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Norwegian

Norwegian
Norsk
Spoken in Flag: Norway Norway (including Svalbard and the island Jan Mayen )
Number of speakers 4.7 million (2005)
Typology SVO inflectional
Classification by family
Official status
Official language of Norway
Governed by Sprkrdet
Language codes
ISO 639-1 No
ISO 639-2 normal
ISO 639-3 normal
IETF No
change Consult the documentation of the model

Norwegian Norwegian) is a Germanic language spoken in Norway , it is rooted in the historic Old Norse , which was practiced since the Middle Ages in countries Scandinavia by the Vikings. Old Norse is the direct ancestor of the Danish and Swedish modern and exerted a significant influence on the Anglo-Saxon form for the English , in France, he gave the old Norman vocabulary items.

Norwegian Current has actually two competing standards in writing:

  • the Bokml (literally "language of books" pronounced "'bouk mol-'), heir to the Riksml (literally "language of the kingdom" pronounced "'riks-mol) that is to say, the Danish-Norwegian / Dano-Norwegian (norsk-dansk/dansk-norsk) developed during the long period of domination Danish ;
  • the Nynorsk ("New Norwegian" pronounce "nu-norsk" with "tense" as an heir to the landsml (literally "language of the countryside" or "national language" pronounced "'Lann-mol "), a modern variant unofficial described" pure "but" radical "is derived, the hgnorsk (" High Norwegian "pronounced" 'Heug-norsk ") closer to Old Norse (and opposite to the first reform of 1917 ).

These two standards written for the same language, that is to say that the Norwegians all speak the same language, Norwegian, write about that language, there are two ways to do it. There is nobody who speaks or speaks Bokml Nynorsk: dialects are probably closer to one than the other, but they speak a dialect, and written by one of these two standards.

Summary

/ / History
Approximate extension of Old Norse and related languages in the tenth century. The red area shows the range of Scandinavian western area of the Scandinavian East Orange. The pink area represents the area of Gutnisk the green zone and the Germanic languages with connections to the Old Norse.

The Norwegian current drift Old Norse , which was the language used by the Vikings. According to tradition is the king Harald Hrfagre who united Norway in 872. At that time, we used a runic alphabet. By observing the rune stones of this period, we see that there was little regional variation of language. Around 1030 , the Christianity arrived in Norway, established by the opening of the Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim in the year 1000 specifically, and with it the Latin alphabet , the first manuscripts into Latin characters appear a century later. The Norwegian also beginning to differentiate itself from its neighbors.

Old Norse is divided into two families, the West Scandinavian (Norway, Iceland, Greenland, Faeroe Islands and Shetland) and East Norse (Denmark and Sweden). The language of Iceland and Norway remained very close until about the 1300s, they were then called Old Norse and Old Icelandic.

During the period one thousand three hundred fifty - one thousand five hundred and twenty-five , changing the old Norwegian, is simplified grammar, syntax and vocabulary binds the Middle Low German is included. The Swedish and Danish are under similar influence, unlike the Faroese and the Icelandic. During this period the Union of Kalmar unites the kingdoms of Sweden, Norway and Denmark. Norway is subject to Denmark, and Danish became the language of the elite and literature. In everyday language, Danish undergoes Norwegianisation and simplified grammar. This is what Danish-Norwegian who became the mother tongue when the union with Denmark ended in 1814.

Begins a new union with Sweden, but throughout the nineteenth century , Norway is trying to emerge as a nation and language becomes a political issue.

History of the written standard of Norwegian

In the 1840s , many writers began to Norwegianize Danish by incorporating words that describe the landscapes and the Norwegian culture. Spelling and grammar were gradually changed.

Meanwhile, a nationalist movement campaigning for the development of a new written form of Norwegian. Ivar Aasen , a self-taught linguist, began at the age of 22 years work to create a new Norwegian language from his travels throughout the country - where he had compared the dialects of different regions - and the study of the Icelandic language, which had managed to preserve much of the outside influences that had suffered the Norwegian language. He called the fruit of his work, published in several books of 1848 to 1873 , the landsml (literally "national language").

Norway was separated from Denmark in 1814 to form a union with Sweden that lasted until 1905. However, only the Danish Norwegianize was adopted as an official language by the Norwegian parliament in the name Riksml (language of the kingdom) in 1899. After a period of unbridled romanticism patriotic, some wanted to impose a return to basics, that is to say in Norwegian "original" campaigns, but the various agencies were unable to follow this movement, since all their records were written in Danish ( This tension explains the existence today of two Norwegian languages).

