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Nagorno Karabakh

Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh
(hy)
Dalq Qaraba Respublikasi (az)
Flag of the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, adopted June 2, 1992 Coat of arms of Nagorno-Karabakh.gif
Flag Coat of Arms
Az-qa-location-fr.svg
Administration
Political Status de facto independent
Capital Stepanakert
Government
- Chairman
- Prime Minister 		Republic
Bako Sahakian
Arayik Haroutiounian
Geography
Area 11 500 km 2
Demography
Population (2002) 145 000 inhabitants.
Density 12.6 inhabitants / km 2
Language (s) Armenian
Economy
Currency Dram
Other
Time Zone UTC 4


Hymn Azat Artsakh or ankakh
Currency /

Nagorno-Karabakh, Nagorno-Karabakh or Artsakh, as long as the Nagorno-Karabakh or Artsakh Republic (in Armenian , or , and , in Azeri or and or is a self-proclaimed republic of Transcaucasia. Mostly populated by Armenians , he declared his independence of Azerbaijan on 2 September 1991 , it is not recognized by the international community, with the exception of Transnistria . Its area is about 11 500 km 2 and its population amounts to 145 000 inhabitants . Its capital Stepanakert.

During the Soviet period , this land historically is integrated with the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic of Azerbaijan as an autonomous oblast of Nagorno-Karabakh. Since the end of the Soviet Union, Nagorno-Karabakh fighting for its independence or its attachment to Armenia. It has a government and claims the name "Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh" or "Republic of Artsakh" . The hostilities between Armenian and Azerbaijani army stopped since a truce negotiated by Russia on 12 May 1994.

Summary

/ / Name
Main article: Etymology # Artsakh.

The word Karabakh , origins of Turkish and Persian , literally means "black garden" (kara = black in Turkish and Persian bagh garden =). The name appears for the first time in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Georgia and Persia . Another theory gives the name origin Turkish- Armenian meaning "Great Baghk," referring to the kingdom of Ktish-Baghk, a component of Artsakh .

Under the Soviet regime , the autonomous republic was called Nagorno Karabakh ( ) Nagorno meaning high or mountainous. Neither Armenia nor Azerbaijan are no longer using that name today.

Currently, local language, the name of the republic is often a translation of "mountain (top) Karabakh" or "mountainous black garden":

  • in Armenian : (Lernan Gharabaghi)
  • in Russian : (Nagorno Karabakh)
  • in Azeri : Dalq (mountain) or Yuxar (top) Qaraba

The Armenians also designate the area under the name of Artsakh () with reference to the tenth province of the kingdom of Armenia , an integrated time to Aghbanie. Entries Urartians ( IX - VII centuriesBC. ) mention the name Urtekhini .

History

Protohistory

At the Bronze Age , the Nagorno-Karabakh is within the current sphere of influence of the culture Kouro-Araks.

Antiquity

Related Articles: Artsakh , Kingdom of Armenia and Aghbanie.

The region is integrated into the later eighth century BC. BC to the Urartu .

Its original population, consisting of indigenous and nomadic tribes which mixes an Armenian , is integrated into the kingdom of Armenia , or at the time orontide the fourth century BC. AD or at the time Artaxiad the second century BC. AD . Within this realm, the region is included in the historical province of Artsakh . City Tigranakert is based at the time Artaxiad .

Monastery of Amara.

In 387 , the Roman Empire and the Sassanid Empire sign a peace treaty, which gives them each a part of Armenia. In this context, Artsakh and Utik are integrated into the Aghbanie combined Sassanid , although it is possible that Artsakh has been attached to the Aghbanie after 451 . At the same time, the process ends Armenise, the non-Armenian no longer being identifiable . In parallel, the region sees Christianity flourish under the action of the Armenian Church in particular Mesrop Mashtots , which opens to Amaras the first Armenian school .

In 451 , after the battle of Avarayr , many Armenian nobles withdrew into the mountains and inaccessible forests, including Artsakh, which becomes a center of resistance against the Persians .

Middle Ages

Related Articles: Khachen and Karabakh.

