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Margaret Thatcher
73 thPrime Minister of the United Kingdom
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Mandate
4 May 1979 - 28 November 1990
Monarch (s)	Elizabeth II
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Predecessor	James Callaghan
Successor	John Major
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Secretary of State for Education and Science
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Biography
Birth name	Margaret Hilda Roberts
Birth	13 October 1925 (1925-10-13) (age 85)
	Grantham
Deaths	{{{Death}}}
	{{{Place of death}}}
Nature of Death	{{{Type}}}
Nationality	UK
Party	Conservative Party
Spouse	Sir Denis Thatcher Baroness Thatcher of Scotney
Children	Hon. Carol Thatcher Sir Mark Thatcher , Baroness Thatcher of Scotney
Graduate	Somerville College
Occupation	Barrister (Lawyer), chemist
Religion	Methodism
Residence	{{{Residence}}}
Signature
Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom

Margaret Thatcher (born on 13 October 1925 at Grantham ), Baroness Thatcher, LG , OM , PC , FRS , is a politician UK. She was the first and only female president of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990 , and also the only woman Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990. Came to power in a country in a situation of instability, Margaret Thatcher straightened the economy at the cost of radical reforms. Making the longer term, without interruption, as Prime Minister in the United Kingdom since the early nineteenth ^century, it became "his personality as much as by its achievements, the most renowned British political leader since Winston Churchill . " . It remains associated with the " conservative revolution "of the 1980s and the" age of revolution "ideological threw it .

Even today, this "political animal", although controversial, is claimed by both the Conservatives and Labour, his vision of Britain having a lasting influence on British political landscape, like figures on the left such as Tony Blair . Labour MP Peter Mandelson has said about British politicians' We're all Thatcherites " .

Summary 1 Youth and early 2 Entry into politics 3 Minister in the Heath government 4 At the head of the opposition 5 The intellectual formation of The Iron Lady 6 Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1979-1990) 6.1 Policy inner 6.1.1 Redefining the role of the state 6.1.2 Unionism 6.1.3 The Irish question 6.1.4 Company 6.1.5 Media 6.1.6 Education 6.2 Policy foreign 6.2.1 Falklands War 6.2.2 European policy 6.2.3 Relationship with the United States 6.2.4 Cold War 6.2.5 Relations with the Commonwealth 6.3 Election 6.4 Fall 7 Withdrawal of public life 8 Assessment of Thatcherism 9 Heritage Policy 9.1 Recognizing National 9.2 International recognition 9.3 Popular culture 10 Notes and references 11 Structures 12 Annexes 12.1 Bibliography 12.2 Related Articles 3.12 External Links 12.4 See also

/ / Youth and early

Margaret Thatcher was born on 13 October 1925 at Grantham in England. She comes from middle-class , even a modest background , and grew up in a family Methodist . Her mother was Beatrice Stephenson and his father Alfred Roberts ( 1892 - 1970 ). Local Conservative Party member, he was originally a small neighborhood grocer who will rise through work and savings briefly to become mayor of Grantham in 1945-1946. Margaret Thatcher during his youth will help run the store, giving rise to intuitions in favor of free trade and market . It follows a very strict education and impregnated by Methodism, where his father delivered sermons. She discovered the policy through the commitment of his father.

She studied up to high school in the city, joining the Kesteven and Grantham Girls' School with a scholarship. She spends the first part of the Second World War in Grantham, which was bombed. In 1943 she was admitted to Somerville College of Oxford University for a course in chemistry. It is therefore the first in his family to go to Oxbridge , it funds through grants . From 1943 to 1947 , she studied science of chemistry at the University of Oxford. It examines in particular the crystallography under the tutelage of Dorothy C. Hodgkin ( Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964) , and conducts research on gramicidin B , an antibiotic polypeptide . She leaves the university with a degree in chemistry. She joined upon his arrival to the Oxford University Conservative Association (OUCA), the association of conservative students at Oxford and in October 1946 , she became president, the third woman to hold this position . Social background and his political personality are in the margin, most students are indeed progressive and high social environment, where it is fashionable to be progressive . She has an affair with a student from an aristocratic but when it is presented to the family, it humiliates him for his junior . The same year she participated for the first time the national convention of the British Conservative Party at Blackpool.

