Moldovan limba Moldoveneasca
Spoken in	Moldova
Typology	SVO + OSV syllabic
Classification by family
- Indo-European - Romance - Eastern Romance languages - Romanian and Moldovan
Official status
Governed by	Academy of Sciences of Moldova (in)
Language codes
ISO 639-1	ro mo
IETF	ro mo
change

This article discusses the language of the Republic of Moldova , not inhabitants of the region of Moldova.

Moldovan is the official language of the Republic of Moldova under Article 13 of its constitution . From a strictly linguistic and in terms of sociolinguistics , Romanian and Moldovan are one and the same language, including former dialects ( language abstand the past ) and present forms ( ausbau modern language ) have enough common structural features scientifically established, to form a unitary language. The speakers themselves, understand themselves spontaneously and completely free translator or dictionary. The scientific name of the language adopted by all linguists, is " Daco-Romanian. " Spoken by about 23 million speakers, including 3 million in Republic of Moldova, Daco-Romanian is one of four Eastern Romance languages , next to the Aromanian of Megleno-Romanian and the Romanian-Istro spoken in the Balkans.

Summary 1 History 2 The Moldovan expression of national identity 3 Controversy 4 Notes and references 5 Bibliography 6 See also

History

Before that, Edgar Quinet , Jules Michelet , Emile Ollivier and Elisha Reclus in the Mercure de France, in Legends of the democratic North and the Universal Geography for the Rumanian and impose their language the name "Romanian", the Romance language spoken by the majority of speakers of Moldova , of Wallachia of Transylvania and Dobroge , appointed French Vlachs and / or Moldovans , or Vlach was named Moldovan-Vlach.

The process of unification of the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia , underpinned by the spirit of the Enlightenment and by France (The Enlightenment influenced the French Revolution and had been extinguished, or rather had evolved in 1859. This is the spirit of the Romantic era. You should know that in Romania there was a revolution in 1848 which corresponds to the revolutionary wave that had reached Europe. The Romanian identity was strengthened. But the desire for unification has existed for centuries since the first union was effected in 1600 by Michael I the Brave ), began in 1859 and was completed in 1918 to form Romania , kingdom whose language was called "Romanian", both in reference to the name of the new state, only to reinforce the romantic notion of a nation Latin heiress of the ancient Romans, colonizers of these areas until the late ^third century. This idea has naturally upset both the positions of the historiography of the Austro-Hungarian defined by Robert Rssler , and those of historiography Russian and Soviet why "roumanit" is an artificial construction and recent.

In 1918 , the Democratic Republic of Moldova proclaimed last year in Bessarabia (which had been annexed by the Russian Empire in 1812 ) joined Romania , and reforming the historical Moldova , within the Greater Romania. The Romance language spoken by its inhabitants was naturally named Romanian (Romna Rom.), not Moldovan, as did the Russian ethnographers.

When that the USSR annexed Bessarabia in 1940 , in accordance with the agreements of the pact between Hitler and Stalin , the term "Moldovan official is again in the new Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova. Therefore, the Soviet position was that Bessarabia had been from the outset a different story of Moldova, belonging successively to the Kievan Rus , to Lithuania and then to the Ottoman Empire , and, because of cohabitation, since the ^fifth century , of Latinos with a majority of speakers of Slavic origin, a different language from Romanian Moldovan it would have appeared.

According to the official theory, developed for example in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia in the article Moldavian, Romanian is a language born in Wallachia and then released in Western Moldova Romanian language much romance as "Moldovan", with much less influence Slav. This thesis was developed in the USSR , when the new Romanian communist , promoted the Romanian Academy and Slavic studies emphasized the importance of Slavic influence in Romanian. In the USSR, the Latin alphabet for the "Moldavian" was abandoned in 1938 for the Cyrillic Russian (Cyrillic alphabet different from the Greek-Romanian medieval Slavonic). This change of alphabet was officially motivated to facilitate communication with the Slavic, the language and Russian , declared language of inter-ethnic communication, has become for the Romanian speaking on condition of access to better education, ascension social and political power.

The Moldovan expression of national identity

In 1989 , the "Moldavian" was declared official language of the Republic of Moldova (which was still a Soviet Socialist Republic), but the use of the Latin alphabet has been restored, and 12 May 1990 "Moldovan" was officially recognized as "Romanian". These decisions will serve as a pretext the 2 September 1990 to secede after a civil war, the "Dnestr Moldavian Republic" or " Transnistria ". This state that the international community does not recognize, now has three official languages: Russian , the Ukraine and the "Moldovan", always written with the Cyrillic Russian.

