin of language is the Arabic Ifriqiyan relexified from superstrate Sicilian and Italian , to a lesser extent French and most recently English. Because of its original Arabic, Maltese is classified as a Semitic language. In the past it was considered, the political mythology helping, as the original Phoenician - Punic and not of Arab origin, but this theory is now abandoned.
Three major periods can be distinguished in the evolution of the Maltese: Maltese Maltese Semitic or Arabic, to the expulsion of Arabs in Malta, Maltese former, to the formalization of an alphabet of spelling and grammar in 1934, and the modern Maltese spoken in the islands today. It is possible to observe the twenty-first century the appearance of a Maltese released, maltish, a kind of pidgin of Maltese and English.
Maltese became an official language of Malta in 1934, alongside English, when the official use of Italian has been abandoned. Today the number of speakers is estimated at 500,000, including 400,000 living in Malta. Thousands of Maltese emigrants in Australia, Canada, Gibraltar, Italy, the United Kingdom and United States practice this language family.
The Maltese language was traditionally unwritten, which is writing in Italian. The oldest known document in Maltese is " Il-Kantilena , "a poem of the fifteenth century written by Pietro Caxaro.
Summary
|
Maltese or Maltese (Malta, Malta) is part of the family Hamito-Semitic also called Afro-Asiatic languages. Within this family, it is part of the group of Semitic languages . Current Maltese, who is the heir of Arabic Maltese is historically part of the Sicilian-Arabic , with siqili (Arabic Sicilian, now defunct) , one of the dialects Ifriqiyan Arab . relexification from superstrate mainly Sicilian and Italian , to a lesser extent French and more recently English is clear, from the twentieth century, a standard language that has regional varieties or topolectes.
In morphological typology , Maltese is an inflected language that combines bending with internal chips of Arabic to terminations of synthetic languages , Sicilian and Italian. In syntactic typology , Maltese is an SVO language like that is to say that the normal order of the sentence is subject - verb - object.
Maltese is the language spoken in Malta , the islands of Malta and Gozo. At independence in Malta, September 21, 1964, she was proclaimed the national language. Together with the English , it is one of the two official languages of the country .
Maltese is also one of the official and working languages of the European Union . Maltese is not only the only Semitic language of the European Union is also the only Semitic language that is transcribed using an alphabet based on Latin script , however, enriched diacritics as point suscrit or bar included.
History
The Maltese language has the characteristic of being simultaneously one of the oldest languages (ninth century) still alive and one of the newer languages (1929) formalized by an alphabet , a spelling and grammar.
chrono-cultural framework
Prehistory
The first inhabitants of the Maltese archipelago arriving by sea from Sicily , the neighboring island . Carriers of the culture of ceramics Stentinello they are implementing the Neolithic economy in the islands, large animals and plants. Their habits are those of the Sicilian shepherds. The flint used to make the stone tools from Sicily. Lamellae and tools Obsidian reveal importing materials from the islands of Pantelleria and Lipari , off Sicily , . It is easy to think, safely, they speak the language of their origins, that practiced in Sicily, even though experts have no information about it (cf. Prehistory of Malta ).
The evolution of the Maltese population is parallel to that of Sicily. When it goes from culture to culture Stentinello ceramic Serra d'Alto and then to the culture of pottery by Diana in Sicily, the culture of Ghar Dalam gives way to Malta, than Skorba Gray (4500 -4400 BC.) later than Skorba red (4400-4100 BC.) , . The end of the fifth century BC. AD saw the arrival, always from Sicily , a new wave of farmers with the culture of pottery of San Cono-Piano Notaro- marked by a new funeral rite: the body are arranged in a tomb , tombs in the oven , . These newcomers will invigorate the culture existing in the archipelago. The lithic components of this phase reveal from Sicily and Calabria .
Following this period temples (3800-2500 BC.) Cons reveals a culture typically Maltese impossible to attach to a continental culture. The Maltese population, and therefore it with his tongue, will be followed for more than half a millennium and a change of its own. One can imagine that the attendance of the temples and their frequent rearrangements are closely related to a social organization centered on these temples. The temple is also a market place, negotiations material, in fact, redistribution of wealth , . It is obvious that this social organization requires a complex communication .
Period temples ends with the disappearance of the builders of megalithic circa 2500 BC. AD . A new population, emigrated from Sicily , carrying a culture totally different revives the civilization Maltese slowly repopulating the islands . The archaeological material, weapons in bronze , for example, can help bring those new inhabitants Peoples Warriors of Sicily and Italy south . Around 900 BC. BC a new ethnic group landed on the islands. Her pottery indicates that it originated in the culture of the "pit falls" of Calabria . It is this population that had renewed the link between Malta, Sicily and southern Italy, which will go into history with the external supply of writing.
Antiquity
"Malta inaugurated the long series of times which made her not only a reflection of the history of other" : for this sentence, Alain Blondy summarizes the approach to this phase in the history of the archipelago Maltese , ie according to their colonizers in succession. At the center of the Mediterranean , between the eastern basin and the western basin, in the middle of the strait that separates Sicily from Tunisia , with its high cliffs of the southwest coast and its natural harbors on the coast north-east, Malta is a relay obvious. Classical authors such as Diodorus Siculus , already point to the strategic location of Malta on the Phoenician sea routes.
The Phoenicians , great navigators, using Malta as from X centuryBC. AD, as a stopover on the way copper they fetch in the current Iberian peninsula . The Mediterranean Sea is the sea of the Phoenicians at that time . They established a colony in the islands of the archipelago about 725 BC. AD "The inhabitants of Melita is a colony of Phoenicians, who traded up in the western ocean, made a warehouse of this island, its situation at sea and goodness of its ports made it very favorable for them. " . With trade, the Phoenician settlers also bring their own language and alphabet , through the testimony epigraphic , it is accepted that the name of the island of Gozo (Maltese Gawdex) comes from the Phoenician Gaulos (registration of II or III century called Gawl the Phoenician settlement on the site of present Victoria ) .
The Greeks also settled in the seventh to the fifth century BC. BC and apparently peacefully share the islands with the Phoenicians . This implies that the Greek language was then used in the islands parallel to the Phoenician. It was at Malta that are found in the seventeenth century, two cippi , dated second century, dedicated to the god Melqart , Lord of Tyre , on which a bilingual Phoenician / Greek allowed in 1758 to a French archaeologist, Father Jean Jacques-Barthlemy , to decipher the Phoenician alphabet , . It is commonly accepted that the name comes from the Greek meli Malta ("Honey") or melita ("bee") , Melita is also the name by which Malta is still often called in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
With the decline of Phoenicia under the battering of the Assyrians and Babylonians , the Maltese Islands come under the control of Carthage in 480 BC. AD is a valuable colony in the fight that led the Carthaginians against the Greeks and the Romans then cons . It was in 218 BC. AD that the archipelago is conquered with the help of the Maltese Consul Tiberius Sempronius Longus. The islands are said to several centuries under the control of the Romans who recognize the Maltese for "socii (allies) of Rome . Archaeologists who have studied the Punic and Roman sites in the archipelago all note the persistence of Punic culture . No text, cons, does know the influence and the persistence of a Semitic language, Phoenician-Punic .
But the Maltese, eventually adopt the lifestyle and culture of Rome, began to practice the Roman language. It was during this period that the Maltese culture will acquire one of its features. The evangelical tradition is that the shipwreck in 58 or 60 in Malta , the Apostle Paul of Tarsus in the company of the Evangelist Luke entails converting the Roman procurator Publius, first bishop of Malta and future Bishop of Athens , like the Maltese, the Christian religion , . The cultural profile of the Maltese population is difficult to identify, inscriptions in Greek, Latin but also in a Punic dialect can not rule in favor of one language over another for the entire period .
Malta will suffer all the vicissitudes of the Roman Republic to Empire : the occupation of the barbarian , probably around 445 for the Vandals , and to 477 for the Ostrogoths , but when Sicily was resumed in the Roman Empire East in 535 following the action of Belisarius , the islands of Malta and Gozo are incorporated into the empire, and will remain so until the Arab conquest that marked the early Middle Ages and another story , .
Middle Ages
Historians have few documents describing the conquest of Sicily and, similarly, the capture of Malta is poorly documented and variously, emissions are mainly in Arabic and no new source is known since 1975 . Archaeological studies have revealed two phenomena: an enrichment and development of Byzantine trade, but also a defense setting the site of Mdina in parallel with the rise of Muslim . The fortress city of Mdina was taken August 28 870 , and demolished, the population is certainly taken into slavery, "after (the conquest) of the island, Malta remained an uninhabited ruin , . Historians are still debating this, but what is certain is that the island was repopulated by Arab-Berber settlers and their slaves from 440 of the Hegira (1048-1049) , . In 440 of the Hegira (1048-1049), in an action on the Byzantine Malta, Muslims offer to free slaves and to share their property with them if they agree to take up arms at their side to counter the attack, what is actually done. After the defeat Byzantine Muslims even allow mixed marriages and the creation of Rahal, freehold landowner field , is a result of this action is taking place the second wave of colonization. Registration in the fifteenth century these rahal gives a list of names undoubtedly Arab , demonstrating the widespread use of a language Arabic . One problem remains for linguists: all the names in Maltese, with the notable exception of the name of the islands of Malta and Gozo, is of Arab origin. However, replacement of one language to another has never, in any country, erased all the old gazetteers. Thus Latin has not erased the names Celtic, while in Malta, Arabic place names erased Punic, Greek and Latin .
Occupation Aghlabid then in 921, the Fatimids in Malta lasted until the a href = "% C3% 89mirat_de_Sicile La_conqu.C3.AAte_normande_et_la_fin_de_l.27.C3.A9mirat_de_Sicile #" title = "Emirate of Sicily"> Norman Conquest in 1091, more than two centuries. But in reality, this conquest did not change much in the archipelago. The Normans settled in Sicily and Malta managed remotely via their barons. Norman tolerance allows Muslims to stay put. The Maltese Islands and continue to practice Arabic Maltese, the dialect of Arabic, who cut his original home, will evolve independently of its mother tongue. This is the only plausible explanation for the permanence of Arabic in Malta when it disappears quickly from Sicily during the reign of the Norman . Apparently they all live in harmony, Maltese poets of this period, Rahmm ibn Abd al-Ramadan, Abdullah ibn as-Samant, Utman Ibn Ar-Rahman, known as As-Susi or Abu Al Qasim Ibn Al Ramdan Maliti write Arabic . Finally, between 1240 and 1250, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor expels Muslims , although many convert to stay in the islands. Their presence during four centuries has laid the foundation of the Maltese language.
Meanwhile, Norman left the room for Hohenstaufen in 1194, followed by the House of Anjou in 1266. The Sicilian Vespers in 1282, which drove the Angevin succession the kings of Aragon , but it does not change much else in the archipelago to strengthen links with Sicily. It's Charles V , which closes the Middle Ages , giving Maltese Malta in 1530, with the Order of St. John of Jerusalem .
Modern and Contemporary Periods
Charles Quint will give full sovereignty to the Hospitallers of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem , driven out of Rhodes by Suleiman the Magnificent on 1 January 1523 , the islands of Malta . This order includes knights from all over Europe in an organization by languages (eight). It is at this point, a grouping by country of origin and not spoken language . The great masters of the order are mainly French and Spanish, but if the language used by the order was French at Rhodes, it will become the Italian once the Knights settled in the Maltese Islands. During this period, the latter, if they use their native language , speak them Italian Tuscan , like the great masters who have adopted this language as the language of communication, a language in a way. If the Maltese population communicates with the Maltese, Maltese elites will acquire, for those who do not practice again, the Tuscan, which will gradually replace the Sicilian, which is the only written language on the islands . The knights of the Order, if any grown men, have also left their mark on the Maltese language. The College will be expelled from Malta in 1798 by Bonaparte , on the way of Egypt , who will take possession of the islands on behalf of France.