After the dissolution of the union with Sweden , both languages continued to develop. During the twentieth century , a series of spelling reforms tended to bring the two languages, notably to facilitate the use of forms in Bokml Nynorsk and vice versa.

In 1929 , was officially renamed the Riksml bokml (book language) and was renamed landsml Nynorsk (New Norwegian) - older designations Dano-Norwegian and Norwegian Parliament were abandoned because the Danish label was (and still is) very unpopular among users bokml (Riksml). This marks the official recognition of two languages.

Bokml and Riksml were reconciled during the successive reforms of 1917 , 1938 and 1959. It was the result of a policy to merge Nynorsk bokml with a single hypothetical language named samnorsk (Norwegian common). In 1946 , a survey showed that this policy was supported by 79% of Norwegians at the time.

But opponents of official policy organized a massive protest movement against the samnorsk in the 1950s , particularly in combating the use of radical forms in the school text books bokml. The policy was finally samnorsk little influence after 1960 and was officially abandoned in 2002.

If in 1917 we had merely dialects together with a common spelling in one of two linguistic groups, but leaving local variations, the more recent reforms of 1981 and 2003 (effective in 2005) the official Bokml can to unify the remaining differences with the Riksml (residual differences are now comparable to those between British English and American English).

Users of both written languages have resisted efforts dilution distinctions from their written language in general and their pronunciation. Over the years, standards for bokml have increasingly accommodated the ancient forms of Riksml. As a result, some have preferred to follow a more traditional writing of Nynorsk, the hgnorsk (Norwegian pure).

The current standard of both written

Currently, Nynorsk is more prevalent in the rural region of south-west, west, and mountains of eastern Norway , while bokml occurs in east and north of the country and that in almost all urban areas.

Today, at school, students learn both languages and necessarily must be able to read and write documents in each of them from the secondary and higher education. Nearly 85.3% of Norwegian school children receive primary education in Bokml, Nynorsk and 14.5%. Of the 433 municipalities in Norway, 161 said they wanted to communicate with central authorities in Bokml, 116 (representing 12% of the population) in Nynorsk, the 156 others remaining neutral. Of the 4549 publications (published in 2000), 92% were Riksml or Bokml, Nynorsk in 8%. The major national newspapers (Aftenposten, Dagbladet and VG) are published in Bokml only. Some regional newspapers (including Bergens Tidende and Stavanger Aftenblad) and numbers of local newspapers using both languages. Dag og Tid , weekly addressing deeper issues, is written in Riksml and Nynorsk.

However, other regional influences remain, and if in Oslo is called a street gate at Krager (south-west of Oslo) is said gade, while in the county of Oppland , towards Lillehammer , we gutu bed on the signs. In much of southern Norway, why hvorfor said, but to the north, in Finnmark, we hear korfor, the initial k is clearly supported.

However, strong differences persist between the two languages and often fiery debate continues between advocates of Nynorsk and Bokml those of the first arguing that nynorsk more 'Swedish', is closer to the Norwegian Parliament, while the latter are forward the fact that foreigners learn more easily bokml but the issue is still far from settled.

Also, it is generally accepted that there is a wide variety of dialect differences to the point that it is almost impossible to count them. Differences grammatical, syntactic, lexical and phonetic occur at different levels of administrative divisions, so that in some cases they are mutually unintelligible to speakers unsophisticated. These dialects tend to regionalize by fertilization, but we note a recent interest in their preservation.

Differences between bokml and nynorsk

Below are a few sentences giving an indication of the differences between Bokml and Nynorsk, compared with the historical form Riksml (close to Danish ) and Danish himself with the conservative form hgnorsk (closer to the Swedish - maybe Would it be interesting to look also at the Swedish), as well as in English , with the German and French :

D = Danish, R = Riksml, B = Bokml English French
N = Nynorsk, H = hgnorsk German / Dutch
D / R / B Jeg kommer fra Norge. I come from Norway I'm from Norway.
N / H Eg Kjems Noreg eng. Ich komme aus Norwegen, Ik kom uit Noorweg.
D Hedde Hvad han? He Called What Is (What Is His Name)? What name does he?
R / B Hva heter han?
N / H Heiter kva han? Wie heit er?, Wat zijn naam IS (Hoe heet hij)?
D / R / B Hest in debt st. This is a horse. This is a horse.
N / H Debt er ein hest. Das ist ein Pferd, says IS een paard.
D / R Regnbuen har eat Farve. The rainbow has Many Colours. The rainbow has many colors.
B Regnbuen har eat Farge.
N Regnbogen har fargar eat.
(Or: Regnbogen mangleta st) Writing

The written

Since relatively recently (the turn of the twentieth century), Norwegian (Bokml and Nynorsk) abandoned the Gothic script and uppercase "German" who appeared at the beginning of nouns.