From 1947 to 1951 , she worked in the field of research in chemistry , industry of plastics , among BX Plastics. In 1949 she was selected as Conservative candidate for the constituency of Dartford and joined J. Lyons and Co.. She has worked in the ice cream , developing techniques to improve food preservation and especially by adding water to improve the quality of the otherwise less profitability.

Entry into politics

In the elections of 1950 and 1951 , she tried to get elected in the Labor stronghold Dartford that the party assigned him but fails, however, reducing 6000 votes ahead of Labour's . In 1950, she is 24 years old, the youngest woman candidate countries . It is rare at the time a woman makes the policy, which is also generally frowned upon. His speech already reflect the ideas that will guide its future policy, as this speech in Dartford :

"Our policy is not based on jealousy or hatred, but on individual freedom of man or woman. We do not prohibit the success and the success we want to encourage the dynamism and initiative. In 1940, this is not the call for nationalization that led our country to fight totalitarianism is the call of freedom. "

She began legal studies. At that time she met Denis Thatcher ( one thousand nine hundred fifteen - 2003 ), a divorced middle easy. It seeks a stable relationship and secure while she seeks a husband who can support herself while she focuses on policy . They married in December 1951. If their marriage is not passion, their relationship will be extremely high and the death of Denis in 2003 will affect it significantly. They had twins in 1953 , Mark and Carol. The same year she became a barrister specializing in tax law.

She tries repeatedly to get the party nomination in conservative districts, and in 1958 , she was chosen to be the Conservative candidate in Parliament in the constituency of Finchley , which has the characteristic of having a strong Jewish community, which will affect its future foreign policy, rather pro-Israeli when the conservative tradition was rather pro-Arab and for some cases anti-Semitic .

In favor of a reorganization in September 1961 she became Parliamentary Secretary (Parliamentary Secretary) to the Minister of Pensions. She retains her position until the start of the Conservatives from power in 1964. She then argues Edward Heath as head of the Tory party against Reginald Maudling. From 1964 to 1970 , she has served as spokesman for his party in the House of Commons. She then defended among others the possibility for social housing tenants to buy them. In 1966, she joined the Treasury in the " shadow cabinet "conservative.

As a member, it is one of the few Conservatives to support the law of Leo Abse which decriminalized homosexuality and male to support the legalization of abortion given by David Steel. She takes a stand against repealing the death penalty. In speeches to the chamber, it is strongly opposed to Labour and his tax policy, which it considers to be a step towards "not only of socialism but also of Communism " ^{Minister in the Heath government}

When Edward Heath won the general elections of 1970, it is no surprise choice as Minister of Education and Science. His policy is marked by a desire to protect grammar schools (selective and specialized) against the "comprehensive schools" (GPs) that it will fail to do so. She also defended the Open University , distance education system that the Chancellor of the Exchequer Anthony Barber wanted to delete.

Faced with cuts in spending in his department, it removes the free distribution of milk for children seven to eleven years, extending the policy of the Labour which had suppressed in high school. This sparked a wave of protests and earned him the quip: "Thatcher Thatcher, Milk Snatcher" . Having significantly exposed politically without obtaining gain in return, she will gain from this experience a political lesson: do the confrontation as for major combat ^, . However, it opposed the introduction of new fees for access to libraries.

After U-Turn to Edward Heath, which radically changes the policy to pressure from the street, she gives up a time to pursue a liberal policy and behaves as a spendthrift education minister usual .

After the Conservative defeat in the elections of 1974 , she became Shadow Minister for the Environment.

As head of the opposition

Thatcher approximates Keith Joseph and the Centre for Policy Studies, which she shares the analysis of the causes of defeat: both believe that the Heath government lost control of monetary policy and was discredited by its permanent shifts or " U-turns. " A growing number of conservatives perceive that the political centrist party led the country in relative decline and absolute and research an alternative to Heath. Initially presidential candidate of the Conservative Party, Joseph retired in favor of Thatcher as a result of a "gaffe" in a speech error used by the Socialists to impersonate a eugenicist . After methodically working members, as she methodically worked his constituents, and to general surprise, Heath is ahead in the first round and the latter withdrew in favor of William Whitelaw. Thatcher wins anyway, by 146 votes against 79, 11 February 1975, she became head of the party .