The French remain in Malta just two years, driven by the English called for help by the Maltese. It is not this two-year period that is sufficient to explain the incorporation of words French in the vocabulary of Malta. In fact, in the eighteenth century, the time of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, the merchant ships of the French fleet were most likely to release in the port of Valletta. France was the first country to trade with Malta and the long association of French sailors better explains these borrowings . Many of these sailors also communicated through the lingua franca , a kind of pidgin of the Mediterranean .
The British took possession of Malta in 1800, a situation that will be formalized by the Treaty of Paris of 1814 . The British colonial administration will govern the islands until independence on 21 September 1964. The Maltese State becomes part of the Commonwealth , until the proclamation of the Republic 13 December 1974 .
For a century and a half, the colonizer, economic development and generalizing the islands of Public Instruction , has managed to impose its language as to make the English the official language alongside Maltese, but at the cost of "language war" against the Italian.
History of the Maltese language
Maltese spoken
The history of the Maltese language begins with questions to which historians and linguists can meet the current state of knowledge. The archipelago has certainly talked a language or a dialect of Phoenician for five centuries and Punic for two centuries, maybe three, together with the Greek old for at least two centuries and perhaps the latinpendant eight centuries. The entire population was certainly not speaking the same language at the same time, and we should distinguish between social and economic pursuits, which the sources do not permit.
In 220 years of occupation, followed by a century and a half a practice at least tolerated, the occupants Arabs have managed to give birth to a dialect of Arabic , Arabic Maltese Maltese ancestor of modern , like elsewhere in Sicily with the Sicilian Arabic. Unlike Sicily, who abandons the Arabic dialect of the former occupiers to find the Latin roots of what is Sicilian , Maltese will support their dialect on their islands away from his mother tongue or other ifrikiyens dialects. Presumably, the long practice of Phoenician-Punic Semitic languages or dialects predispose people to the adoption of Arabic .
Occupants after the Arabs, either were not numerous enough to not be built, there were only three villages, Mdina , the capital, Borgo , the commercial port at Malta , and Rabat in Gozo , or no not exchanged with the Maltese population sufficiently to make possible the adoption of another language, lordly status restricting trade. In two hundred and fifty years of Spanish rule, a single sovereign came to Malta and lived there rarely counts . By cons his destiny linked to Sicily has promoted the integration of many Sicilian vocabulary at the same time as immigrants. As in 1223, when the entire village population of Celano in the Abruzzi was deported to Malta by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor , Count Thomas rebelled against his sovereign .
During the Norman period, it has existed in Malta and Sicily a cultural life which expresses itself in Sicilian-Arabic and is written using the Arabic alphabet. Then, the Maltese population, small, a little over 30,000 inhabitants around 1430 , , merely a convenient oral Maltese ancient writing is doing in other languages mainly in Sicily. The oldest documents using the Maltese language or speaking of it dating from the fifteenth century and are found in notarial archives. It is possible to state records of a notary named A. Manuele, dating from 1426, which in Maltese is called lingwa arabica and is in a will dating from 1436 of one Paul Peregrino, the Maltese is called first by its name lingwa maltensi .
In 1966, two researchers, Professor Godfrey Wettinger and Father Michael Fsadni have found what is to date the first written record of the Maltese language, a poem attributed to Pietru Caxaro (1410-1485). Il-Kantilena (Xidew il-Qada in Maltese), Maltese is written in old the last page of a notarial register. This melody of twenty lines is preceded by five introductory lines in Sicilian written between 1533 and 1563 by Brandano, the notary's nephew Caxaro . In fact it was common practice for solicitors of the time to write in Sicilian their actions, in which they incorporated, according to various spellings, the names of people or places. Numerous examples were found among the papers of the notary Giacomo Zabbara dating from 1486-1501 .
January 1, 1523, The Knights Hospitallers of Rhodes and the Order of St. John of Jerusalem are forced from the island of Rhodes by Suleiman. For them, begins a long seven years of wandering. Pope Clement VII would interfere with Charles V that it is their territory replacement. Fairly quickly Islands Malta are considered and the Grand Master Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam sent a fact finding mission in these islands. The eight commissioners, one from each language hospital , following an inspection in 1524, shall submit a report unfavorable to the Grand Master , . It is in this report that the commissioners thus described the lingua Maltese Moreska . In 1636 , during a trip to Malta, encyclopedic Athanasius Kircher described the Maltese which for him out of the ordinary. A population of 117 persons, comprising 27 families, is an island on the site of Ghar il-Kbir ("great cave" in Maltese), remote Maltese, voluntarily withdrew from everything. Each family has a cave with a place to sleep, another for supplies, and yet another for animals. This population, says Athanasius Kircher, speaks a Semitic language particularly pure (without contribution of Italian), so that it can include monks Maronites came to visit him .
In four centuries, between 1426 documents with notary's Manual, and 1829, the publication of Antoine-Isaac Silvestre de Sacy in the Journal des Savants , the Maltese had all sorts of qualifications and roots of all kinds have been set. The study for Sacy confirm parentage direct Maltese modern Arabic of Ifriqiya through Arabic Maltese.
Linguistic Roots
The search for the roots of the parent language of Malta, has always been about before the decisive progress in linguistics, many speculate. Are grouped below all the attributes of sonship that L-Akkademja tal-Malti (Maltese Academy) lists :
- Arabic in 1426 for A. Manuel, in 1582 for Giovanbattista Leoni in 1585 for Samuel Kiechel in 1588 for Michael Heberer von Bretten in 1636 to Athanasius Kircher ;
- Maltese in 1436 for Paul in 1533 to Peregrino or Brandano;
- Moorish language in 1524 to the Hospitallers in 1575 or for Andr Thevet;
- African language in 1536 for Jean Quintin d'Autun, in 1544 for Sebastian Mnster in 1567 to Giovanni Antonio Viperano;
- Saracen language in 1558 for Tommaso Fazello;
- Phoenician in 1565 for Gian Battista Tebaldi or in 1809 for Johann Joachim Bellermann;
- Carthaginian language in 1572 or in 1594 Tommaso Porcacchi for Giacomo Bosio , disproved in 1660 by Burchardus Niderstedt;
- gross corruption of Arabic in 1615 for Pierre D'Avity or 1690 for the Sieur du Mont;
- barbarous mixture of Moorish and Arabic languages in 1632 for Johann Friedrich Breithaupt;
- Moorish or Arabic language in 1664 for Sir Philip Skippon;
- Arabic dialect in 1668 to Olfert Dapper;
- mixture of Arabic and Italian in 1694 for Pajol Anselmo;
- language Moorish Fez in 1700 for John Dryden;
- Punic language in 1718 for Johannes Heinrich Maius in 1750 for Gian Soldani , in 1777 for Jakob Jonas Bjoernstah or 1791 for Mikiel Anton Vassalli ;
- Arabic dialect in 1804 for Louis de Boisgelin ;
- Punic language and Arabic in 1810 to Wilhelm Gesenius.
In four centuries, all backgrounds, all similarities with other languages were found in the Maltese language. That Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy , which in 1829 closed the debate by demonstrating in the Journal of the scholars of Maltese descent to Arabic .
First argument philological
Historically, the first linguistic dispute about the Maltese language has on its affiliation with its parent language, basically two main competing theories: the Maltese is it original Punic or Arabic ? There are at least one point common to these two theories: the Maltese language is a Semitic language.
Apart from the writer-travelers, here or there, depending on their attractions, have written about the Maltese language, we must wait 1718 for a German, Prof. Heinrich Johannes Maius Specimen published in Lingua Punicae Hodierna Melitensium superstition (Sample Punic language in its survival Maltese) in which he tries to show, first, the affinity between the Maltese and the Punic language . The first Maltese to study its language and declare the original Punic Canon Gian Pietro Francesco Agius the Soldani , who between 1750 and 1759, published several volumes written in Maltese or Italian. Accrued by the large Soldani reputation in Malta will bias long subsequent studies , , despite the denunciation of this theory in the second half of the 1750s, the Maltese by Count Giovanni Antonio Ciantar (1696-1778) , in an academic paper ever published Melitensium Lingua Punica (In the Maltese language called Punic) . Again in 1809, Johann Joachim Bellermann argues in Poeniciae lingauae vestigiorum in Melitensi specimen (Remains of the Punic language in samples of Maltese) theory of Punic origin. What is immediately contradicted by the known orientalist Wilhelm Gesenius in Versuch ber die Sprache Maltesische (Essay on the Maltese language), in which he said is a great similarity between Maltese and Arabic .
In 1791, the work of a patriot long exile in Malta, Mikiel Anton Vassalli , later called "the father of the Maltese language, Maltese language to link the roots of Phoenician-Punic. His positions will take more weight than Vassalli is the first holder of the Chair of Maltese and Oriental Languages from the University of Malta , chair specially created for him in 1825. In 1829 in the Journal of learned men , the famous French linguist Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy , while recognizing the importance of work Vassalli, however, contradicted by demonstrating the Arabic roots of Maltese . In 1839, the same year as the colonial government enacted the Freedom of the press, that Don Salvatore Cumbo began publishing the magazine Il-Filologo Maltese (The Maltese philologist) dedicated to the study of Maltese. It is in this review that are compiled, issue after issue, in the form of inventory, the Maltese words, Hebrew, Aramaic and Arabic in order to highlight the similarities that exist between these Semitic languages all . In the early nineteenth century positions are relatively well-marked on one side a few linguists generally Maltese, who still support an origin for the Punic Malta, on the other philologists Europe that recognize the Maltese language of Arabic descent. This will crystallize in the late nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century around arguments over religious language.
The Italian is the language of the Maltese culture but also with the Latin language of the Maltese church. The language of the colonial administration and army, even when she enlists the Maltese in 1840, is of course the English. Maltese is the language of the people, farmers and workers. The administration, through successive steps, trying to replace wherever it can in Italian with English or even by Maltese and this, among others, in teaching (see below). She finds an ally of choice in the Protestant churches and Anglicans who think more easily reach the families by making a propaganda Maltese. The Catholic church is reached on both counts, she faces a proselytizing Protestant and development of public schools. It becomes very sensitive to language problems. It is mobilizing, for example in 1847, when a Catholic priest converted to Protestantism Anglican Michelangelo Camilleri, creates an association "Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge) and translated into Maltese with the alphabet Vassalli the New Testament . In this context, all the arguments are good, even worse, and part of Maltese Catholics denied the link that their language may have with the Muslims. Many wade, and some still toiling in attempting to demonstrate descent Phoenician and / or Punic more "acceptable" to them . This problem will result in a radicalization of linguists and writers who will want to expunge Maltese Maltese all its acquisitions "Romance" (to avoid Italian) by adopting a purist will described as "smitisante" (to avoid Arabist) in their attempts grammars. This is reflected even today, almost 90 years after the formalization and the publication in 1924, Tagrif fuq il-Kitbi Maltija (information on the writing of Malta), in writing rules of Maltese or in the will of the Maltese people to say, failing to believe that the Maltese roots, not Phoenician-Punic Arab , .