Norwegian uses graphs can be disconcerting to the reader:

  • sj corresponds to our sound Additional Characters

    Bokml and Nynorsk use three additional characters from the French:

    • round head ), which corresponds to an "o" open enough as not in or, in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century , this sign was replaced in the texts by spelling aa; (under Microsoft Windows : Alt + 0229)
    • ( with stroke , which corresponds to our sound "eu" OEU f, institute had r, r ment had (not the "eu" had p) Pronunciation

      Phonetics

      Norwegian is a language with pitch accent.

      Diphthongs and monophthongs in Bokml and Nynorsk

      Diphthongs of the old Norse were replaced by monophthongs in Danish and also in the dialects of eastern Norway. We see this difference in writing in Bokml and Nynorsk words that had in Norse diphthongs:

      • The diphthong ei in e Bokml often becomes.
      • The diphthong oy (the Norse ey) becomes bokml.
      • The diphthong au becomes bokml.
      Norse Nynorsk Bokml Riksml Danish French
      st ei nn st ei n st ei n (n e st) n e st n e st stone
      l ff l s s s (l s) s s s s coward
      ey ra y ra (y re) O er O er O er ear

      Grammar

      Verbs

      Verbs are conjugated in seven times, and have only one form per time, common to all people. The times that are used are presented in Norwegian (present), preteritum (preterite), presents, perfektum (past tense), preteritum perfektum (plusqueparfait) futurum (future) futurm perfektum / 1. kondisjonalis (future past / present conditional) and preteritum futurum perfektum / 2. kondisjonalis (past conditional). As in English, the future is done using an auxiliary. Perfektum compound tenses, and preteritum perfektum futurm perfektum are used as in French, to mark an event's past time text. There are four other Norwegian verb forms: infinitive, present participle, past participle and imperative.

      Example: vre "be" in present tense:

      Bokml Nynorsk French Dutch English German
      jeg er eg st I Ik ben I am Ich bin
      the st the st you're I bent you are du bist
      Han, hun, det er Han, ho, er det he is hij, ze het IS he, she, It Is er, sie, es ist
      vi er vi (me) st we weekends zijn we are wir sind
      dere er ER you jullie zijn you are ihr sind
      ER dei st they, they are zij zijn They Are sie sind

      There are two groups of regular verbs: Group one and two, they were nicknamed nynorsk group a and group e.

      Example: Elske, "love" of the group 1 and kjre (Bokml) Koyr (Nynorsk) "lead" group 2. As we have already seen that the verb is conjugated only in time, this table shows only the verb. Bokml is the first line, the line below it is nynorsk.

      infinitive This tense preterite pluperfect future future perfect conditional present participle past participle imperative subjunctive Passive
      Elske elsker har elsket elsket hadde elsket skal Elske skulle Elske skulle (ha) elsket elskende elsket elsk Elske Elske
      Elske / elska elskar har elska elska hadde elska skal Elske / elska skulle Elske / elska skulle (ha / hava) elska elskande elska elsk Elske elskast
      kjre kjrer har kjrt kjrte hadde kjrt skal kjre skulle kjre skulle (ha) kjrt kjrende kjrt kjr kjre kjres
      Koyr / Koyre kjyrer har kyrt / kyrd kyrte / kyrde hadde kyrt / kyrd skal Koyr / Koyre skulle Koyr / Koyre skulle (ha / hava) kyrt / kyrd kyrande kyrt / kyrd Koyre Koyre kyrast

      Most Norwegian verbs ending in-e in the infinitive. Nynorsk, you can also choose to have the ending-a, the reason is that many dialects of the infinitive ends in-a, and we hope that the writing reflects the spoken language. Similarly, for the past forms of verbs in the second group, one can choose between the endings-te,-t-de,-d. The auxiliary ha often falls in the conditional, and therefore we only have the auxiliary skulle past participle followed.

