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Nineteenth Century

Millennium:

^First Millennium ^Second Millennium ^Third Millennium
Centuries:
XVIII ^century XIX ^century ^twentieth century

The nineteenth ^century, the common era , began on ¹ January 1801 and ends on 31 December 1900.

Summary

/ / Calendar

List of decades and years of the nineteenth ^century

Decades:

1800 1810 1820 1830 1840
1850 1860 1870 1880 1890

Years:

1801 1802 1803 1804 1805
1806 1807 1808 1809 1810

1811 1812 1813 1814 1815
1816 1817 1818 1819 1820

1821 1822 1823 1824 1825
1826 1827 1828 1829 1830

1831 1832 1833 1834 1835
1836 1837 1838 1839 1840

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845
1846 1847 1848 1849 1850

1851 1852 1853 1854 1855
1856 1857 1858 1859 1860

1861 1862 1863 1864 1865
1866 1867 1868 1869 1870

1871 1872 1873 1874 1875
1876 1877 1878 1879 1880

1881 1882 1883 1884 1885
1886 1887 1888 1889 1890

1891 1892 1893 1894 1895
1896 1897 1898 1899 1900

Events

For Europe , historians usually start the ^nineteenth century in 1815 (end of the Empire and Napoleonic Congress of Vienna ) and are completed in 1914 (beginning of the First World War ).

The World in 1898 : the colonial empires.

Three major trends have marked this century:

This century has seen a population explosion, we talk about demographic revolution.

Europe

Arguably the ^nineteenth century is the century of Europe.

After the French Revolution (1792-1799) and the wars of the Napoleonic era (1799-1815), Europe went through many other wars who designed the new geopolitical map. Among the most important phenomena of this century include:

the collapse of old empires Spanish and Portuguese (mainly in America, the Portuguese empire remains intact in the world), the formation of the second French colonial empire and the first German Empire and especially the expansion of the British Empire ;
construction of Italian unity and the liberation of the provinces Balkan ;
the emergence of national consciousness and patriotic feelings very powerful.

It is also for Europe, the century of the second industrial revolution that will overthrow the European landscape and bring enormous wealth, but also break the old social structures.

Finally, for Europe is the century where his intellectual elites will transform it into a huge cauldron in which all ideas will bubble and all the arts. Its scholars, artists, intellectuals, will focus technological research, scientific research, artistic research, research ideas, to a level never before achieved.

Africa

King Shaka of the empire Zulu
Sketch by James King, 1824

Reactions of a veritable army Zarma against the Fulani in the middle of the century under the leadership of Issa Korombe. The victory over the Fulani Jihadist will end the invasions of Sokoto in Zarmatarey.
1 816 - in 1828 : Empire Zulu of Shaka

For Africa, the nineteenth ^century was the century of colonial European bid and end the old geopolitical structures. Europe will radically change the continent.

See Africa in the nineteenth ^century.

Asia

As for Africa , the ^nineteenth century is the century of European colonization, but with the difference that the old geopolitical structures are in most cases resist and survive. European colonizers will generally prefer to keep them and try, while controlling, to make allies.

Latin America

With the weakening and the withdrawal of Spain and Portugal to the European stage as a major nations, the tri-centenary links they had with their American colonies, also break one after the other, and many new countries will emerge on the international scene throughout the ^nineteenth century.

Mexico

28 September 1821 , Juan O'Donoj , last Viceroy of New Spain , signed the Declaration of Independence from Mexico.
21 July 1822 , Agustn de Iturbide is constitutional Emperor of Mexico, he will reign until 19 March 1823.
10 October 1824 , Guadalupe Victoria was the first President of Mexico.
27 November 1838 , the beginning of the War of pastry which is the first French intervention in that country.
In 1846 began the Mexican-American War , it will end in victory for the United States and 2 February 1848 by the Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo.
The expedition to Mexico (1861-1867) is the second French intervention in that country.
May 28 1864 , Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph von Habsburg becomes Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico , he will reign until 15 May 1867. On that date Benito Jurez restored the republic.
21 November 1876 , Porfirio Daz seized power following a coup, he remained at his post until 25 May 1911 , Mexican Revolution.

North America

Jean-Jacques Dessalines , first ruler of Haiti after independence

Despite laborious construction, and from 13 small states of the East Coast, United States will gradually appear on the international stage. The nineteenth ^century American will be marked by:

The acquisition of vast territories of Louisiana , sold by France (one quarter of current American territory).
The Civil War and its hundreds of thousands of deaths.
The wars of conquest of Indian lands in northern Mexico and Rio Grande.
The accommodation of a very large population of immigrants from all over Europe and even Asia, ready to engage with all its dynamism and all its capabilities in this new country where everything seems possible.
The growth of a large population of slaves from Africa: the continuation of the Black slave trade , despite its official abolition in 1807.
The discovery on U.S. soil immense mineral resources (the gold rush ), natural and agricultural, and their operations.

The United States will approach the ^twentieth century completely transfigured, compared to what they were in 1800. They are certainly not yet, by far the most powerful country, but this one has the potential to develop the highest.

In addition, Haiti became independent in 1804.

Oceania

Signature of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840

1840 : Heads Maori signed the Treaty of Waitangi with representatives of the crown imperial Britain , allowing the integration of New Zealand to the British Empire

Significant Figures

Politicians

Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Prigord ( Paris 1754 - Paris 1838 ), French statesman.
Napoleon Bonaparte ( Ajaccio 1769 - St. Helena in 1821 ), Emperor of the French , one of the greatest strategists of all time.
Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich ( Koblenz 1773 - Vienna 1859 ).
Louis Auguste Victor de Ghaisne, Earl of Bourmont ( 1 773 - 1846 ), Minister of War , Commander in Chief of the army expedition to Africa ( 11 April 1830 ), Marshal of France
Camillo Benso , Count Cavour ( Turin 1810 - Turin 1861 ), the main architect of Italian unity.
Giuseppe Garibaldi ( Nice 1807 - Caprera 1882 ), Italian revolutionary.
Napoleon III ( Paris 1808 - Chislehurst 1873 ), Emperor of the French.
Pedro II of Brazil ( Rio de Janeiro 1825 - Paris 1891 ), emperor of Brazil.
William Ewart Gladstone ( Liverpool 1809 - Hawarden 1898 ), statesman, UK , Liberal Prime Minister for 16 years from 1868 to 1898.
Prince Otto von Bismarck ( Schnhausen 1815 - Friedrichsruh 1898 ), founder of German unity and winner of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 , he led Germany to 1863 to 1890.
First Victoria ( London 1819 - Osborne House in 1901 ), queen of the United Kingdom , Empress of India.
The Emperor Francis Joseph I ( Schnbrunn 1830 - Vienna 1916 ), emperor of Austria and king of Hungary.

Writers

Click on a thumbnail to enlarge

Franois-Ren de Chateaubriand	Alessandro Manzoni	Johann Wolfgang von Goethe	Stendhal
Honore de Balzac	George Sand	Charles Dickens	Victor Hugo
Fyodor Dostoevsky	Emily Bronte	Emile Zola	Edgar Allan Poe