Maltese writing
If the former Maltese was written, the eleventh and twelfth centuries, using the Arabic alphabet , as shown by the Maltese poets of this period, the image of ibn Abd ar-Rahmm Ramadan The dichotomy that will take place in the society Maltese during the centuries following will make him lose all the characteristics of written language. Indeed, at the same time that settles the feudal system , the aristocracy used the Sicilian population and servile or labored Maltese, one is growing, the other s'analphabtisant. It was not until the creation of a bourgeoisie and openness to trade light of some of the Maltese elite, kept out by the Order of St. John of Jerusalem , to a perception of nation whose language is obviously one. The best example of this movement is given by the patriot Mikiel Anton Vassalli , who oppose the Hospitallers , who will welcome the French to again challenge the British, who spend long years in exile , first in Italy then in France , before returning to Malta , to get the first chair of Maltese and Arabic at the University of Malta and to finally be distinguished as the "father of the Maltese language." "The willingness of some Maltese to take their mother tongue in social recognition was first animated by romantic ideas and ideals of the French Revolution "but he still had to do that Maltese can be written before becoming a literary language. And there was a written first, the existence of an alphabet. The long maturation of this, almost two centuries, between 1750 and 1929, demonstrates the difficulty of the enterprise.
Since the first proposal Gian Pietro Francesco Agius of Soldani in 1750 than in 1827 Stefano Zerafa, through the multiple alphabets Mikiel Anton Vassalli between 1790 and 1827, culminating in 1921 in the alphabet of Gaqda tal- Kittieba tal-Malti ( Maltese Association of Writers ), the path will be long.
Maltese Grammar
Along with a script, you also need a grammar to fix the spelling. The first to show interest and to lay the foundations for a grammar is written in 1750 that Soldani Descrizione della Lingua Punica (Description of the Punic language) and Nuova Scuola di Grammatica (New Course grammar). Between 1755 and 1759 he will publish two other studies, one in four volumes written in Maltese Damma-tal Kliem Kartaini Imxerred Fomm fil-Maltin u l-tal-Gawdxin (Compilation of Carthaginian words used in oral and Malta in Gozo) and the other Italian Nuova Scuola lingua Punica dell'antica scoperta nel moderno parlare e Gozitano Maltese (New study of the ancient Punic language found in the modern talk of Maltese and Gozitan) . Soldani cites two of his predecessors whose texts are lost, Fra Domenico Sciberras, Bishop of Epiphany of Cilicia and the Knight of Malta De Tournon . It was during his exile in Rome in 1791 that publishes its first grammar Vassalli Mylsen - Phoenico Punicum-sive Grammatica Melitensis (Mylsen - The Phoenician-Punic grammar or Maltese) that will complement others in publishing, as in 1796 in Lexikon (Lexicon). It is above all his academic work, from 1825, after his return from exile of France , Vassalli that leaves its mark on the language, in 1827, Grammatica della lingua Maltese (Grammar of the Maltese language) .
In 1831, Francesco Vella publish for the first time in Malta, a Maltese grammar in English for the English, Maltese Grammar For the Use of the Franais (Maltese Grammar in Use of English) . Canon Fortunato Panzavecchia published in 1845 a grammar greatly inspired by that of Grammatica della Lingua Maltese Vassalli (Grammar of the Maltese language) . The consul Vassily Basil Roudanovsky, stationed in Malta, published in 1910 A Maltese Pocket Grammar (A grammar of Maltese pocket) .
Since its inception in 1920, Gaqda tal-tal-Malti Kittieba ( Writers' Association of Malta ) goes to work. It offers an alphabet in 1921 and in 1924 a grammar and spelling rules: Tagrif fuq il-Kitbi Maltija (information on the writing of Malta), mostly written by Ninu Cremona and Gann Vassallo . Alongside its work with the Association, Ninu Cremona released its own English grammar A Manual of Maltese Orthography and Grammar (Handbook of spelling and grammar Maltese) .
Jesuit Father Edmund Sutcliffe in 1936 published A Grammar Of The Maltese Language (Grammar of the Maltese language). It is recognized as the best ever Maltese grammar written by a non-Maltese . In 1960 and 1967, Henry Grech Malta publishes two volumes Grammatik tal-Malti (Maltese Grammar). If a Maltese grammar reference today is that of Albert Borg and Marie Azzopardi-Alexander published in 1997 under the title of Maltese, Descriptive Grammars .
Maltese Dictionaries
After the alphabet and grammar , is one final aspect of written language, the vocabulary , usually grouped in a dictionary. The first interested in Maltese language is German Hieronymus Megis who travels to Malta in 1588 and 1589. He collects words Maltese in 1603 he published with their translation into German by the name of Polyglottus Thesaurus (multilingual Treasury) then Propugnaculum Europae (Bulwark of Europe) in 1606 . Another list of 355 words was published in 1664 with the sense in English by a British traveler Sir Philip Skippon under the title of Account of a Journey Made Thro 'Part of the Low Countries, Germany, Italy, and France (Travel narrative is part of the crowds of the Netherlands, Germany, Italy and France) . In an edition of 1677 of the Notitia vocaboli ecclesiastici (Notice of ecclesiastical vocabulary) named Hierolexicon (Dictionary of Jerusalem), Domenico Carlo Magri and give the etymology of certain words Maltese .
The first dictionary of the Maltese language is written by a knight of Malta, French, Francois de Vion Thezan Court in 1649. This dictionary is only known by a modern edition of Arnold Cassola, 1992 under the name Regole per la Lingua Maltese (Rules for the Maltese language), and included leading a number of instructions for the soldiers of the Order by Italian and Maltese. Cassola will attach the first part of a dictionary (the second is lost) of words Maltese-Italian father Pelaju (Bartolomeo) Mifsud . It will be followed a century later, between 1755 and 1759, by that of the Soldani , Damma tal-Kliem Kartaini Imxerred wire Fomm Maltin tal-l-u Gawdxin (Compilation of Carthaginian words used in spoken in Malta and Gozo ) which, as its name suggests is a compilation rather than a dictionary . In fact the first relatively complete dictionary, with 18,000 vocabulary words Maltese in 1796, it is the work of Vassalli in the title-Latin Lexicon Melitense Italum (Dictionary Maltese-Latin-Italian) . Note that the first Maltese language dictionaries are often if not always, accompanied by the vocabulary of another language. Vassalli as a patriot, who fought all his life to impose the Maltese does not mind putting the Maltese language alongside Italian. This characteristic has persisted until now, where the Maltese are bilingual dictionaries, English-Maltese today, the two official languages of Malta.
Malta became a British possession in 1800, but it was not until 1843 for a first dictionary Dizionario portatile delle lingue maltese, italiana e inglese (portable dictionary of Maltese, Italian and English) seems to work thanks to Francesco Vella and 1845 to that of Giovanni Battista Falzon with Dizionario Maltese-Italiano-Inglese (Dictionary Maltese-Italian-English) which was reprinted in 1882 with an addition grammatical. They will be followed in 1856 the Piccolo Dizionario Maltese-Italiano-Inglese (Small Dictionary Maltese-Italian-English) Baron Vincenzo Azzopardi will be the first dictionary to be introduced into public schools. In 1885, Salvatore Mamo which publishes Franais-Maltese Dictionary (English-Maltese Dictionary) . Anecdotally, it was not until 1859, in the book review of Cesare Vassallo, librarian at the National Library of Malta : Catalogo dei Codici e Manoscritti inediti che nella pubblica conservano biblioteca di Malta (catalog codes and unpublished manuscripts that are preserved in the Public Library of Malta) What appears a Vocabolario Inglese-Italiano-Maltese Vocabulary (French-Italian-Maltese) to the unknown author .
The first sum is tempted by E. Magro in 1906 with the publication of Franais and Maltese Dictionary from A to L (Maltese and English Dictionary: A to L) but the second volume never appeared. Then in 1921 began publishing the first volume of mill-Dizzjunarju Eniklopediku Inglizi gall-Malti u mill-Malti gall-Inglizi (Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English to Maltese and Maltese to English) by Vincenzo Busuttil and Tancred Borg. A work of twelve years due to a volume per year since the last and twelfth volume appeared in 1932 . In 1942, Erin Serracino-Inglott began writing his dictionary of Maltese, but the first ten volumes of his short-Miklem It Malti (Maltese Words) does not appear until 1975 and was completed shortly before his death in 1983 . His estate will be taken by Guze Aquilina, second holder of the Chair of Maltese and Oriental Languages at the University of Malta from 1937 to 1976 , 112 years after Vassalli, which publishes the 1987-1999-Maltese Dictionary Franais ( Maltese-English dictionary) in 2 volumes and 80 000 admissions and Franais-Maltese Dictionary (English-Maltese Dictionary) in 4 volumes and 120 000 admissions . Today is a dictionary, in its edition Concise Maltese-Franais-Maltese Dictionary (Collins Concise Maltese-English-Maltese), usage examples and citations have been omitted, which is perhaps the most widely used dictionaries Maltese . Purists, however, accuse him of not always follow the rules of the Academy Maltese .
Maltese literary As already indicated, the oldest document written in Maltese, in its earlier form, is a melody to twenty -Kantilena it , the oldest witness is a witness poetic. This document created in 1450, gives a good idea of what could be spoken Maltese. It was not a crude language allowing only communication tool. In 1585, the inquisitor in Malta burned songs written by a Dominican priest, Pasquale Vassallo, on the pretext of content too libertine .
It's in the book Dell'Istoria della Sacra Religione and Illustrious Militia di San Giovanni Gierosolimitano (From the history of the Holy and Illustrious Religion Militia of St. John of Jerusalem) of Giacomo Bosio , a historian of the Order, that one can find the first sentence written and printed in old Maltese. Bosio Reports about an old Maltese, who said at the laying of the foundation stone of Valletta in 1566: "Legi in Zimen fait Wardia neck CSBS raba EUISS Uquia", giving Maltese modern "wire JIGI mien li kull-Wardija xiber raba 'JISWA uqija "(Is it time to Wardija where every inch of land is worth an ounce) .
Maltese Poetry
After the melody of the fifteenth century, the first poems ever known in Malta date from the late seventeenth century and the eighteenth century. In 1672 or 1675, it seems that Giovanni Francesco Bonamico has translated from French to Maltese poem Lill-Granmastru Cottone (the grand master Cottone). In 1939, that publishes Ninu Cremona, an anonymous author of Gozo , a poem dating from 1700 Jaasra Mingajr tija (Poor boy without guilt) quoted by the Soldani in 1750 . In 1738, an anonymous poem recounting the murder of a priest-teacher named Grimani is collected in i-Stromata by Ignazio Saverino Misfud whose manuscripts of his sermons, dated between 1739 and 1746, were probably the first prose Known in Maltese. A poem, Fuqek Nitaddet Malta (The supervisor speaks of Malta), also anonymous, tells the slave revolt of 1749. It was only in 1791 that are published poems in Maltese. These three short texts attributed to Father Gioacchino Navarro, collected by Franois-Emmanuel Guignard Saint-Priest in Malta by a French traveler .