      All verbs in compound tenses are the auxiliary ha (have) for some verbs, we can use the auxiliary vre (be), but there is no verb with which it must be used, ha is always possible and it is most used.

      As in German , there are verbs "strong" that have preterite and past participles individuals.

      Personal pronouns

      Bokml Nynorsk English Dutch French
      nominative accusative reflexive pronoun nominative accusative reflexive pronoun nominative accusative reflexive pronoun nominative accusative reflexive pronoun nominative accusative reflexive pronoun
      jeg meg meg eg meg meg I I Myself Ik I mijzelf I I I
      of deg deg of deg deg You you Yourself I jou jouwzelf you te te
      han ham seg han han seg he HIM Himself hij ahem hemzelf it the is
      Hun henne seg ho ho / henne seg she Her herself ze haar haarzelf it the is
      den den seg han / ho Han / honom / ho / henne seg it it Itself het het zichzelf he / she him / her is
      det det seg det det seg it it Itself het het zichzelf he / she him / her is
      vi oss oss vi / me oss oss WE us Ourselves WE ons onszelve we we we
      dere dere dere of dykk dykk you you Yourselves jullie jullie jijzelve you you you
      of dem seg dei dei seg THEY em Themselves zij ze zijzelve they the is

      In Norwegian, the shape is the same for the direct object and indirect object, as the third person (in French "it / them). The pronoun in den Bokml used for a name is masculine or feminine, but that is not a person, such as bok (book), which is feminine, or mast (food), which is masculine, are replaced by den. Nynorsk, as in French, one uses the same pronouns that are used for one person, therefore, the book (always female in Norwegian) is ho (it) and food (always male) is disabled (it). By Bokml, for animals, both are valid, a horse (hest, male) or dog (hund, men) can be replaced by either disabled or den. As and when we know the animal, we will use a pronoun more "personal", that is to say, or han hun, gender of the animal.

      The formal mode is possible in Norwegian, but rare, alternatively, a need for deference: normally, you go to someone in the familiarly. In formal address, in Bokml, we use the third person plural (as in German). Nynorsk, we use the second person plural (like French). In both cases, indicating politeness, pronouns are written with a capital letter: In st Kongen oss (You are our King).

      Names and Articles

      Norwegian has three types : the female / male on one side, the neutral of the other. Until recently, there was still a difference between masculine and feminine, but as in Danish, Bokml is the trend to merge the two, so it is grammatically correct to put women's names in the masculine. There are some speakers that using bokml choose to differentiate. This gives them a language effect: their written language is closer to spoken language, and there are people who would say it becomes more rural. It is thus sometimes ei strand by strand instead of (beach), but also found that variation in the shape defined occurs as much as ("The Beach"). Finally, some words have remained exceptionally feminine: for example the case of ei sild, "a herring" or a "cap" (those words but it could also be written in the masculine).

      Contrary to what happens in Germany , the names do not decline in Bokml, however, their termination can vary by type and number.

      Moreover, the definite article (singular and plural) and the indefinite article plural is postponed and enclitic ("stuck" at the end of the noun), as in Sweden: is this particular arrangement which produces a "greenhouse declination "to the uninitiated.

      Examples:

      NB: skog (forest) is masculine, but ei seng (bed) is feminine.

      male Women
      undefined defined undefined defined
      French Bokml Nynorsk French Bokml Nynorsk French Bokml Nynorsk French Bokml Nynorsk
      a forest by skog ein skog Forest skog in skog in bed ei seng ei seng bed Seng seng a / i seng
      Forest skog er skog ar Forests skog ene skog ane beds seng er seng er beds seng ene seng ene


      By Bokml is also possible decline in male female names. The difference will be only in the singular as the plural forms of Bokml are the same for a male name and female names.

      undefined defined
      French Bokml Nynorsk French Bokml Nynorsk
      a table and edge eit board table board and board and
      tables edge edge tables on ene onboard a / i on

      We see that the plural, indefinite, the name has the same form as the indefinite singular: The only difference is plural, the name does not have an article (about the indefinite singular form, it always takes a article). The form of the plural nynorsk defined, "Border" is also available in Bokml, but is rarely used.

      If a name ends with an unstressed e, e falls before we set up the definite article or plural. A word like lady (woman) comes: ei / a lady, a dam / dam in, er dam, dam ene. If a name ends with an accented e, the article goes after e, as in the word number (glacier): en / ein number, number in, ber er / ar ber, ber ene / ane ber. In the words of foreign origin that are written with an accent, the accent falls in declination: en / ein ide (idea), IDE, IDE, st / ide ar, ene ide / ide ane.

