The parliament is a member college who may have several functions: to advise the Prime Minister, according to a legislator, and finally as a representative of the nation abroad. In its most common meaning today, the parliament is the elected body which provides representation of people in the States, democratic , and as such is "Fate of Democracy", as stated by Hans Kelsen. It has two functions:

• make and unmake laws , making it the holder of the legislature ;
• overseeing the government 's country.

Summary 1 General 2 Organization 3 Until the eighteenth century 4 Notes and references 5 See also External 5.1 Links

/ / General

The Parliament represents the citizens but can also, for example in a federal state , represent the territories.

There are two forms of parliament:

• parliaments unicameral , which consist of a single room
• parliaments bicameral , which consist of two chambers: the Upper House and Lower House.

The room "low" is designated to direct universal suffrage by an electoral variable by state. The election of members of the upper chamber may vary by country, for some it is the citizens who elect them, for others they are electors. The upper house is often referred to Senate.

In Europe , parliaments are sometimes born against the king , to grant the tax. Vote and control were so closely linked. Today, both functions were expanded and separated according to the principle of separation of powers.

The parliament deliberates and enacts laws in some countries and under certain conditions these laws must be submitted to the citizens before it can enter into force, in other countries the chief executive must sign the law to allow it enter into force. The government, which has sometimes been involved in preparing it, executes it.

Meanwhile, parliament can control the action of the government :

1. it may be possible to reverse,
2. he can ask,
3. may conduct investigations
4. he votes the budget and can verify his employment.

In a presidential system , as in the United States , the Parliament has legislative powers and control very important, but can not overthrow the government.

In an assembly system , marked by confusion of powers, the parliament focuses the legislative and executive functions.

In a parliamentary system , the government comes from the parliament, is responsible to him, and can dissolve.

In France , since the advent of the Third Republic , the President of the Republic has a fairly significant powers, including appointing the government or dissolve the assembly , but the national representation is sovereign and has broad oversight powers.

Organization

The ability of parliament to effectively exercise its powers is conditional on its organization and its internal workings, as defined by regulation. Three types of organs play a major role:

• office and the Presidency of the parliament
• political groups
• specialized committees

Until the ^eighteenth century

Parliaments appear to Middle Age. They are, in principle, from the Curia Regis ( King's Counsel ) in their establishment in a region directly under the crown.

The oldest parliament in Europe seems to have been the Althing , established in 930 in Iceland , which meets annually. It functions primarily as a court of justice to settle disputes.

Before the Revolution, the term of parliament in France means a court ruling on appeal in the courts of a region, which the legislature is purely jurisprudential. Judgments of regulations, taken collectively met all the rooms, can codify legal issues in summing up the case.

Many matters are the jurisdiction of special courts in other sovereign courts call that parliaments, including disputes relating to ecclesiastical affairs, the king's domain (Forests, Admiralty, currency), certain occupations (Marshalsea, chamber of Freemasonry), tax matters.

The chambers of parliament do not represent social categories, but the different subjects of litigation. They have no power to vote taxes, or to control government decisions, or to represent the social classes as in England after the Glorious Revolution.

However, they are responsible to record and publish the royal acts after verifying their consistency with the rest of the law within their control, including general principles. Without such registration, the royal acts are not applicable.

In France , there were thirteen parliaments and sovereign councils at the end of the Ancien Regime, the most important is the parliament of Paris.

The Jansenism parliamentary means in the second half of the eighteenth century, a movement of the middle class that begins with the revolt of Cabochiens and tends to regard all parliaments together form a single sovereign body, the holder of political power and legitimate source law.

References