Biblical Literature
The first book printed in Malta's history of publishing is actually bilingual, since in light of the Maltese text, it contains the text Italian. It is printed in Rome in 1770 at the request of the bishop of Malta Paolo Alpheran Bussan so it is a religious book, actually a catechism Taglim Nisrani (or just Christian Teaching Catechism). It is the translation of Dottrina Cristiana (Christian Doctrine) of Cardinal Bellarmine made by Abbot Frangisk Wizzino. In 1780, appeared at the request of Bishop Vincenzo Labini, this time entirely in Maltese, Kompendju tat-Taglim Nisrani (Condensed Catechism of Christian teaching or condensed) . Production of religious literature in Maltese will not cease. In 1822, the "Bible Society in Malta" (The Bible Society of Malta) is the origin of the translation by Marija Guzeppa Cannolo Vanelu Il-ta 'San Gwann (The Gospel of St. John), the alphabet not yet set, this gospel is translated with the Latin alphabet from Arabic letters mixed. The same company publishes, after the death of Vassalli , his translations of the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles. As already mentioned the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge "published in 1847, he Testment did ( New Testament ) the pastor Michelangelo Camiller . In 1924, Guze Musact Azzopardi finished his translation of the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles began in 1895 and in 1929 began regular publication of 72 books of the Bible performed by Pietru Pawl Saydon from Greek texts. This publication ends thirty years later in 1959. The tal-Kummissjoni Liturika Provinja Maltija (Liturgical Commission of the Maltese Province) beginning in 1967 the printing of liturgical texts in Maltese to complete its task in 1978 with the New Testament. Following the council Vatican II in Malta Bible Society decided to make a new translation of biblical texts in an ecumenical perspective. Finally in 1984, she publishes another according to the sources, which gathers in one volume all the biblical texts. This work is performed under the direction of Dun Karm Sant surrounded by many researchers . Don Gorg Preca created in 1907, the "sojet tal-MUSEUM (MUSEUM society) with the aim of helping to create a vocabulary for Malta to discuss all subjects of nature theologically as the ascetic , the moral or the dogmatic .
Maltese Literature
First page of an old edition of Divine Comedy. The first work of the mind purely literary writing in the Maltese seems to be a novel by a professor Neapolitan Giuseppe Folliero de Luna (maternal grandfather of Enrico Mizzi ) Imabba Elvira jew ta 'tyranny (Elvira or love of Tyrants) whose 1863 publication date is not guaranteed. Cons by the date of 1887 is sure to publish the first novel of historical genre-Maltese especially from the pen of Don Amabile NHIS, the series is named Ward Bla Xewk (Roses without thorns). Then from 1901 to 1907, is a collection of stories published X'Jgid il-Malti (Maltese What say) written by Father Manwel Magri in a collection called tal-Kotb Mogdija ta-mien (Books over time ) and will last until 1915 . In 1909, Guze Muscat Azzopardi published his first novel Nazju Ellul (Ellul Ignatius). It encourages Dun Karm Psaila writing in Maltese and it made a first attempt in 1912 with Quddiem Xbieha tal-Madonna (facial image of the Madonna). His first work will be published in 1914 in the number 140 in the series of books over time as the L-Ewwel Ward (First Roses). In 1922, Dun Karn wrote the lyrics of L-Innu Malti (Malta Hymn), which became the official anthem of Malta. Dun Karm is called the first "national poet" in 1935 by Laurent Ropa .
Alongside writing, translation into Maltese of great literary works began in 1846 by a popular work since it is the Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. The second literary translation is the Divina Commedia ( Divine Comedy ) by Dante for the Maltese who have special attention. The first translation in 1905, it is the result of the work of Alfredo Edoardo Borg. The second translation is the work of Erin Serracino-Inglott in 1959 and in 1991, Alfred Palma gives a third in the Maltese translation of the Comedy. Finally, we can also quote Victor Xuereb, delivering in 1989 a translation of the Odyssey of Homer .
The colonial government recognized the Maltese in 1934 and in the same movement is taking steps to expand its use. Outside the areas which are normally its own, in 1935 he launched a competition for novels. In 1937 the results are made public and the winner is found to be Guze Aquilina with Tliet Saltniet Tahta (Under three kingdoms). In 1939, is noted for the first time by a Maltese literary criticism novel, this is Alla ta-gaag (Youth of God) Karmenu Vassallo. In the 1960s, Joseph J. Camilleri was seen as best writer Maltese with what is cited as his best novel Sinjuri Ahna (We Women) or his poetry Kwartet (Quartet). Were then also noticed Victor Fenech, Daniel Massa or Charles Vella for modern poetry . It is time, 1966, begins a long controversy in the media of the time between "modern" and "old" maintained by the MQL - Moviment Qawmien Letterarju (Literary Renaissance Movement) which was headed by Charles Coleiro and published a journal Polz (Pulse). In 1974, the MQL launches first literary prize in cooperation with the firm Rothmans , the prize is awarded to Frans Sammut's novel Samuraj (Samurai). The same year also created the literary prize Phoenicia. Trevor Zahra Tahta with it-tal-Palm Weraq (Sub palms) wins the Klabb Kotb Maltin (Maltese Book Club). In 1991, Joe Friggieri, with L-Gerusija (The broken engagement) , won the first competition of new, founded by the Gaqda Bibljotekarji (Library Association).
Maltese Theatre
Since the construction of Valletta in 1731, a theater commissioned and funded personally by Antnio Manoel de Vilhena , Grand Master of the Hospitallers , Malta has always had a scene. Time of the Hospitallers , were often knights who rode and played classical pieces French or Italian. In 1843, there is at least one other theater in Birgu , Vittoriosa theater. The year 1866 was inaugurated in Valletta a new hall, the Royal Opera House (ROH). But at the Manoel Theatre that played the first play written by a Maltese Maltese (1836), Katarina, a drama written in verse by Luigi Rosato and published in 1847. Several of his other works are produced in this theater the following years. In 1913, Ninu Cremona wrote it-tal-Fidwa Bdiewa (Redemption farmers), this piece is considered the first piece of classical theater Maltese . From 1856, the Compagnia Filodrammatici Vittoriosa (Company philo-dramatic Vittoriosa) of Pietru Pawl Castagna is the first company to make his repertoire Maltese language .
In 1946, Nikol Biancardi based Gaqda Maltija Bajda u Hamra (red and white Maltese Association ") and organized the first" theatrical Maltese Contest "at Radio City Opera House (Opera Radio City") of amrun. After its dissolution in 1950, Erin Serracino-Inglott creates KOPTEM - Kumitat Organizzatur gat Privat-Teatru Malti Edukattiv ("Committee of private educational theater organization Maltese) to continue the organization of theatrical competitions. After creating the Compagnia Filodrammatici Vittoriosa, this year sees three new theatrical planned: The Malta Drama League ("League Maltese drama"), "Maleth" at the instigation of Anthony (iNOS) and Ghirlando Drammatika Gaqda tal- Malti - Universit ("dramatic Maltese Association - University) Professor Guze Aquilina . In 1962, the Manoel Theatre which is organizing a competition and drama that will reveal who will be considered the greatest playwright of Malta. After a first appearance in a theatrical competition in 1950, with fix-cby Xemx (Mist in the sun), Francis Ebejer won the support of the Manoel Theatre with its parts Vaganzi tas-Sajf (Summer holidays). In 1966, he won two first places in the same competition with Menz and Il-Hadd fuq il-Bejtja (Sunday on the roof) .
Maltese Standard
Maltese Edition
The Hospital in the eighteenth century had established control over the issue through a monopoly on the printing. Implementing a control system equivalent, the British colonial administration almost always refuses any authorization to create a print. CMS - Church Missionary Society (Church Missionary Society "), an organization Anglican based in London requires a permit to install a printing press in Malta. This print books proselytes in Arabic for the entire Middle East. She obtained the agreement in 1825 provided that all printed materials are actually exported from Malta. The British colony is quickly becoming a center of printing in Arabic that participates in the literary revival of this language in the nineteenth century . CMS obtained piecemeal permission to print to the archipelago. So it prints some books Mikiel Anton Vassalli Grammatica della lingua as the Maltese (Grammar of the Maltese language) in 1827 or Percy Badger as his Description of Malta and Gozo (Description of Malta and Gozo) in 1838 . She obtained the freedom of impression when the colonial administration introduced the Freedom press in 1839 but closed in 1845 when the parent company in London has financial difficulties .
After 1839, it is possible for all Maltese to open a publishing company. The first to do so is AC Aquilina creating in 1855 the oldest publishing house purely Maltese "AC Aquilina & Co. Ltd". In 1874, Giovanni Muscat opened a bookstore to commercialization of literary production in Maltese and English. He quickly add software to its business distributing a production activity with a publishing house .
The copyright in printed literature are established in Malta in 1883 .
Media
In 1839, the colonial government proclaimed the freedom of the press, and before that date, no regular publication was authorized by the administration. Malta is the first newspaper published by George Percy Badger followed by Il Filologo Maltese (The Maltese philologist) Dom Salvatore Cumbo. From 1941 Badger publish in its newspaper a letter on the Maltese in education. So from the beginning of the Maltese press, it is involved in the great business of the moment: making Malta a separate language. In 1846, Richard Taylor, who publishes The Gahan until 1861 with an interruption from 1848 to 1854 .
It was in Egypt in 1859, then in French hands, that seems the newspaper Il-Bahrija (The Felon), the first newspaper to be published in Maltese Maltese islands off the .
The first issue of the almanac Il-Habib Malti (Maltese's Friend) was released in 1873, about the celebrated almanac Il-Pronostku Malti (Maltese prognosis) by Giovanni Muscat, he published over a century, from 1898 to 1997 .
Guze Muscat Azzopardi publishes In-Nahla Maltija (The Bee Malta) from 1877 to 1879. He revived a newspaper Pawlu Galea in 1913 Il-Habib (The Lover). It will last longer than the first will stop since its publication in 1928. It is in this newspaper that printed a Napuljun Tagliaferro controversial article Ilsien L-Malti u l-Marokkin (The Maltese and Moroccan). Persevering Azzopardi, before the end of L'Ami, created in 1926 another newspaper Il-Kotra (abundance) that it adopts in 1933 .
Amid this intellectual agitation, the media will emerge to support political positions as He-Mediterraneo (1838-1902), The Malta Times (1840-1904) and Il Corriere-maltese, newspapers face displaying a liberal opinion l-Ordine (1847-1902) and conservative Catholic newspaper. In 1880, Fortunato Mizzi, the father of Prime Minister Enrico Mizzi , created at the same time the Nationalist Party and its newspaper Malta .
Clashes between supporters of different alphabets are spread in the press and in 1903, Dimech wrote regularly in his journal Il-Bandiera tal-Maltin (The flag of Malta) to denounce the maneuvers low partisan opponents supporters of the English language to those of Italian, to the detriment of the Maltese language .
It is through the press a crucial turning point for the future of the Maltese language will be taken. Is sent to the newspaper Il-Habib, September 7, 1920, appeal of a young man of 21 years, Frangisk Saver Caruana, calling for the creation of a new union of Maltese writers that will unlock everything. Take part for two months, these epistolary exchanges interposed by newspaper, among others, Guzeppa Farrugia, Guze Micallef Goggi, Guze Muscat Azzopardi Pawlu Bellanti, Pietru Pawl Grima, Nerik Bonnici or C. Sant .
Finally November 9, 1920, appears a notice: "il-Hadd li Nhar ej, 14 ta 'Novembru, fi-gaxra nofs u ta' filgodu, issir laqga l-ewwel ta 'din l-fiction Gaqda irkolo ta' l- Unjoni ta 'San Guzeppa il-Belt, 266 Strada San Paolo "(The next Sunday, November 14, at 10 am 30 am will be held the first meeting of the Society of St. Joseph Circle in Valletta, 266, rue Saint Paul). Over thirty people were present, a commission was established quickly and it takes the name Gaqda tal-tal-Malti Kittieba ( Writers' Association of Malta ). On 18 December 1921, after 17 sessions, the Association shall submit its work, and a few details, is the current alphabet is proposed . The Maltese press has played a key role in transforming the Maltese Maltese spoken in writing, although it will still take almost fifteen years for the formalization of Maltese instead of Italian.