During his tenure as head of the Tory party, it persists in an attitude anticommunist , especially in speeches such as Kensington on 19 January 1976 when she accused the Soviets of aspiring to world domination and to sacrifice the well-being their people for this purpose . This earned him the nickname "Iron Lady", given by the newspaper of the Soviet Ministry of Defense, The Red Star and popularized by Radio Moscow.

The difficulties encountered by the Labour government, leading by example in the supervision of the IMF , relaunched the Conservatives, who campaigned on themes offensive as "The Labour, it does not work" ("Labour Is not Working") , attacking the government's record on unemployment or overregulation and enjoying the benefits of the winter of discontent in which a general strike paralyzed the country.

Moreover, Margaret Thatcher used the services of a company Saatchi and Saatchi to handle his campaign, as is already the United States but not yet in Europe. In 1978 , posters were printed showing a queue illustrated Labour's slogan is Not working. The press incorporates and disseminates these posters, which had been printed in thirty copies, giving the campaign a wide Thatcher and new echo. Thatcher stands and the field office to challenge the government, seeking to reach voters traditional Labour Party, a strategy that will result because we observe a transfer of votes from 10 to 15% in Labor areas .

The intellectual formation of The Iron Lady

Be called " Thatcherism "economic policies of Margaret Thatcher. Thatcherism is with the " Reaganism , "her American counterpart at the same time, one of two main avatars of the" conservative revolution "that the world has known after the low pressure phase which began with the two oil shocks and the crisis of Keynesianism. It was in the 1970s that Thatcherism is taking shape before the arrival in power, under the influence of thinkers and think tanks Liberals.

Margaret Thatcher attaches great importance to the work of Victorian values, order, effort and self-help "she received in her education and she says in her memoirs that they played a great role in his career. From his college years, she is also familiar with liberal ideas, through the reading of The Open Society and Its Enemies by Karl Popper , The Road to Serfdom or, later, The Constitution of freedom of Friedrich Hayek . This will be a source of inspiration of his thought, with books that will advise Liberal Keith Joseph . In general, the "Thatcherism" is inspired by political and economic theories and those of the monetarist Chicago School , represented by Milton Friedman , the a href = "% C3% 89conomie_de_l 27offre%" title = "Economics of supply"> school supply of Arthur Laffer and the Austrian School known through Friedrich Hayek.

Margaret Thatcher was going to apply these theories in greatly reducing public expenditure and tax burden , fighting against the inflation high in the late 1970's by interest rates and promoting economic openness to foreign capital , and its corollary: the end of subsidies to the "lame ducks" (closure of unprofitable mines, for example), which contrasts with the voluntarism of the European neighbors to try to save the industry during the 1980s. Nigel Lawson , Chancellor of Exchequer between 1983 and 1990 and in 1980 declared:

"The economic policy of the new conservatism is based on two principles: monetarism and free markets as opposed to state intervention and central planning"

- Nigel Lawson, Conference of the Bow Group "in August 1980

It also boasts anti-socialist and wrote in his memoirs : "Socialism is the state motto. He sees ordinary human beings as raw material for its projects of social change "

On vectors of transmission of these ideas, we can emphasize the role of think tanks liberal British as the Adam Smith Institute , founded in 1977, the Institute of Economic Affairs, founded in 1955 and the Centre for Policy Studies was founded in 1974 by Keith Joseph.

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1979-1990)

It is in a context marked by a crisis in both economic, social, political and cultural Margaret Thatcher led the Conservatives to victory on 3 May 1979 (43.9% of the vote and 339 elected, against 36.9% in Labor and 269 elected), the day after becoming the first woman to head the government of a western country.