From the seventh to the ninth century , the Caucasus is dominated by the Caliphate , the princes of Artsakh are in the seventh century under the influence of sovereign Siounie . In the early ninth century, two Armenian princes - Sahl Smbatean and Esau Abu Muse - rebelled against but the Arabs and established two independent principalities in Artsakh, the Khachen and Dizak ; line of Artsakh to govern Khachen nineteenth century and linking the region to the Russian Empire . The two principalities, kingdoms to become the late tenth century . The Khachen is then shared among the four son of Hasan I the Great, who died in 1201 , to his abdication in 1182 . The principles of benevolence Armenian benefit relative Mongols , before being dispossessed of their land and then be restored by the dynasty of Qara Qoyunlu under Djanhan Shah after 1441 , with the title of " Malik " .

Persian Era

The Melikat are then incorporated into the Safavid Persia , Abbas I also recognizes their autonomy . Following the collapse of the Safavid dynasty and response Ottoman in eastern Transcaucasia , the Melikat enjoy after the insurrection of David Bek a short period of independence between 1722 and 1730 .

Nadir Shah then confirms also the autonomy of the region in the context of the Karabakh Khanate . In 1747 , Panah Ali Khan Javanshir, a clan leader Turkoman , however, is to use the assassination of Nadir Shah, he served as an officer, and the bloody succession after being recognized by the Karabakh khan Adil Shah. He rejected the Iranian suzerainty in 1748 . His son Ibrahim Khalil Khan completed his work in ending the autonomy of the last Melikat who still did not recognize his authority. However, the region taken over by Iran of Shah Mohammad Agha .

The Khanate was temporarily occupied by the Russians during the Russian expedition to Persia in 1796 before being taken by the Iranians .

Russian Dating

The Russian Empire annexed the area in 1805 during the Russo-Persian from 1804 to 1813 , annexation was confirmed by the Treaty of Gulistan , signed on 12 October 1813 . It is integrated in 1868 the government Elizavetpol .

Shushi after the massacre of its Armenian population.

After the Russian Revolution , the Nagorno-Karabakh is disputed between the Democratic Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic . The British, who control the region after the First World War , however, accept the appointment of a governor of Azerbaijan ; from 1919 , the massacres of Armenians taking place . On 22 August 1919 , representatives of the region accept the authority of Azerbaijan temporarily, pending a final settlement - that will never come - the issue at the Paris Peace Conference . Thereafter, in March 1920 , the Armenian population of Shushi was massacred , which causes the arrival of the Armenian army .

Soviet era

Azerbaijan is Sovietized in April 1920 , and Armenian forces must withdraw from the region in May . The Bolsheviks then took power in Armenia in November 1920 and created the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic . In the presence of Stalin , the Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party, previously in favor of Armenia, determines the attachment of Nagorno-Karabakh in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic on 4 July 1921 . At that time, the territory is populated by Armenians to 94% . In 1923 consists of the autonomous oblast of Nagorno-Karabakh , Armenia separated by a corridor Azeri "yet populated by Armenians .

For seventy years, the situation no longer changes until 1988 when, taking advantage of perestroika , the autonomous region declares its secession on 20 February 1988 . According to the 1989 census and a population of 189,000 inhabitants (41 000 Azerbaijanis ), and 145,500 Armenians live in the heart of Azerbaijan . On 15 June 1988 , Azerbaijan claims the connecting of Nagorno-Karabakh as its territory. Violence erupts in the same year as Azerbaijan in Armenia. Of anti-Armenian pogroms are hundreds of victims Sumqayt and then in 1990 in Baku.

War and current situation

Memorial (a tank T-72) near Stepanakert.

The breakup of the USSR in 1991 caused the de facto independence from Azerbaijan and Armenia. On this occasion, the Nagorno-Karabakh declared its independence as the two in September 1991 following a referendum, which led Azerbaijan to annul its autonomous status. To restore its control over Nagorno-Karabakh, the authorities of Baku send troops to Nagorno-Karabakh. During 1990-1992, a humanitarian disaster takes place in Karabakh as a result of the blockade imposed by Azerbaijan. The Armenians are organizing to defend themselves and with the help of Armenia, the people of Nagorno-Karabakh Azerbaijanis repel. The clashes between Armenians and Azerbaijanis are many victims and many massacres take place.

This, and the occupation of raions of Azerbaijan's territory by the armed forces of Nagorno-Karabakh , has led to the adoption of four resolutions by the Security Council of the UN in 1993 .

In May 1994 , a cease-fire is reached and now the negotiations for the final resolution of the conflict are organized in the framework of the Minsk Group co-chaired by France , the Russian and the United States.