A year after the formalization of 1 January 1934, the Maltese can hear for the first time an issue of broadcasting and in 1939 began the dissemination of literary programs. In 1943 during the war, Vella Haber adapted for radio as a news Themistocles Zammit Genieqa L-ta 'Wiu the first broadcast of a radio drama Maltese. Finally in 1962, MTV - Maltese television - broadcasts its first television broadcasts .
Maltese national language
The road is long, the mid-eighteenth century, where a few enlightened minds, as Gian Pietro Francesco Agius of Soldani and Mikiel Anton Vassalli , wished to make their language spoken only a literary language until the initiative Frangisk Saver Caruana who, by allowing the birth of Gaqda tal-tal-Malti Kittieba ( Writers' Association of Malta ) in 1924 will lead to the creation of an alphabet, grammar and spelling .
But is superimposed on these actions political agitation from the 1880s that will make the language one of its symbols in 1883. The upper classes Maltese, who practice all the Italian , want to keep their benefits, not wanting to provide a gateway to the petty bourgeoisie. They will find political support from nationalists who see the better future of the archipelago from the Italian relative who came to his unit, with the distant colonial British. This opposition, which share the country, has often been called "language conflict". This conflict has its martyrs, it will last until the middle of the twentieth century.
The Maltese language has finally become official language of the archipelago in 1934, alongside the English. Since then, the English remained an official language, but the national language of Malta is dedicated by the constitution. Article 3 states that:
"The Maltese is an essential component of the national heritage, having been constantly developed in the Maltese words, what distinguishes the Maltese people of all other nations and gives its citizens the best means of expression.
The State recognizes the Maltese language Maltese as a strong expression of Maltese nationality and, therefore, recognizes the unique importance and protects against the degradation and loss. "
Institutions literary and control bodies of the Maltese language
Ghaqda tal-tal-Malti Kittieba ( Writers' Association of Malta ) in 1924 from left to right, 1st row: Darmanin Demajo Guze, Dun Karm Psaila , Guze Muscat Azzopardi, Ganni Vassallo, Ninu Cremona, 2nd row: Darmanin Demajo Guze, Rogantini Gachia, AM Borg Caruana Frangisk Saver, Guze Micallef Goggi. That initiative Frangisk Saver Caruana, who, by his call of 7 September 1920 in the newspaper Il-Habib (The Lover), causes the creation of Gaqda tal-tal-Malti Kittieba ( Writers' Association of Malta ) . This association gives Malta its first written language by creating an alphabet, grammar and spelling. But it also gives a literature. Its members are, for the most important writers to become Malta's image of Dun Karm Psaila , which will be credited with the status of national poet. Besides being a writer noticed, he is the author of the national anthem of Malta L-Innu Malti.
It was during a general meeting May 7, 1922, the association is officially born. His target is :
- Ensure the development of the alphabet, grammar and spelling;
- Ensure the protection and rights of the Maltese language;
- Promote dissemination of language and literary works while preserving the Catholic religion.
If she moved in 1924 the rules that make Malta a true language, it also acts to develop literature and on 1 November 1924 it appointed a commission composed of Frangisk Saver Caruana, Guze Darmanin Demajo, Darmanin Demajo Guze and Vincent Mifsud Bonnici with the aim to prepare Il-Malti (Maltese), a literary magazine presented December 21, 1924. It is published on a quarterly basis for the first time in March 1925 .
In 1944, promulgated a law establishing the Kunsill tal-Malti Centrali (Central Council of Malta) to protect and promote the Maltese language and literature. The Council consists of representatives of all organizations in Malta. From 1950, implements a heap-Sojet Kunsill ta 'l-Maltin Awturi (Council of the Society of Authors Maltese). But this advice will be active until six years later. Then in 1962, the Gaqda Kittieba gaag (Association of young writers) who will become the Awturi Grupp (Group of Authors), in 1969, the birth of Gaqda Bibljotekarji (Library Association) in 1998, Gaqda letterarja kulturali u (Literary and Cultural Association) and in 2001, the Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb (National Book Council) .
The Association of Maltese writers became in 1964 the Akkademja tal-Malti (Maltese Academy), and in 2005, the government discharge surveillance Maltese to enable him to devote himself completely to the promotion of literary language, creating the Kunsill Nazzjonali ta 'l-Malti Ilsien (National Council of the Maltese language). It is responsible, inter alia, promoting the national language, the definition of spelling and vocabulary, and the implementation of an appropriate language policy .
Linguistic Conflict
Since taking official of the archipelago as a crown colony in 1814, the Maltese government to demand freedom and colonial insurance they could never get the Hospitallers or the French. The Maltese know remember the promises made by Alexander Ball to be able to govern as they please. The first freedom was granted the freedom of the press, but newspapers opinion grow in self-government. The Maltese benefit in 1847 from the carnival to taunt the colonial government, which, May 11, 1849, granted a new constitution allowing elected Councillors to give their opinion on matters reserved except as the defense of the islands .
When the Italian made his unit , some look to the new neighboring kingdom. Fortunato Mizzi, the father of Enrico Mizzi , created the Nationalist Party , and when he gets a majority in the elections of 1883, the colonial government raised the stakes by announcing the replacement of Italian in public schools by the English and Maltese. The advisers of the Nationalist Party resigned and are triumphantly re-elected. The arrival of Gerald Strickland and the establishment of a truly representative government calmed the situation. But the emergence of the language problem comes when any question Strickland decided to introduce English in the courts. The confrontation is inevitable when an order of 1901 allows parents the choice of language examination of children between the Italian and English .
When advisers refuse to accept the budget of public instruction, letters patent of June 3, 1903 canceling the constitution of 1887. A commission of inquiry does not help in promoting English in the lower courts and the choice between English and Maltese in the criminal courts. More on the external Britain supports the Italian movement while on the domestic Maltese, she waged war against irredentist Italian followers are among the Maltese. The First World War will calm the conflict, as Malta is running its shipyards by providing maximum economic welfare before falling in the economic doldrums soon gained peace and regain all its linguistic and political problems .
A man will not do anything to simplify the situation. Enrico Mizzi was recovered in 1917 the party leadership that his father had created. His behavior leads pro-Italian court martial sentenced him to one year imprisonment. He is pardoned at the end of the war and resumed his activism. The Sette Giugno (June 7, 1919) a violent riot broke out, the British flag is burned, the army fired, killing four people, Wenzu Dyer Meanwhile, Manwel Attard, Giuseppe Bajada, and over fifty wounded . A new constitution was granted in 1921 with the establishment of a parliament that can handle everything except areas reserved and the language issue is part of the reserved areas. The 1921 election is on the language issue but faced with Mizzi, to Bishop and Colonel Panzavecchia Savona, Strickland was elected on his fame .
It can implement its language policy replaced Italian accompanied by English Maltese. The opposition, with Mizzi, is supported by underhand by Fascists , came to power in Italy, and the Maltese Church. The Holy See comes from the British government that gives the Strickland continuation of its policy but calls for new elections. Strickland removes the Italian public education and court April 25, 1932. Mizzi won the elections in June 1932 and as minister of public education, unable to return to the directives of Strickland, reserved forces, August 6, 1932 takes steps to reintroduce the Italian as a medium of instruction at Maltese. But before the revolt of the university, the colonial government takes things in hand, cancels the measures imposed Mizzi and Maltese in public schools , , .
On 1 January 1934, the colonial government put an end to the war language by publishing in the Gazzetta tal-Guern (The Government Gazette, the official Maltese) a notice stating that the alphabet and spelling society Maltese writers are officially adopted, the Maltese language was declared official language with English instead of Italian . The constitution of 1921 was repealed in 1936, the Istituto Italiano di Cultura is closed, the agitators were expelled from the islands irredentist and publications are banned in Italy . The language dispute ends during the Second World War with the passage before a court martial and execution of the last supporters of fascist Italy. The teaching will be compulsory by 1946 .
Features
If a language is a reflection of the history of its speakers , Maltese, spoken in the XXI century in the Maltese Islands is the memory of a part of Maltese history. The rich culture Phoenician - Punic civilization and Greco - Roman , have left little trace in Malta Archaeological. The islands that have created the oldest monuments of human history of the world (sixth millennium BC.) possess a language, Maltese, since, at best, the Ninth century, wiping out more than 60 centuries of history.
Lexical Borrowing
The Maltese language is marked by a variety of lexical origin, three major families of differing importance: Semitic origins, contributions novels, mostly Sicilian and Italian and Anglo-Saxon additions. Aquilina estime que les emprunts non-smitiques dpassent en nombre le fond arabe mais l'tude d'chantillons par Fenech montre que l'utilisation de ce fond est plus important que les apports principalement romans. L'chantillon littraire montre une utilisation moyenne des mots d'origine arabe de 94 %, celui-ci descend 86,5 % pour le maltais parl, 73 % dans la presse crite et tombe 64 % dans la publicit. L'utilisation est d'environ 5 % pour la littrature et 8 % pour le maltais parl pour l'italien et respectivement 4,5 % et 0,4 % pour l'anglais .
Origines smitiques
Ne sont repris ici que trois des caractristiques communes aux langues smitiques et au maltais.
Racine trilitre
La premire caractristique d'une langue smitique est sa a href = "Morphologie_ (linguistics)" title = "Morphology (linguistics)"> morphology. All Semitic languages have a vocabulary built on a lexeme (Lessem in Maltese) usually triliteral (three letters), sometimes quadrilittre (four letters) or bilittres (two letters). For example, the root Internal Bending
A second morphological feature that Maltese is Semitic in its roots is the character internally inflected with the kind of numbers by breaking internal. The inflected forms are less numerous in Malta than in other Semitic languages, Maltese has maintained eight main forms which must be added some remains of ancient forms .
- The name "book" in the singular ktieb bends in the plural Kotb, KTieB Kotb.
- "Book" in Arabic kataba () gives the singular kutub () in the plural.
Consonants solar
As for Arabic, Maltese has only one definite article he (al in Arabic). For cons, the existence of so-called solar consonants (Xemxija in Maltese) amends section by assimilation .
If there are five solar consonants in Arabic: d, r, s, t and z, their number increased to nine solar consonants in Maltese: c, d, n, r, s, t, x, z and .
- normal form it konsonanti-(consonant)
- assimilated form I-censorship (censorship), id-dwellist (the duelist), in-nanna (grandmother), ir-radar (the radar), is-Sultan (the sultan), it-tortura (torture ), ix-xarada (charade), iz-Zalze (sauce) and iz-zona (zone).
Consonants also have a solar influence in the conjugation of verbs, assimilation taking place by doubling the first consonant : ejjen (decoration) t + = ejjen ejjen (you decorate)
Semitic Lexicon
Apart from the fact that some words come from other sources through the Arabic as:
- from the Latin : Fellus pullus (chicken), Fornax fernaq (spark), Govi gawwija (gull) or festuca fosdqa (cocoon);
- from the Hebrew : : . Older dictionaries, such as Vassalli, have lost a lot of words from Ifriqiya ( Kairouan ), Aghlabid or Berber because of the romanization of Maltese Semitic .
Influences Romance
At the same time when Sicily was abandoning the siqili (Sicilian Arabic), Arabic Maltese was increasingly confronted with a romanization. Trade between the archipelago and Sicily and migration strongly influence the practice of Maltese. We take the most significant developments.