The new prime minister was relatively unknown to his countrymen: she led the Conservative Party since 1975 only and did not post previously held truly leading. A self-described herself as "a politician of conviction," she intends to put into practice a program, supported on a few basic principles, to halt the decline of the country. She had established the broad outlines of his program and had to apply, ending turnovers Heath. She said so in a speech Oct. 10, 1980: "The lady did not turn around! "

Domestic policy

Redefining the role of the state

Margaret Thatcher has orchestrated a significant reduction in the role of government, while strengthening its authority over the areas it continues at the expense of intermediary bodies. She begins her first term by defeating certain Labour policies, whether nationalization of enterprises and resources, regulation of the rental market to reduce the size of government.

It launched the first privatization , such as British Steel (privatized in 1988) or British Airways (privatized in 1987), transforming a company losing 1 billion per year with a productivity less than half that of its Western competitors , in the largest European steel producer, an airline or a deficit in one of the best and most profitable companies in the world . Thus, British Steel under the chairmanship of Ian McGregor must match the productivity of foreign industries: in 1975, it has a productivity and a half times lower than the productivity German and two and a half times lower than U.S. productivity. From 1979, it increased by 10% per year .

This reduction in the role of the state accompanied by a reduction in the number of intermediary bodies, observing the disappearance of hundreds of Quangos (QANGO: Quasi-Autonomous Non-Government Organization in English) (joint bodies) and several boards County are being dismantled or removed . In London, the cancellation of 1985 elections in late 1986 and the abolition of the municipality , headed by the popular Labour leader Ken Livingstone , was regarded as a politician.

Example of the changing role of the state, she said in a speech in 1975 :

"A man has the right to work as he wants to spend what he earns, to own their own property, to the state servant and not master. These are the British inheritance. They are the essence of a free economy and freedom that all others depend. "

Unionism

She also attacked the unions, whose power was particularly important because of their influence within the Labour Party , who was clearly on the left. This is especially true during the long British miners' strikes of 1984-1985. The film Billy Elliot and the Virtuosos , evoke the strikes.

During his time in office, five laws on trade unions were passed: in 1980, 1982, 1984, 1987 and 1988. These laws on trade unions were primarily intended to end the " closed shop ", which allowed a union to authorize only the recruitment of union members .

The high unemployment in some sectors and in cities affected workers engendered riots, like Brixton in 1981 where 55% of the male population was unemployed then. In 1985, Tottenham , in turn, ignited.

The Irish question

The situation in Ulster is deteriorating at the beginning of his mandate; Lord Mountbatten , cousin of the queen and organizer of the independence of India, is assassinated by the IRA in 1979. Attacks are Hyde Park and Regent Street in 1982, killing 23 people, then Harrods in 1983, killing 9. In October 1984 , the explosion of a bomb from the IRA at the Grand Hotel in Brighton , which is held the annual convention of the Conservative party, lack of cause of death of Margaret Thatcher and several members of his government. In 1987 , the bombing of Enniskillen killed 11 people.

In 1981, several members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Irish National Liberation Army detained in prison at Maze launched a hunger strike to obtain the status of political prisoners, which had been removed five years earlier by Labor. Despite the deaths of 10 prisoners (the best known is Bobby Sands ), Thatcher proves adamant, stating for example that "a crime is a crime, not politics"

However, it will give them status and subsequently explored a negotiated solution to the conflict with the Agreements between Hillsborough Ireland and the United Kingdom. To the fury of the Unionists, the agreement provides guarantees to the Irish government and peace and affirms the necessity of majority rule for any changes in the status of the province. That is not enough to stop the violence that continues .

Society

The UK has a growing wave of immigration after the oil shocks of the 1970s, particularly from its former colonies in the Caribbean , but also and especially Pakistan , Afghanistan and the India. Particularly affected by unemployment, new types of social problems often occur in neighborhoods considered ghettos ethnic. It is also during this time that the phenomenon of skinheads , cultural movement (now mostly racist and anti-Semitic in 1980) calling for the use of violence against immigrants, the left and the extreme left, becomes relatively large the United Kingdom.