Geography

Topographic map of the region.

Physical Geography

Nagorno-Karabakh is located on the northern fringe of the Eastern Armenian plateau (plateau Karabakh ) and south-east of the Lesser Caucasus and is bordered on the east by the plains of the Aras and Kura. The average altitude is 1100 m and the highest point is Gomshasar (3724 m) .

The main rivers are the Araks , the Vorotan , the Akera , the Tartar and Khachen .

Human geography

Territorial subdivisions


In addition to the capital , the Nagorno-Karabakh is composed of seven parts:

Region Population (2009) Area (km ) Density
Stepanakert 51 600 25,65 2 012
Askeran 17 600 1 196,27 15
Hadrut 12 300 1 869,08 7
Martakert 19 400 1 795,07 11
Martuni 23 500 951,16 25
Shahumian 2 800 1 837,53 2
Shushi 4 800 381,33 13
Qashatagh 7 900 3 376,57 2

Demographics

This section is empty, insufficiently detailed or incomplete. Your help is welcome!

Politics

The political regime of Nagorno-Karabakh is a presidential system , in which the executive power is exercised by the president , who appoints and dismisses the Prime Minister . The legislative power is exercised by the National Assembly of the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh .

Gallery

Landscape of Upper Karabakh.

Landscape of Upper Karabakh.

img alt = "" src = "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Eglise_shuchi_01.jpg/80px-Eglise_shuchi_01.jpg" width = "80" height = "119" />

We are our mountains , statue and symbol of Karabakh.

References

Note

  1. itself a breakaway republic recognized by a few States, the international status of the latter, cf. Article " Dniester Moldovan Republic ".

References

  1. (ru) , on http://www.moldova.ru/ , 1 September 2008. Accessed June 15, 2010.
  2. (en) Country Overview on NKR Office in the USA. Accessed January 26, 2010.
  3. These two names have the same value, cf. (in) Constitution Of The Nagorno Karabakh Republic, Article 1.2. Artsakh on President Of The Republic. Accessed June 16, 2010.
  4. (hy) Bagrat Ulubabyan "Karabakh" (""), in Encyclopedia of Soviet Armenia, Vol. VII, Armenian Academy of Sciences , Yerevan, 1981, p. 26
  5. (en) Robert H. Hewsen, Armenia: a Historical Atlas, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2001 ( ISBN 9780226332284 ), p. 119-120.
  6. (en) PanArmenian Network. Artsakh: From Ancient Time to 1918. PanArmenian.net. 9 June 2003. Dated 21 November 2007.
  7. Patrick Donabdian Mutafian and Claude (ed.), The twelve cities of Armenia, Somogy Art Editions, Paris, 2010 ( ISBN 978-2-7572-0343-9 ), p. 273 and 278.
  8. a and b (en) Robert H. Hewsen, "Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence Upon the Caucasian Albanians," in Thomas J. Samuelian, Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity, Scholars Pr, Chicago, 1982 ( ISBN 978-0891305651 ), p. 27-40.
  9. Dedeyan Gerard (ed.), History of the Armenian people, Privat, Toulouse, 2007 ( ISBN 978-2-7089-6874-5 ), p. 115.
  10. (en) Robert H. Hewsen, op. cit., p. 32-33.
  11. Dedeyan Gerard (ed.), op. cit., p. 43.
  12. (en) Robert H. Hewsen, Armenia: A Historical Atlas (op. cit.), P. 73.
  13. (en) Marie-Louise Chaumont, " Albania "in Encyclopdia Iranica. Accessed June 16, 2010.
  14. Dedeyan Gerard (ed.), op. cit., p. 178.
  15. (en) Peter Rutland, "Democracy and Nationalism in Armenia", in Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 46, No. 5 (1994), p. 841
  16. (en) Frank Viviano, "The Rebirth of Armenia" in National Geographic , March 2004.
  17. Yghich , History of Vartan and the Armenian War, Chapter VII See also

    Related articles

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    Countries and regions of the Caucasus
    North Caucasus ( Russia ) Adygea Dagestan Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Karachay-Cherkessia Krasnodar Krai North Ossetia-Alania Stavropol Krai Chechnya
    Transcaucasia Abkhazia 1Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia 2Nagorno-Karabakh , South Ossetia 1
    1: breakaway republic of Georgia 2: breakaway republic of Azerbaijan

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