Phonetic Changes
Away from its parent language, subject to strong romanization, it's probably at this time that the pronunciation of the Maltese language differs from the Semitic pronunciation . Seven phonemes Arab T, T, S, S, D, D and d are more pronounced than through three phonemes Malta : t, s and d:
Difference in pronunciation Arabic / Maltese Arabic pronunciation Maltese pronunciation Changes in morphological and syntactic The syntactic construction of the sentence will also evolve a sentence construction Semitic VSO (verb-subject-object) to an organization Romanesque SVO (subject-verb-object) .
The incorporation of new words and Sicilian Italian and French also occurs through the creation of neologisms. This lexical expansion has at least two consequences that diminish the features most Semitic Maltese:
- the bending internal neglected, in part, to adopt the inflectional forms of the Romance languages with the ending :
- the conjugation of verbs in Romance languages adopted changes the verb forms .
Glossary novel
In the family of Romance languages that have contributed to the Maltese lexicon, it is difficult to know which is the cause of adoption. The borrowed words, in many cases could very well come from the vocabulary of French as Italian vocabulary, too many words are too close to decide only on the vocabulary. Only studies historical and philological could decide. For the contribution of French in the Maltese language, it is possible to include among others: Bongu hello (Buongiorno Italian), bonswa goodnight (Buona Sera), swara Evening (Serata) kalepin notebook (taccuino) AbsInt absinthe (Assenzio) port port (port) or xarabank drawn wagon (gone for English bus).
English Influences
English has a double influence on the Maltese language, the creation of neologisms and a pidgin (see below).
Creating new words
The Maltese create neologisms from English to cover all the new concepts that have no equivalent in the language of Malta. There are about 2500 new words created during the industrialization of the islands and their economic take-off .
Anglo-Saxon Glossary
Language and Standard topolectes
The level of practice in Malta is very different on the whole territory, however small, Malta is 249 km 2 and Gozo 67 km 2. The Maltese recognize two levels of Maltese standard practice with major variations in vocabulary. These practices tend to diversification.
If we speak of lexical practice, we should also consider another practice which tends to create a pidgin due to the high percentage of people who practice a Maltese-English bilingualism.
Even on an identical language, it must be noted also dialects with differences in pronunciation. These phonetic variabilities rather have a tendency towards uniformity.
Maltese Standard
If there is indeed a Maltese called standard, practiced in the capital, Valletta , and also at Sliema , the economic and social center of the archipelago, it is practiced throughout the area of the archipelago or a variety of the Maltese standard that could be described as relaxed. This released Maltese is spoken in the countryside and villages within the circle of knowledge and family .
Maltish and minglish
Maltese bilingual speakers tend to mix in the same sentence with words of English and Maltese, this trend is now found in non-bilingual speakers of Maltese. This would tend to demonstrate the creation of a pidgin-English malto is already known maltish or Anglo-Maltese minglish. This latter phenomenon was noted, particularly by Brincat but it is still very little studied.
Brincat is the job (for better understanding the English words are underlined):
- "No-ibli minn fuq id-napkin dishwasher" (go get the towel is on the washing machine);
- "Tih it lill-baby-bottle" (give me a bottle of baby);
- the maltish also used in government "There-tat-Taxpayers maoranza my jkollomx bonn jimlew return ir-ta 'l-impt" (the majority of taxpayers do not need to complete the tax return);
- it is also employed at the school "-diameter id, it, ir Mhux-radius (diameter, no, not the radius);
- and even university courses in plant biology where this time is of Maltese words which are integrated into an English sentence "I-tal-istructure leaf" (the structure of the leaf).
Maltese Topolectes
For all those who listened speak Maltese with a little attention, it is clear that the Maltese is not uniform over a territory yet so little space. If the differences tend to diminish the accuracy of studies differs more and more subsystems.
Create a written language from a spoken language requires special attention to phonetic variability. Already in 1796, Mikiel Anton Vassalli had noticed these differences and try to delimit the fields. Vassalli noted five dialects do not always give the exact contours :
- with the dialect of the port of Valletta and the Three Cities, Birgu , Isla and Bormla ;
- dialect of Gozo;
- the dialect of the Highlands or Mdina ;
- dialect of lowland to the east;
- the dialect of the center with Zebbug.
Apart from ongoing studies, mainly on Gozo, or other older, the last comprehensive review of the thesis is that state Puech in 1979. There are four zones plus a transition :
- area of Gozo, where he distinguishes six sub-systems;
- Area urrieq east;
- Area Zebbug- Rabat - Mosta - Siggiewi center-west;
- area of Valletta- Sliema ;
- the mixed zone peri-urban areas.
Comparison of vocabularies
Comparison with classical Arabic and Tunisian Arabic
Maltese is heir to the Arab , directly from the Arabic ifriqiyien , including Tunisia is also the direct heir.
Comparison Maltese / Arabic French term Maltese translation Equivalence Tunisian Arabic Equivalence classical Arabic God Alla Alla Allah earth art ardh ard sky sema SMAA samaa ' water ilma El Maa S. Maa ' fire nar naar naar man Ragel ragel rajul Women mara M'RA Mar'ah you eat (eat) tiekol (kiel) Takel (Klaa) ta'kulu ('akala ) you drink (drink) tixrob (xorob) toshrob (shrab) tashrabu (shariba ) great kbir kbiir kabiir small gir ' zghiir saghiir night Lejla liil layl day jum Yuuma yawm
Comparison with the Sicilian-Arabic
The Maltese language is one with the Sicilian Arabic or siqili the group of languages Sicilian-Arab.
Comparison Maltese / Sicilian-Arab Maltese Equivalence Sicilian-Arab French translation bebbuxu babbaluciu snail Kapunata caponata Ratatouille iebja Gebbia tank unlien Giuggiulena sesame seed Kenure Tanura stone brazier qassata Cassata cheesecake saqqajja saia irrigation canal tebut tabbutu coffin zahar zagara flower zokk zuccu tree trunk Zaffran zaffarana saffron Zbib zibbibbu grape
span class = "mw-headline" id = "Comparaison_avec_le_sicilien_et_l.27italien"> comparison with the Sicilian and Italian
For seven centuries the Maltese language was first confronted in Sicily before being in Italian.
Comparison Maltese / Sicilian / Italian Maltese Sicilian language Italian Equivalence in French Centru Centru centro center Gvern cuvernu governo Government natura natura natura nature pulizija pulizza polizia Police re re re King Repubblika ripbblica repubblica Republic skola schooling scuola school Teatru tiatru teatro theater
Pronunciation
Maltese is a language rebuilt. It was a spoken language only, until enlightened minds have sought to make a written language and literature. The pronunciation of the language was thus a working basis, but with an additional difficulty, write a Semitic language , a dialect of Arabic with a Latin alphabet. It took about two centuries to complete this project.
These two aspects of language are discussed in the article about the Maltese alphabet.
Phonology
After multiple attempts to create an alphabet, a study committee headed by Gaqda tal-tal-Malti Kittieba ( Writers' Association of Malta ) took up the problem and eventually propose an alphabet based on the basic principle of the phonology , a grapheme = one phoneme. This alphabet has 25 letters in 30 phonemes.
Main article: Maltese alphabet. Phonetics
The articulation of the Maltese language is about 8 points and 7 modes of articulation, 10 taking into account the pronunciations are weak or strong.
Main article: Maltese alphabet. Spelling and grammar
The spelling and grammar of the Maltese language were established in 1924 by the Gaqda tal-tal-Malti Kittieba ( Writers' Association of Malta ) which asked the colonial government to publish the rules as the Tagrif fuq il-Kitbi Maltija .
Main article: Maltese Grammar. Maltese Speakers
All specialists interested in the issue note that it is difficult to obtain accurate statistics on the practice linguist in the archipelago. Conditions compendium of information is rarely specified, if not ever.
Badia i remember Capdevilla that among the approximately 400 000 inhabitants in Malta, 96% of Maltese, about 4% are UK residents and Italian, and 98% are Roman Catholics generally regarded as true sportsmen. Malta has experienced significant emigration, there are Maltese communities primarily in English speaking countries. The largest community is in Australia, estimated at 85 000, where it has a print and radio programs in Maltese.
Badia i Capdevilla quotes a 2001 study in which:
- 98.6% of the population of Malta for the Maltese language, 1.2% of English and 1.2% reported having two languages as their mother tongue;
- 14% said they use English as the language of family communication and 29% as a working language;
- 48% of the sample said the press reports Maltese Maltese and 59.2% watch TV and movies in Maltese, respectively 43.2% and 48% for English;
He also cites a statistic from the National Statistics Office , undated, which gives:
- 86.23% of the Maltese population who prefer to speak Maltese against 11.76% 1.84% English and the Italian ;
- 61.13% prefer English to read books and 70.89% for the magazines and 35.75% respectively against 22.65% for Malta and 3.12% and 6.46% for Italian;
- 44.96% said watching television in Malta, 29.63% and 25.41% in Italian in English;
- 82.41% listen to the radio in Maltese English against 14.69% and 2.91% Italian.
At the 1995 census , , Maltese ( 372 000 people) reported in:
- 97.8% practiced the Maltese language;
- 75.8% ( 246 000 people) know English;
- 36.4% ( 118 000 people) know Italian.
Badia i Capdevila this figures from 1931 on where 225 000 people there were:
- 22.6% ( 55 000) 32 000 English and Italian speakers.
Brincat gives other historical statistics:
- In 1842, only 4.5% of the population of Malta can speak, read and write in English, she is one of 11% of Maltese literacy, which everyone knows Italian;
- it takes 1911 to the practitioners of English, 13.1%, exceeding the practitioners of Italian, 11.5%.
Notes
- The earliest traces of these pastors are mainly found in the cave of Ghar Dalam. Their presence is dated 5400 BC. AD is the period known as Ghar Dalam (5400-4500 BC.).
- The site of Zebbug to the center of the island of Malta is the first to uncover graves in wells dug in the limestone. He gave his name to the first phase (4100-3800 BC.) Period temples
- Lord Colin Renfrew sees these temples "the expression of differentiated communities, . The size of the temples, the size and weight of the stones used to build them and sometimes the removal of careers require them to think of a social organization. Given the characteristics of the Maltese archipelago, Tagliaferro relates the assumption that there must be at least six distinct social groups, comprising between 1 500 and 2 000 people each, or about a population of 10,000 inhabitants . Archeologist Giovanni Sardinian Lilliu asked the question, given the small size of the archipelago and the importance of the Temple of Tarxien , whether the prehistoric Maltese society had not made the leap from one form political unity. He believes that political and religious powers may in part be confused, the "high priest" to be a "prince"
- The commonly accepted explanation is that an unsustainable land and resource depletion are forcing people to abandon the Maltese Islands
- This is the Bronze Age Malta (2500-725 BC.)
- "The first is the island of Melita, eight hundred stadia distant from Syracuse and has several ports very advantageous. The inhabitants are very rich. They apply to all sorts of trades, but mostly they do a great trade in extremely fine paintings. The houses of this island are beautiful decorated roofs and overflowing all plastered. The inhabitants of Melita is a colony of Phoenicians, who traded up in the western ocean, made a warehouse of this island, its situation at sea and goodness of its ports made it very favorable for them. This is also what many traders approach we see every day at Melita, which reported its inhabitants so rich and famous. The second island is called Gaulos, adjacent to the first, and yet completely surrounded by the sea Its ports are very convenient, it is also a colony of the Phoenicians. "
- In 814 BC. AD, they created their colony of Carthage and certainly to the same period that the positions in Sicily (Ziz (flower) / Palermo , Soeis (rock) / Solonte , Mortier (spinning) / Mozia ) to Kossura / Pantelleria and Malta.