Media

Margaret Thatcher, well advised, uses an effective communication strategy. It follows in particular during maintenance and speech in order to perfect his accent Oxbridge (accent of those passed by the universities of Cambridge or Oxford ) and run an image of strength and assurance which ensures its credibility in the media audiovisual. His relationship with the BBC were stormy including a brilliant polemic into the open in 1986 . In contrast, "Iron Lady" has good relations with newspapers, mostly in favor of his policy.

Education

The Thatcher government in 1980 increased the fees for foreign students paving the way for the subsequent increase in registration fees for all students, foreign or not, causing some universities to build specific curricula designed to attract Student wealthy American, Japanese or Gulf countries. The third Thatcher government (1987-1990) saw the introduction of legislation (Education Reform Act of 1988) that significantly changes the funding system for universities. Funding for education is distinguished from that research (regularly assessed) and the Universities Funding Council (Council of University funding, which included non-academic actors in the economic sphere) is created to oversee the use of funds by public universities. A contract system of universities is set up: to receive public funds universities must respond to calls for tenders of the department and comply with requirements imposed by it. Competition among universities for obtaining public funding is in place. Academics, on the other hand, lose their job security, and pass the general system of fixed term contracts.

Foreign policy

His foreign policy was guided by several key ideas, the anti-communism , the Atlantic alliance and Euroscepticism.

Falklands War

After several years of low intensity conflict, the Argentina , then ruled by generals, attacked April 2, 1982 two small British islands in the South Atlantic : the Falklands and South Georgia. Thatcher quickly decides to use force against this act of war. From April 5, a fleet led by Admiral Sandy Woodward sailed for the South Atlantic and South Georgia and resumed April 25. The reconquest of the Falklands took three weeks (May 21-June 14) and caused 293 deaths against 712 British Argentine .

The Falklands War (Falklands War) ended in the defeat of the Argentine army and thus precipitated the fall of the military dictatorship. The inflexibility of Margaret Thatcher in this conflict has partially contributed to its nickname "Iron Lady", while his popularity was low before the conflict . According to the Chilean writer Ariel Dorfman , this statement is "absurd" if they said "it brought socialism to Britain" .

European Politics

Eurosceptic , she asked that the United Kingdom can not pay more than it receives from Europe. She made the famous statement: "We Are Simply Asking To Have Our Own money back ' (We just want to get our own money). The United Kingdom, while in recession, yet pay much more than it receives. She wins the case in 1984 , with the so-called " British rebate ".

In her famous Bruges speech of September 20th 1988 , it reaffirms its opposition to a federal Europe and delegating more powers to Brussels while defending his vision of Europe, a Europe of nations. His Bruges speech advocates are three basic ideas: Europe must operate under the cooperative method, it must be the tool of creation of common market and member states must put themselves in a logical internationalist. She also objected that the European Community has its own resources.

Margaret Thatcher had approved the accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) and considered that it should be a means to implement the free trade and ensure competition. She said: "We have not reduced the role of the state with success in the UK for a European superstate exercising a new dominance comes from Brussels." The speech, sharply criticized by other Europeans, revealed the divisions among conservatives over the European question. It is also Europe which accelerated the fall of his cabinet with the resignation of the Europhile Geoffrey Howe.

Relationship with the United States

The friendship with a foreign leader who scores the most is that his tenure with U.S. President Ronald Reagan , she knows since 1975, and it shares the principles, including the anti and economic liberalism. Ronald Reagan nicknamed it "the best man in England", as she described him as the second most important man in her life. The two leaders had met in 1975 while Reagan was still a governor of California . The two leaders give each other many times unwavering mutual support.

Even before the arrival of Reagan in power, Thatcher began to strengthen ties with the United States. In terms of nuclear it confirmed by including an exchange of letters with President Carter signed the agreements in Nassau by MacMillan in 1962, while Labor had long considered a rapprochement with France on this issue . It will show throughout his career a deep commitment to the doctrine of nuclear deterrence. In 1986 , at the summit in Reykjavik , Ronald Reagan and convinces her to decline the proposal from Gorbachev to eliminate all Soviet offensive systems and American medium-range.