When the independence of the Republic of Moldova in August 1991 , the Constitution (Article 13-1) states: "The official language of the Republic of Moldova is the Romanian language, and uses the Latin alphabet. A flag and coat of arms very close to the Romanian flag and coat of arms were adopted, and the motto: "Virtus Romaniae rediviva. The State Anthem of Romania "Wake Up, Romanian" was also adopted in Moldova.

Non-Romanian-reacted very strongly, while Russia and Ukraine brought them their support, threatening to cut off gas and electricity ("black days" of 1991-92) and resistant to attempts by the Moldovan police to take control its entire territory (war Dniester in 1992 , lost by Moldavia and won by the Russian ^14th Army, commanded by Alexander Lebed ).

Following these defeats, supporters of reunification with Romania lose the confidence of the population and in 1993 , the proportions and color shades of the flag is changed, the currency is changed into "Virtus Moldaviae rediviva", another hymn of state is adopted ("Our Beautiful Language") and especially, language and identity of the Romance-are again formally defined as Moldovan, Romanian different in Articles 12 and 13 of the new constitution. In 1996 , a proposal by president Mircea Snegur back on behalf of the Romanian language, was rejected by the Moldovan parliament.

The communist government of the Republic of Moldova headed by Vladimir Voronin , has undertaken to give the Russian the same privileges as Moldovan, first by decreeing his apprenticeship as a foreign language compulsory in schools in 2002 , then declaring the Russian language of inter-ethnic communication (as in Soviet times) in 2006 , which exempts non-Romanian speaking minority to know the state language of the country, forcing the indigenous majority to know Russian. This measure provoked an outcry in the Romanian-speaking population. Demonstrations were held in Chisinau and other major cities.

In 2003 , the Moldovan Government has published a bilingual dictionary Moldovan-Romanian, with a preface virulent with the aim of demonstrating that the two countries speak different languages. Linguists of the Romanian Academy are reminded that all words are also Moldovan Romanian words. Even in the Republic of Moldova, the dean of the Institute of Linguistics, Ion Barbut, described the dictionary as "nonsense which only serves political purposes." The Moldovan government has cataloged these reactions as an academic expression of the Romanian expansionism and accused the Romanian government to be responsible. The comedians of the two countries, such Valentin Stratan, these controversies have an excuse to laugh: "What is it that the Moldovan?" They asked. "- Is our language" they reply, "except we do not know, because we did not understand Russian! ". They also proposed to rename rouldave (Limba romoveneasc) or molmain (Limba molmneasc).

The Communist government of Moldova encouraging Moldovan identity, and considering the Romanian identity as an expression of expansionism abroad during the census of 2004 , 2,742,005 Daco-Romanian speakers have said "Moldovan "as their mother tongue (70% of the population), and only 74,276 have dared to declare the" Romanian "(3% of the population).

Controversy

The existence of Moldovan as a language different from the Romanian language is the subject of controversy. If linguists specialized in language Eastern Romance , and the majority of speakers of Moldovan / Romanian language, consider it a common language, governments and their representatives are not even notice. Lexicologists say that from the moment users of both groups spontaneously and completely understand (concept of isogloss ), it is a single language. However there is talk of Moldova, present in the Moldovan region , both in Romania and the Republic of Moldova.

The official position of the Moldovan Communist government, for cons is that the Moldovan is a separate language, and that the allegations saying the Moldovan is Romanian, are the fruit of the Romanian expansionism. On the left bank of the Dniester , the breakaway republic dominated by Pridniestrienne known of Transnistria , the "Moldovan" is written again, as in Soviet times, in letters Cyrillic Russian (" " = "limba Moldoveneasca" ) , in accordance with Article 12 of the Transnistrian constitution .

This controversy has resulted in the Republic of Moldova to double discrimination language, which contributes to the instability of the countries: firstly, only the native Romanian-language and are entitled to the name of Moldovans, which means that minorities (one third of the population) feel excluded from the country on the other hand, only minorities have the right to develop their language, their culture and their identity as members of civilizations beyond the borders of the country (Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Turkic-speaking ...) and this right is denied to the Romanian-who have no right to assert Romanians, and do not feel recognized, either.

References

Bibliography

• Stella Ghervas , "Reinventing the Moldavian identity after 1989" , Looking East, Aug. 9, 2005
• Negru Gheorghe: The Politics ethnolinguistic Moldova, Prut International, Chisinau 2000, ISBN 9975-69-100-5
• "War and Peace languages amid identity problem" in Matei Cazacu, N. Trifon, Republic of Moldova: State seeking nation, Paris, No Place, 2010, pp. 169-276.

See also