- Many testimonials attest, coins, dishes and even a statue of Hercules at Marsaxlokk discovery, near the Phoenician site of Tas-Silga. A Greek inscription of the sixth century BC. BC sheds light on the governance of the island. A democratic regime like the Greek cities existed in Malta with a Boule and a popular assembly , a great priest and two archons
- At the time of the Punic wars the archipelago is particularly disputed between Carthage and Rome. Some put as much zeal to defend the islands than others to conquer. On several occasions, they change hands and is devastated each time. It is likely that the Maltese archipelago is an important link in trade with the current British Islands and Cape Verde , it has warehouses and merchandise, already, ship repair yards
- A prosecutor was established in Malta, Gozo and Malta later formed two municipalities and to the Roman laws were gradually introduced . "
- Liberalism worship of the Romans is well known to historians and Malta will give an example. The site of the megalithic temple of Tas-Silga is proof. Dating phase gantija (3300-3000 BC.), this site will live for more than four millennia to the Arab occupation. The temple will become a megalithic temple Punic to Astarte , a temple Roman dedicated to Hera / Juno and Basilica early Christian . But it is the length of the Punic temple which suggests a long influence of the first colonization Semitic. Indeed, it is possible to follow long after the beginning of the Roman occupation, the persistence of the temple to Astarte. The syncretism of Roman ended up playing, it is only during the first century BC. AD it will be completely and permanently dedicated to Hera before being Juno
- The location of the shipwreck of St. Paul in Malta: Malta with is questionable. Other possibilities are considered: whether the proposed Meleda ( Mljet ) by P. Giurgiu in 1730 is not retained after completion of Ciantar, Maltese historian , as also that of Kefalonia , other options are acceptable including, among other Brindisi
- In fact, the Christian religion in Malta is evidenced by the study of funerary complexes, that from the fourth century and is documented only from the sixth century
- After the death of Muhammad in 632, the jihad will allow the expansion of Islam. First the Mashriq with the first three caliphs , the companions of the Prophet and the Maghreb and Al-Andalus with the Caliphs Umayyad. The Mediterranean is a "Muslim lake "for the Arab trade. The only challenge to its hegemony are the Byzantine emperors who, with Sicily and Malta , control the north bank of the passage between the eastern and western basin of the Mediterranean. The Aghlabids of Ifriqiya , in the early eighth century, to attack Constantinople where they fail despite a year of siege , and Sicily, but they must give up to deal with revolts Berbers in North Africa ; finally the conquest of the island will not only ninth century and is particularly long (827-902)
- The exact date of the decision of the Maltese Islands is debatable: 255 or 256 of the Hegira (868-8 December 20 December 9 December 869 or 869-28 November 870)
- If the parallel is made with the occupation of Sicily or even al-Andalus, the Maltese population remaining should be divided between cabrd (slaves), muwalli (converted) and dhimmis (Christians free to practice their religion against payment of Taxes - jizya and Kharaj )
- The Jews were expelled from Malta in 1492 by Ferdinand II of Aragon
- The negotiations are tough, the Knights did not want to depend on no overlord. Charles Quint came to accept a hawk fighter against the Grand Master of the Order should send each year. To avoid excessive mark the significance of this, the grand master will also offer each year, the other being West oranges, and appreciated gift of choice, to be called Maltese orange across the Mediterranean
- composed mainly of farmers, sailors and craftsmen, some merchants and notables
- composed of Professor Themistocles Zammit , President of Honour, Guze Muscat Azzopardi, President, Pawlu Galea, vice president, Caruana Frangisk Saver, Secretary and Dun Karm Psaila , Ninu Cremona, Guze Demajo, Guze Micallef Goggi, and Vincenz Cachia Rogantini Misfud Bonnici, as members
- Wardija is the top of the hill on which Sciberras will be built the new Maltese capital of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem , Valletta , named after Jean Parisot de la Valette , Grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem who decides its construction
- The rest of Malta's oldest temple is a large dry stone wall built in the Neolithic on the site Skorba. Dating back to 5200 BC, it would be 700 years prior to the first building megalithic the continental Cairn Barnenez in Finistre (4500-3500 BC), the years of 1200 alignments Carnac (4000 BC) to 2400 years to the circle of Stonehenge (2800-1100 BC) and 2600 years in the pyramids of Egypt (2600 to 2400 BC )
References
- Johann Gottfried Eichhorn (1781) Repertorium, vol. 3, Leipzig, p. 161.
- A. Elimane (1997) The Maghribi, three thousand year old language, ed. ANEP, Algiers
- A. Valla (2003) P. 263.
- JM Brincat (2005) accessed 13 November 2010
- Constitution of Malta, I.5 (1).
- European Commission official languages of the European Union, accessed 2 November 2010.
- a and b Cauwe N. et al. (2007) p. 109.
- D. Trump (2002) p. 66-67.
- D. Trump (2002) p. 47-48.
- N Cauwe et al. (2007) p. 107.
- D. Trump (2002) p. 62-63.
- J. Guillaume (2001) p. 22.
- A. Bonanno (1986) p. 17-46.
- J. Guillaume (2001) p. 29.
- C. Renfrew (1973)
- Tagliaferro JS (2000) p. 19.
- A. Bonanno (1993) p. 44
- A. Bonanno (1993) p. 44.
- Tagliaferro JS (2000) p. 35.
- A. Blondy (1991) p. 27.
- a and b Diodorus Title V, Chapter 12
- J. Godechot (1970) p. 12.
- AJ Frendo and NC Vella (2001) p. 46.
- AJ Frendo and NC Vella (2001) p. 49.
- J. Godechot (1970) p. 13.
- AJ Frendo and NC Vella (2001) p. 47.
- A. Dupont-Sommer (1971) p. 716.
- J. Godechot (1970) p. 13.
- J. Godechot (1970) p. 14.
- J. Godechot (1970) pp. 14-15.
- A. Bonanno (2005) p. 188-190.
- A. Blondy (1991) p. 118.
- Acts of the Apostles 27, 27-44
- J. Godechot (1970) p. 18
- A. Bonanno (2005) p. 199
- J. Godechot (1970) pp. 16-17.
- C. Dalli (2006) p. 34-35
- C. Dalli (2006) p. 38
- A. Bonanno (2005) p. 258.
- J. Godechot (1970) pp. 26.
- C. Dali (2006) p. 48.
- C. Dali (2006) p. 46-48.
- C. Dalli (2006) p. 31.
- C. Dalli (2006) p. 45-46.
- C. Dalli (2006) p. 52-53.
- al-Himyar cited by C. Dalli (2006) p. 57
- a , b and c M. Vanhove (1994) p. 167.
- C. Dalli (2006) p. 62-63.
- C. Dalli (2006) p. 65.
- a , b , c and d J. Godechot (1970) p. 24.
- M. Vanhove (2007) p. 31.
- A. Blondy (2002) p. 506.
- J. Godechot (1970) p. 23.
- J. Godechot (1970) p. 30
- a and b J. Godechot (1970) p. 25.
- C. Dalli (2006) p. 8-9.
- B. Galimard Flavigny (2006) p. 124.
- B. Galimard Flavigny (2006) p. 125.
- B. Galimard Flavigny (2006) p. 50-54.
- M. Vanhove (1994) p. 169.
- J. Godechot (1970) p. 56-58.
- A. Borg (1991) quoted by Vanhove (1994) p. 168
- J. Godechot (1970) p. 91.
- J. Godechot (1970) p. 115-116.
- a and b J. Godechot (1970) p. 28.
- J. Godechot (1970) p. 24-25 and p. 28.
- T. Frail (2010) p.72-73
- J. Godechot (1970) p. 38.
- A. Blondy (1991) p. 201.
- T. Cardona (1997) p. 86.
- J. Godechot (1970) p. 96.
- M. Vanhove (2002) p. 371.
- M. Vanhove (2002) p. 372.
- The Phoenician Language as Spoken in Malta Today (The Phoenician as it is spoken today in Malta), accessed November 2, 2010.
- M. Vanhove (2002) p. 370.
- T. Cardona (1997) p. 87.
- a , b , c and d T. Cardona (1997) p. 96.
- The World Atlas of Language Structures Online The online global atlas of language structures, accessed November 8, 2010.
- T. Cardona (1997) p. 20.
- Franais-Maltese Dictionary , the publisher's website Mids Books, accessed November 9, 2010.
- Franais-Maltese Dictionary , the publisher's website Mids Books, accessed November 9, 2010.
- Concise Dictionary , the publisher's website Mids Books, accessed November 9, 2010.
- Kullan Kulturali library catalog Maltese public, accessed 10 November 2010.
- a and b B. Blough (2007) p. 160.
- B. Blough (2007) p. 161.
- a and b J. Godechot (1970) p. 99.
- a and b T. Cardona (1997) p. 95
- a , b , c and d AD and J. Casha Camilleri (2000)
- J. Godechot (1970) p. 100.
- J. Godechot (1970) p. 102.
- J. Bonnici and Mr. Cassar (2004) p. 79-80.
- J. Godechot (1970) p. 102-103.
- J. Godechot (1970) p. 103.
- M. Cassar (2005) dates 1932 and 1934, accessed October 14, 2010
- M. Vanhove (2002) p. 372 and 379
- T. Cardona (1997) p. 97-98.
- J. Godechot (1970) p. 104.
- M. Cassar (2005) dated 1946, accessed October 14, 2010
- J. Aquilina (1976) quoted by Vanhove (1994) p. 177-178.
- E. Fenech (1978) quoted by Vanhove (1994) p. 177-178.
- T. Cardona (1997) p. 16.
- T. Cardona (1997) p. 47-48.
- a and b T. Cardona (1997) p. 25.
- a , b and c T. Cardona (1997) p. 50.
- T. Cardona (1997) p. 51.
- T. Cardona (1997) p. 49.
- T. Cardona (1997) p. 51-52.
- a and b T. Cardona (1997) p. 57.
- T. Cardona (1997) p. 18-19.
- T. Cardona (1997) p. 60.
- T. Cardona (1997) p. 69-70.
- T. Cardona (1997) p. 60-67.
- T. Cardona (1997) p. 75-78.
- a , b and c J. Brincat (2005) accessed 12 November 2010
- T. Cardona (1997) p. 82.
- T. Cardona (1997) p. 84.
- M. Vanhove (2000) p. 188.
- M. Vanhove (1999) p. 173.
- G. Puech (1994) quoted by Vanhove (1999) p. 180.
- Akkademja tal-Malti (1924) p. 2-3
- Academy Maltese accessed November 13, 2010
- a , b , c , d and e I. Badia i Capdevila (2004) accessed 13 November 2010.
- a and b JM Brincat (2005) accessed 13 November 2010.
References Mario Cassar
References from L-Istorja tal-Malti Ilsien Mario Cassar on the site of L-Akkademja tal-Malti. Consulted between October 31 and November 15, 2010.
- dates 1426 and 1436, accessed October 31, 2010
- dated 1450, accessed October 31, 2010
- a and b dated 1486, accessed October 31, 2010
- dates from 1426 and 1829, accessed October 31, 2010
- dated 1829, accessed October 31, 2010
- dated 1718, accessed 1 November 2010
- dates 1750 and 1755 to 1759, accessed 1 November 2010
- dated 1754, accessed 1 November 2010
- dates 1809 and 1810, accessed 1 November 2010
- dates 1825 and 1829, accessed 1 November 2010
- dates 1839, accessed 1 November 2010
- dates 1847, accessed 1 November 2010
- dates late seventeenth century, accessed November 4, 2010.