Despite many points of convergence, the two leaders will disagree on a few time points. Concerning the Falklands War , interest united states originally leaned on the Argentine side. While the U.S. initially try to find a compromise that could save the face of their protected Galtieri , they will ultimately provide the UK a significant military and logistical support (especially Sidewinder missiles that will turn the course of conflict).

Regarding the policy of sanctions against Poland suppressing union Solidarity , Margaret Thatcher, blamed the Americans for having unilaterally imposed sanctions that affected the economies of its Western allies far more than their own. Their bilateral relationship will not, however, not affected.

Cold War

Margaret Thatcher adopted a policy opposed to the USSR and its satellites. In 1979 , it condemned the invasion by the Red Army of Afghanistan. In 1980, following the invasion, the United Kingdom is one of 50 countries that boycotted the Moscow Olympics by participating in the Olympic banner. Until 1985, it reinforces how the British military, with an increase in the defense budget by 21.3% between 1979 and 1985 . With the relaxation and the coming to power of Mikhail Gorbachev , relations improved and decreasing military spending again.

Relations with the Commonwealth

Upon taking office in 1979 , it left its mark by setting a little over six months the problem Rhodesian old 15 years with the Lancaster House agreement.

Following the invasion of Grenada , a former member of the British possession Commonwealth since independence in 1974, by American troops in 1983, Margaret Thatcher declared himself also "shocked and betrayed" . His support for the regime does grenada translated by some protests, however, that before the UN General Assembly.

In 1987, she decided to return to Hong Kong to China. The following year, she rallied late to sanctions against the regime of South Africa who practice the apartheid.

Elections

British voters gave him most three times, giving him the longest term as prime minister in the United Kingdom since the eighteenth ^century.

In 1982, his situation was difficult and his low popularity. The Falklands War, however, restored its moral authority and the Falklands Factor (Factor Malvinas) played an important role (but not essential) in his reelection. It is then a charismatic figure to be similar to that of General de Gaulle, according to historian Monica Charlot . Nevertheless, the historian Philippe Chassaigne is mainly the improvement of economic situation which explains the re-election . The Tories finally get 397 members to 635 in 1983 .

In 1987, the Tories win back the victory but with a lower predetermined since gaining 375 seats out of 650 . Labor are each distanced by number of seats but especially in the field of ideas. Michael Foot , the last "archaeo-Labour" gives way to more moderate leaders in 1983 .

Dissension within the party are increasing, however, partly because of his authoritarianism, which raises quarrels with Francis Pym , Geoffrey Howe and Nigel Lawson.

Fall

In 1990 , the establishment of a new local tax abolishing council tax, the poll tax - unpopular as to cause riots - his economic policy (15% interest rate) and its reserve Toward Integration of the United Kingdom in the European Communities began in the minority in his own party, then very divided on these subjects. She agreed, however, the entry of the United Kingdom in the EMS in 1990.

On ¹ November 1990 , his minister Geoffrey Howe , one of its oldest allies, but Europhile , resigned in protest against its European policy. He appealed to someone new to lead a new policy. The former Defence Minister Michael Heseltine said then apply for directing the Conservative party, then defied Margaret Thatcher. He then received enough votes to put in waivers Prime Minister.

On 22 November 1990 , returning from a conference in Paris, she announced that she refused to undergo a second round and therefore, announced his withdrawal and his resignation from the Conservative leadership. It is justified by the need to choose someone new who could lead the Conservatives to victory at the next election date. She supported his former Dolphin John Major , who succeeded him as prime minister from November 28.

It remains to this day the Prime Minister to have held the longest reigns of power in the United Kingdom since Lord Salisbury : 11 years and six months.

Withdrawal from public life

After resigning in November 1990 , at 10, Downing Street , it is not surprisingly named peer of the United Kingdom in 1992 as "Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven, on a proposal from his Conservative successor John Major , and has been sitting at the House of Lords.

On 6 September 1997 , she attended with her husband and several other dignitaries at the funeral of Lady Diana Spencer at the Westminster Abbey.