      The demonstrative adjectives are always used with the definite article, when in Danish and Swedish , they are used alone.

      Bokml Nynorsk French Bokml Nynorsk French
      mus in den / den has moved den mus c / den i mus this mouse / mouse then denne moved in / moved to denne denne driven a / mus i denne this mouse will
      Gutt in den gut in den this boy / boy then denne Gutt in denne gut in this boy will
      and det hus and det hus this house / home then debt and hus debt and hus this house
      mus ene ene dei mus / mys dei ene the mouse / mice, there disse driven ene goddess moved ene / ene mys goddess these mice will
      gutta ene dei gut ane these boys / men a day Gutt disse ene goddess gut ane these boys will
      ene of hus / hus of a hus a dei / dei hus i these homes / houses then ene disse hus / hus has disse goddess has hus / hus i desse these houses will

      Form without the definite article is obsolete, and so we will find it in old texts. Today there is a difference between forms with and without the definite article: the definite article, it talks about a specific object, but the article talks mostly of a institution. "Den norsk kirke" is the Church of Norway , Church of the State, or "Kirken den norske" (also "den norske Kirk") is a specific church (a building) which is Norwegian, for example the Church of Norway to Paris.

      The nominal morphosyntax nynorsk

      From the perspective of nominal morphology, the main difference between bokml and nynorsk is the number of genres: while bokml tends to keep only two nynorsk him, still works with three genders (masculine - feminine - neutral).

      From a syntactic point of view, Nynorsk prefers prepositional paraphrase the Saxon genitive to indicate membership will be said in boka til nynorsk Anna ("the book of Anne"), while bokml use the turn Annas bok. Anna shape if bok ("Anna's Book") is also seen.

      The Gentiles

      There are few cities that are declining adjectives in names of their inhabitants, but for every city and county, there is a name that can be used in referring to its inhabitant. A resident of Oslo is called Osloborger, and has no translation in French that living in Oslo. In Bergen, the resident is Bergenser. A saw a tromsvring Troms. A native of the county of Trndelag (Trondheim town) is called a Truiden (the dialect is spoken is the trndersk ). Someone from Stavanger is a Siddi, and one of Sandnes , close by, is a sandnesgauk.

      However, we use these names for the inhabitants of regions: srlending, vestlending and stlendig (inhabitant of southern, western and eastern), which have corresponding adjectives: srlandsk, Vestlandske and stlandsk. In Northern Norway, there is no such kind, following the logic, it should be nordlending nordlandsk with the adjective, but they are used for ressortisants of Nordland.

      The interrogative pronouns and adverbs

      Found in Bokml and Nynorsk the same series of interrogative pronouns in German and English:

      Bokml Nynorsk translation
      Hva? Kva? What?
      HVEM? Kven? Who?

      Adverbs Interrogative pronouns after the training:

      Bokml Nynorsk translation
      Hvor? Kvar? Where?
      Hvorfor? Kvifor? Why?
      Hvordan? Korleis? How?

      On the passage of the spelling in Hv to Kv Bokml Nynorsk: in Iceland , the spelling is pronounced exactly Hv Vocabulary Bokml

      For a French speaker, there are three main strata in the vocabulary of Bokml:

      • words of Germanic origin and / or Anglo-Saxon example be the famous "tree" clearly related to tree English or the verb like "love, appreciate, perfect equivalent in English to like , "wisdom" says visdom as wisdom in English ... Examples of proximity between Norwegian and English are numerous. Nearest are the German names ending in-het, Germanic equivalent of the suffix-heit: sikkerhet means "security, security" as the German Sicherheit; to hemmelighet ("secret") of Norway, is the German Heimlichkeit.
      • the words of Scandinavian origin, found in Swedish and Danish , even in Iceland , but not in other Germanic languages, the name given to the Christmas party, "Jul", is a good example. In fact, the word matched the Scandinavian celebration of the winter solstice (Jol in Norse ), which was grafted the Christmas party when the entire peninsula was Christianized. The feast of Christmas has its origins in a very old Finnish tradition, where the character then known as the Nisse was central to the annual celebration of children, and was represented in more or less holding red and white that we will today.
      • Norwegian and the words properly, eventually few, although there are few, starting with the word canoeing, to name just one, which was found in trace one of the royal sagas.