- dates 1791, 1796 and 1825, accessed November 4, 2010.
- dated 1831, accessed November 4, 2010.
- dated 1845, accessed November 4, 2010.
- dated 1910, accessed November 4, 2010.
- dated 1929, accessed November 4, 2010.
- dated 1936, accessed November 4, 2010.
- dated 1664, accessed 8 November 2010.
- dated 1677, accessed 8 November 2010.
- dated 1649, accessed 8 November 2010.
- dated 1755, accessed 8 November 2010.
- dated 1796, accessed 8 November 2010.
- dates 1843, 1845, 1856 and 1885, accessed 8 November 2010.
- dated 1859, accessed 8 November 2010.
- dates 1906 and 1921, accessed 8 November 2010.
- dates 1942 and 1975, accessed 8 November 2010.
- date 1937, accessed 8 November 2010.
- dated 1987, accessed November 9, 2010.
- dated 1450, accessed 10 November 2010.
- dated 1594-1602, accessed 10 November 2010.
- dates from 1672 to 1675 and 1700, accessed 10 November 2010.
- dates 1738, 1739-1746, 1749 and 1791, accessed 10 November 2010.
- dates 1752 and 1780, accessed 10 November 2010.
- dates 1822 and 1829, accessed 10 November 2010.
- dates 1824, 1829, 1967 and 1984, accessed 10 November 2010.
- dated 1907, accessed 10 November 2010.
- dates 1863, 1887 and 1901, accessed 10 November 2010.
- dates 1909, 1912, 1914, 1922 and 1935, accessed 10 November 2010.
- dates 1846, 1905, 1959, 1989 and 1991, accessed 10 November 2010.
- dates 1935, 1939 and 1965, accessed 10 November 2010.
- dates 1966, 1974 and 1991, accessed 10 November 2010.
- dates 1836 and 1913, accessed 10 November 2010
- date from 1856 to 1859, accessed 10 November 2010
- dates 1946, 1950 and 1913, accessed 10 November 2010
- dates 1950, 1962 and 1966, accessed 10 November 2010
- dates 1839 and 1874, accessed 10 November 2010.
- dated 1883, accessed 10 November 2010.
- dates 1839 and 1841, accessed 14 November 2010
- dated 1859, accessed 14 November 2010
- dates 1873 and 1898, accessed 14 November 2010
- dates 1877, 1913 and 1926, accessed 14 November 2010
- dates 1834, 1939, 1943 and 1962, accessed 14 November 2010
See also
Related articles
External Links
- (En) Maltese Language (text information about the history of the Maltese language)
- (En) dictionary Freelang
- (In) Maltese Grammar (basic grammar in Maltese)
Varieties of Arabic Western Arabic Iberian Andalou Maghreb Moroccan Algerian Tunisia Sicilian-Arab Sicilian Arabic Maltese Bedouin Libyan Saharan Hassania
Eastern Arabic Variety diglossic Modern Standard Arabic Arabic dialect Judeo-Arabic Judeo-Algerian Judeo-Moroccan Judeo-Tunisian Judeo-Tripolitanian Judeo-Yemeni Judeo-Iraqi Hoops Arab Sudanese Creole Nubi Babalia
On 28 December 2010, Malta has been proposed to be recognized as " quality item. " You can give your opinion on this proposal.
The State recognizes the Maltese language Maltese as a strong expression of Maltese nationality and, therefore, recognizes the unique importance and protects against the degradation and loss. "
Influences Romance
At the same time when Sicily was abandoning the siqili (Sicilian Arabic), Arabic Maltese was increasingly confronted with a romanization. Trade between the archipelago and Sicily and migration strongly influence the practice of Maltese. We take the most significant developments.
Phonetic Changes
Away from its parent language, subject to strong romanization, it's probably at this time that the pronunciation of the Maltese language differs from the Semitic pronunciation . Seven phonemes Arab T, T, S, S, D, D and d are more pronounced than through three phonemes Malta : t, s and d:
| Arabic pronunciation | Maltese pronunciation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in morphological and syntactic The syntactic construction of the sentence will also evolve a sentence construction Semitic VSO (verb-subject-object) to an organization Romanesque SVO (subject-verb-object) . The incorporation of new words and Sicilian Italian and French also occurs through the creation of neologisms. This lexical expansion has at least two consequences that diminish the features most Semitic Maltese:
Glossary novelIn the family of Romance languages that have contributed to the Maltese lexicon, it is difficult to know which is the cause of adoption. The borrowed words, in many cases could very well come from the vocabulary of French as Italian vocabulary, too many words are too close to decide only on the vocabulary. Only studies historical and philological could decide. For the contribution of French in the Maltese language, it is possible to include among others: Bongu hello (Buongiorno Italian), bonswa goodnight (Buona Sera), swara Evening (Serata) kalepin notebook (taccuino) AbsInt absinthe (Assenzio) port port (port) or xarabank drawn wagon (gone for English bus). English InfluencesEnglish has a double influence on the Maltese language, the creation of neologisms and a pidgin (see below). Creating new wordsThe Maltese create neologisms from English to cover all the new concepts that have no equivalent in the language of Malta. There are about 2500 new words created during the industrialization of the islands and their economic take-off . Anglo-Saxon GlossaryLanguage and Standard topolectesThe level of practice in Malta is very different on the whole territory, however small, Malta is 249 km 2 and Gozo 67 km 2. The Maltese recognize two levels of Maltese standard practice with major variations in vocabulary. These practices tend to diversification. If we speak of lexical practice, we should also consider another practice which tends to create a pidgin due to the high percentage of people who practice a Maltese-English bilingualism. Even on an identical language, it must be noted also dialects with differences in pronunciation. These phonetic variabilities rather have a tendency towards uniformity. Maltese StandardIf there is indeed a Maltese called standard, practiced in the capital, Valletta , and also at Sliema , the economic and social center of the archipelago, it is practiced throughout the area of the archipelago or a variety of the Maltese standard that could be described as relaxed. This released Maltese is spoken in the countryside and villages within the circle of knowledge and family . Maltish and minglishMaltese bilingual speakers tend to mix in the same sentence with words of English and Maltese, this trend is now found in non-bilingual speakers of Maltese. This would tend to demonstrate the creation of a pidgin-English malto is already known maltish or Anglo-Maltese minglish. This latter phenomenon was noted, particularly by Brincat but it is still very little studied. Brincat is the job (for better understanding the English words are underlined):
Maltese TopolectesFor all those who listened speak Maltese with a little attention, it is clear that the Maltese is not uniform over a territory yet so little space. If the differences tend to diminish the accuracy of studies differs more and more subsystems. Create a written language from a spoken language requires special attention to phonetic variability. Already in 1796, Mikiel Anton Vassalli had noticed these differences and try to delimit the fields. Vassalli noted five dialects do not always give the exact contours :
Apart from ongoing studies, mainly on Gozo, or other older, the last comprehensive review of the thesis is that state Puech in 1979. There are four zones plus a transition :
Comparison of vocabulariesComparison with classical Arabic and Tunisian ArabicMaltese is heir to the Arab , directly from the Arabic ifriqiyien , including Tunisia is also the direct heir.
Comparison with the Sicilian-ArabicThe Maltese language is one with the Sicilian Arabic or siqili the group of languages Sicilian-Arab.
span class = "mw-headline" id = "Comparaison_avec_le_sicilien_et_l.27italien"> comparison with the Sicilian and ItalianFor seven centuries the Maltese language was first confronted in Sicily before being in Italian.
PronunciationMaltese is a language rebuilt. It was a spoken language only, until enlightened minds have sought to make a written language and literature. The pronunciation of the language was thus a working basis, but with an additional difficulty, write a Semitic language , a dialect of Arabic with a Latin alphabet. It took about two centuries to complete this project. These two aspects of language are discussed in the article about the Maltese alphabet. PhonologyAfter multiple attempts to create an alphabet, a study committee headed by Gaqda tal-tal-Malti Kittieba ( Writers' Association of Malta ) took up the problem and eventually propose an alphabet based on the basic principle of the phonology , a grapheme = one phoneme. This alphabet has 25 letters in 30 phonemes. Main article: Maltese alphabet. PhoneticsThe articulation of the Maltese language is about 8 points and 7 modes of articulation, 10 taking into account the pronunciations are weak or strong. Main article: Maltese alphabet. Spelling and grammarThe spelling and grammar of the Maltese language were established in 1924 by the Gaqda tal-tal-Malti Kittieba ( Writers' Association of Malta ) which asked the colonial government to publish the rules as the Tagrif fuq il-Kitbi Maltija . Main article: Maltese Grammar. Maltese SpeakersAll specialists interested in the issue note that it is difficult to obtain accurate statistics on the practice linguist in the archipelago. Conditions compendium of information is rarely specified, if not ever. Badia i remember Capdevilla that among the approximately 400 000 inhabitants in Malta, 96% of Maltese, about 4% are UK residents and Italian, and 98% are Roman Catholics generally regarded as true sportsmen. Malta has experienced significant emigration, there are Maltese communities primarily in English speaking countries. The largest community is in Australia, estimated at 85 000, where it has a print and radio programs in Maltese. Badia i Capdevilla quotes a 2001 study in which:
He also cites a statistic from the National Statistics Office , undated, which gives:
At the 1995 census , , Maltese ( 372 000 people) reported in:
Badia i Capdevila this figures from 1931 on where 225 000 people there were:
Brincat gives other historical statistics:
Notes
References
References Mario CassarReferences from L-Istorja tal-Malti Ilsien Mario Cassar on the site of L-Akkademja tal-Malti. Consulted between October 31 and November 15, 2010.
See alsoRelated articlesExternal Links
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Leave a Reply
Frequently Asked Questions
- who is better Shania Twain or Lady Gaga?" shania and I prefer you guys a href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAASnrtFhttpanswersyahoocomquestionindex..."
- According to the Bible, Jesus was a historic gay?"a href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAArCNhttpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAArCNa..."
- what attracts you to the spiritual path of yoga?"a href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAAfrBvahttpanswersyahoocom..."
- How I can make a clock in my scrapbook?" that I have several but I do not like thing you need is one that looks good and not have to open it a href httpanswersyahoocomquestioni..."
- Best footbag (hacky sack) for beginners?"What are the best brand of footbags hacky sack for beginnersa href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAAyJhttpan..."
- Is it unsafe to neuter my rabbit after 3 years and will he stop humping my arm or will he keep his habits?"you can but most likely he will still do ita href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAANeZhttpanswersyahoocomques..."
- I quit my job to be with my Turkish husband two months?" at work where I won well but I have no time for anything or my child even have to go with his father to file a pachuca because I can not take car..."
- What does ||P|| mean in terms of common refinement and partitions?"a href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAAPLxTVhttpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAAPLxTVa..."
- Should my wife go to the er for her 250+ blood sugar level?"My wife went to the ER on wed and they said she had the start of Ammonia and Bronchitis They gave her some medication and one was prednisone Most of..."
- What can I grow in my garden?"My garden is sheltered by several large trees across the way they belong to my neighbours so it doesnt get a lot of heat and little sun but some s..."
- boys would you date or not date?"My friend whos had a condtion where tumours keep growning anywhere in her body Like all the tme Looking at her youd be none the wiser Shes ve..."
- How many liters of ammonia can be produced from the reaction of...?"How many liters of ammonia can be produced from the reaction of liters of hydrogen gas with liters of nitrogen The pressure is held at ..."
(1 votes, average: 4.00 out of 5, rated)
Loading ...