After several small strokes and on the advice of her doctors, she retired in 2002 from public life while remaining deeply involved in politics. Very weakened after the death of her husband in 2003 , Margaret Thatcher personally like to attend the funeral of his great friend, former president American Ronald Reagan , who held on 11 June 2004 at the National Cathedral in Washington attended by leaders world. On 7 December 2005 , former prime minister, aged 80 years and frail health, was hospitalized in London after she felt weak.

But continues to make some public appearances. It is the 24 January 2006 , the first prime minister Britain which has been shown a statue during his lifetime in the House of Commons , the work took place the final 21 in February 2007 alongside effigies of Winston Churchill , Lloyd George and Clement Attlee , three of his predecessors. They had been honored by a statue in the Commons that five years after their death. She then declares: "I would have preferred an iron statue, but the bronze is fine. It will not rust, " . She leaves the hospital on June 29 , the left arm in a sling and welcoming journalists to his right hand .

On 23 November 2009 , she participated in a reception hosted by Prime Minister Gordon Brown joined by Conservative Party leader David Cameron in Downing Street for the unveiling of a portrait of the artist Richard Stone 's representative. Gordon Brown had offered to Lady Thatcher to have his official portrait hanging when he had received for tea in September 2007. It must be hung on the first floor of the official residence of the heads of British governments. She is the first parliamentarian to be honored in his lifetime by a portrait in Downing Street. And the third head of government after Winston Churchill and David Lloyd George.

On 8 June 2010 , she made a surprise visit to 10 Downing Street , hosted by the new government leader David Cameron , which ended last month in a period of 13 years in opposition to the Conservative Party. Dressed in a blue dress, the former "Iron Lady", whose public appearances are rare since she is suffering from Alzheimer's , welcomed the journalists on his arrival there. She spent 45 minutes in the residence of the Prime Minister with whom she spoke. The latter was escorted to the steps of Downing Street. Margaret Thatcher had also visited the Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair and Gordon Brown soon after taking office, respectively in 1997 to Blair and 2007 for Brown .

Review of Thatcherism

Margaret Thatcher put under liberal theories in fighting against the inflation high in the late 1970s by interest rates and promoting economic openness to foreign capital , it also reduced taxes and government spending. To achieve this objective, it ended the financial participation of the government that supported the activity of several industries "historic", including mines deficit, an attitude that contrasts with the voluntarism of the European neighbors of the United Kingdom in their attempt Rescue of the industry during the 1980s.

His record is mixed. She leaves her departure economic situation considered generally "sanitized" , which can be characterized by four elements: an inflation remains strong despite a decline in the mid-1980s , significant growth, a state whose place in the economy shrank, and unemployment, despite the decline from 1983, remains relatively high . The proportion of families living below the poverty line (50% of average earnings) rose from 8% in 1979 to 22% in 1990 according to the weekly The Economist in 1994. Income inequalities have widened between 1980 and 1990, the share of poorest 10% of the population has an average income down 10% while the average income of all other deciles are increasing, especially more strongly than high income and that of the second decile increased by 4% and the lowest decile increased by nearly 60% .

The development of private property, particularly through the sale of public housing to its occupants, is part of the direct consequences of the policy of Margaret Thatcher, according to its willingness to make the UK an "ownership society": the proportion of homeowners in the total population increased from 55 to 67% between 1979 and 1989 . Similarly, it has encouraged the development of ownership: if three million households own shares in 1979, they are three times more likely in 1987 . City in central London, is under his government, one of the most important financial centers in the world. Banks in London are thriving thanks to the development credits to countries in the Third World to finance industrial projects in these countries ( oil , mining , monoculture extensive such as cotton ...) as well as trading booming in the 1980s. , more broadly, the social consequences and "abrasive style" Margaret Thatcher rise to criticism. It was particularly attacked his record on social protection , although the NHS has not been reformed under his government .

Inheritance Policy

During his political career, Margaret Thatcher has been:

• Conservative MP at the House of Commons from 1959 to 1992.
• Minister of Education and Science 1970 to 1974.
• Chair of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990.
• Prime minister 1979 to 1990.