      Like all European languages, Bokml has also borrowed many words from the vocabulary of "international", those of Western Europe of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

      There are also some clear words borrowed from French, though not always recognizable at first because of spelling changes of the twentieth century, whose goal was to have a very similar spelling of Norwegian pronunciation:

      • in sjfr is a "driver". (Taxi driver, for example) (sj The graph corresponds to the "ch" French)
      • in sjeselong is not a "couch", but an armchair Recamier, a meridian
      • chips can be read on the sign of some vendors. Speak to be understood pomss fritss
      • you can sometimes read floor deformed signs of some isolated channels
      • mailing, we can ship an item at rekommand, reminiscent of the French language as an official language of the Universal Postal Union, which is headquartered in Western Switzerland

      The Norwegian and other Scandinavian languages

      Because of their common origin, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish have been fairly close and easily understand the two Norwegian language sister to the written and spoken, some differences in pronunciation may still impede understanding as we do not know. In practice, it happens regularly that a Norwegian and a Swede or a Norwegian and a Dane, talk together each speaking their language and understand more or less correctly.

      The understanding between Norwegians and Icelanders, however, is more limited: if the Norwegians grown roughly grasp the meaning of a text written in Icelandic , their oral language is as foreign as the old French of the thirteenth century is to a French today. This reflects the fact that linguistically speaking, Iceland has always remained very close to the Norse medieval.

      A pidgin of the border region between Norway and Russia , the russenorsk was practiced in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It was a blend of Russian and Norwegian, created by traders and hunters of whales from the northern Norway and the Russian Kola Peninsula. The lack of a common language forced the creation of a minimal communication tool. The russenorsk had a rudimentary grammar and vocabulary rather limited, consisting mostly of words essential for trade and fishing Arctic.

      Examples

      Vocabulary

      French Norwegian Bokml French pronunciation
      earth jord day
      sky himmel 'Himel
      water vann van '
      fire Brann bran '
      man mann man '
      Women Kvinna Kvin
      Dining spis spis
      drink Drikker dri-ke
      great stor Stour
      small liten liteun
      night natt mat
      day dag dagger

      Literary Examples

      • Riksml
        • Jeg gik ind gjennem Skogen, jeg begyndte rres var til og tare henrykt, jeg hele its Tiden: Gud i himlen Skuld at jeg komme hit igjen! Knut Hamsun , Under hststjrnen, 1906
        • (I went into the forest, I began to be moved to tears and full of rapture, I kept repeating: God of heaven, grant that I may return here!) Knut Hamsun, Under the Autumn Star, 1906
      • Bokml
        • Jeg skal ikke Fortelle deg noe the vet. Minster to tredjeparter av seg som gift delegger sitt liv og motpartens. MBRA Arthur , Hun, den frste, 1957
        • (I'll tell you something you do not know. At least two-thirds of those who marry are destroying their lives and those of their partner.) Arthur MBRA, She, first, 1957
      • Nynorsk
        • Lish reddare kvar gong eg, trur eg, for det lish farlegare kvar gong. Hege i sit kjkkenet og det er ikkje redd minster. Ikkje redd noken ting. Tarjei Vesaas , Fuglane, 1957
        • (I have more fear every time I think, because it is ever more dangerous. Hege is sitting in the kitchen and not afraid at all. She is afraid of nothing.) Tarjei Vesaas, The Birds, 1957

      Notes

      See also

      Internal Links

      External Links

      Germanic languages modern
      Northern Germanic languages
      Western Faroese Icelandic Norwegian Nynorsk
      Oriental Danish Norwegian bokml Swedish
      West Germanic languages
      Anglo-Frisian English Frisian ( Western , Eastern , Northern ) Scots
      Lower Franconian Afrikaans Flemish Limburg Netherlands Zealanders
      Low German Achterhooks Lower Saxon Netherlands Drents Low Saxon Eastern Frisia (in) Groningse Plautdietsch Sallaands Tweants Veluws Westphalian
      High German
      Middle German German Francique Mosel Rhine Francique Francique Rhine Lorraine Palatine Francique Ripuarian Top Saxon Klsch Luxembourg German Pennsylvania Silesian Wilamowicien
      German Higher Alemn coloniero Alsatian Bavarian Cimbrian Mochena Swabian Swiss German
      Yiddish Yiddish


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