National Recognition

The Blairism Prime Minister Tony Blair , who took over from Conservative John Major in 1997, marks a continuation of Thatcherism for its liberal frame, but with shifts that go through a reconsideration of the issue of inequality, the re-nationalization of enterprises general interest in disarray, or a less isolated vis--vis the European Union, without fundamentally calling into question the traditional Atlantic alliance in the country.

Its cultural influence on the revitalization ideas of market economy has been recognized by his political opponents; Peter Mandelson , Labour MP, wrote and published in an open forum June 10, 2002 in The Times : "We are all Thatcherites" . It still retains an aura of importance in the country and is regarded by the British as their greatest Prime Minister of the post-war .

Margaret Thatcher is one of the few politicians to have given its name to a doctrine - the Thatcherism - and have polarized the country's political life around her. More than 15 years after his departure, the reported intention in June 2006 to Tony Blair to prepare him for state funeral led to many reactions, the Daily Telegraph devoted the August 9 in a swirl of his case within the Party Labor. Several members of the party of Prime Minister raised the possibility of leaving the party if this information was confirmed. The state funeral normally reserved for the British royal family. But there are exceptions, as in 1965 upon the death of Winston Churchill , who led the country during the Second World War. A film will also be devoted by the BBC, Pathe Films and DJ, a film that retraces the 17 days immediately preceding the Falklands War in 1982 .

International recognition

Margaret Thatcher has received numerous awards, British or foreign. It has been decorated in the United Kingdom 's Order of the Garter and the Order of Merit , it is part of the Royal Society and the Privy Council of Queen.

She was also awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom U.S., the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award and an honorary member of the Heritage Foundation. Magazine Libertarian U.S. Reason was celebrated as "heroes of freedom" .

According to a survey conducted in December 1999 by the Gallup Poll, it was the ^18th most admired personality by the Americans .

Several places bear his name in the Falklands , in memory of the conflict of 1982: Thatcher's drive to Port Stanley or Thatcher Peninsula in South Georgia. January 10 is a holiday in the Falklands, the Margaret Thatcher Day.

Popular culture

Several singers have dedicated songs, as Renaud in 1985 with Miss Maggie Mistral winner in the album. Originally written to stigmatize the disaster of Heysel , the song takes the form of an anthem for women and is a fierce charge against Margaret Thatcher ("Me, I change myself into a dog if I can stay on earth, and as street I offer myself daily Thatcher "). In 1982 , Roger Waters (vocalist, bassist and songwriter of Pink Floyd ) is releasing a concept album, The Final Cut, where he is repeatedly question of Margaret Thatcher. There are broadly critical of the policy period (the album has its starting point including the Falklands War ), his name is mentioned several times: "Oh, Maggie, Maggie, what have WE done?,

. The following year the single appears Women In Uniform which is again the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, this time armed with an assault rifle and watching Eddie.

The song Shipbuilding whose lyrics were written by Elvis Costello is a pamphlet against Margaret Thatcher and "his" war of the Falkland Islands. According to the song, the war provides work in the shipyards abandoned. But, just built, boats will lead the young workers to fight for them to be killed . "Shipbuilding" was created in 1983 by Robert Wyatt before being picked up by Elvis Costello, himself then accompanied by Chet Baker.

It was at this time appears the Cold Wave , literally "cold wave", a reference to deadly cool tones and tortured with bands such as Joy Division.

The Gothic movement in the dark and macabre aesthetics and new wave are born in the UK and develop a style both musically and clothing, an eccentricity melancholy sometimes provocative, and dominated by black metal and inspired by the dark romanticism. Include groups such as The Cure , Paradise Lost or Killing Joke.

We are also witnessing the advent of music technology (the house music ).

Margaret Thatcher's policy is forcing the music clubs such as pubs close earlier, at 2 o'clock in the morning, pushing the clubbers to continue their celebrations through clandestine raves , enabling the emergence of what became the free party.

The England left out of the Thatcher era is the subject of many films. Including Brassed Off (1997) by Mark Herman , The Full Monty (1997) by Peter Cattaneo , Trainspotting (1995) by Danny Boyle , Billy Elliot (2000) by Stephen Daldry or Raining Stones (1993), Kenneth Loach.

References

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