Home  ›  Pope

Pope

In French usage recognized by the usual dictionaries, and though he does not summarize the entire use French , the word pope used without further specification means the bishop of Rome, head of the Roman Catholic Church and temporal head of the Vatican State, now Benedict XVI. In this sense alone that term is used in this section and in other articles on the popes, unless otherwise indicated. However, this title is also carried by the head of the Coptic Orthodox Church , currently Pope Shenouda III who resides in Cairo , in Egypt.

The title of pope is really apparent until the Council of Nicaea in 325 , but the term has referred exclusively to the bishop of Rome from Gregory VII , in the eleventh century. The Catholic theology made it, back the lineage of the popes to the apostle Peter.

Summary

/ / Etymology

The word pope (in Greek / PAPP) is not an official title is a designation of respectful affection, that the child gives to his father ("Dad"). The first attestation of this word for a religious leader leading back to 306 in Alexandria : Christian population of this city as the title bestowed his bishop Peter of Alexandria who had organized the resistance outside the persecution of Diocletian Usage

The first bishop of Rome, which was awarded the title "Pope" (pp) in the early fourth century , the cubicle of a deacon named Severus is Marcellinus (296-304), and contains the inscription "jussu pp

. Nevertheless, the song is still used for many bishops - as shown by appointment "Dad urbis Romae (aeternae)" (The Pope of the city (eternal) of Rome) and it was not until the sixth century that it refers more specifically to the Bishop of Rome, as evidenced by the chancery of Constantinople, who uses that title to the Roman bishops who themselves adopt this title from the late eighth century. At the end of the tenth century , during a council to be held in Pavia in 998 , Gregory V asks Archbishop Arnolfi II of Milan no longer use the title and that Gregory VII (1073-1085) which adopts a Dictatus papae reserving the use of the term to the Roman bishop .

Even today, the Greeks call pappas ordinary priests of the Orthodox Church (the Greek word is also the origin of Russian word used pejoratively to describe pop Orthodox priests, who himself is at the origin of the word English "pope").

Origin of the function of the Roman pope

The prestige of the eminent position of the bishop of Rome in Christendom since ancient early Christian lies above all in the supposed presence of the tombs of Peter and Paul of Tarsus in this city, one at the Vatican , near former circus of Nero , and the other on the Via Ostiense , near Rome. In the early centuries of our era, Rome becomes the pilgrimage town of "ad Limina Apostolorum" . The Roman Church has always claimed an apostolic foundation that will be used to advocate the teaching authority which it relies and that holders of the Roman state in the wake of Bishop Liberius (352-366), first used the term "Apostolic See" (Sedes Apostolica) . However, in the Catholic Church if the Pope had any authority, but only because he is the bishop of Rome. Thus, the only titular official of the Pope in ancient times is the word " Bishop "(meaning: the City). Today, in its bubbles the most solemn sign of the pope only as "Bishop", accompanied by the Gregorian formula: "Ego, N., episcopus, servus Dei servorum" .

First century

The origin of the papal function is primarily a spiritual or mystical, long before political (it is so only secondarily). Thus, theology Catholic traces the lineage of the popes to the apostle Peter. She says the role of the apostle to preside over the Church's unity has been stated by Christ, which is expressed in the Gospel of Matthew : "You are Peter and upon this rock I will build my Church ... I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven "( Mt 16. 18-19 ) and in the Gospel of John , with the words: "Simon . At the end of the century, Irenaeus of Lyons also stressed the importance of the Roman tradition in his Against Heresies (III, 3, 2). Irenaeus - a text that intends to fight the Gnostics - the present channel of the episcopal succession as the guarantor of truth apostolic church and for each point for its exemplary Rome, "this church very, very old and known to all that two most glorious Apostles Peter and Paul must necessarily agree , has been preserved the tradition that comes from the apostles " .

The claim of apostolic Rome, which is the only Western city of the Empire to do so, is not disputed, no more than is that of other Eastern cities as Corinth or Antioch , it is not the case for the claim of authority and primacy which it claims that will cause much debate and even schisms .

In 195, requested by opponents of the bishop of Ephesus Polycrates , the bishop of Rome, Victor , in what can be read as an exercise of Roman authority over other churches, broke communion with Quartodecimans because they celebrate Easter on 14 Nisan, the same day as Passover - a tradition handed down by John the Evangelist - while the Roman Christians celebrate Sunday . If this first attempt is without real significance, documents show continuity in the sovereign claim of the Church of the Urbs in the decades following . Jean Guyon sets Victor I. monarchy as the first bishop of Rome .

Emergence of metropolitans

From the perspective of the civil administration, the Roman Empire was divided into provinces , each headed from his mother (literally "mother city" in Greek). From the perspective of the administration of churches, this designation applies only to Rome , Antioch , Alexandria , Nicomedia and Constantinople that replaces it. At the end of the third century or early in the fourth century , the bishop of each city, or metropolitan, has gained ascendancy over the other bishops of the province.

In 325 , the Council of Nicaea confirms this fact: no bishop can not order a priest or another bishop without the consent of his metropolitan. The same council also claims to resolve the conflict mlitien and referring, he said, to use already established that three metropolitans have skills that go beyond their province, those of Alexandria , in Rome and Antioch. Which depends the riding of Alexandria includes all provinces of Egypt and Libya. Although the council did not specify what the limits of the other two, we can assume that Antioch has the responsibility of Syria , of Palestine and neighboring provinces, and that dominates Rome Italy, (with, perhaps some influence in Gaul and Africa , as seems to testify to the Council of Arles in 314 ).

The Councils of Constantinople ( 381 ) and Chalcedon ( 451 ) give the same status of "super Metropolitan" (what would become the dignity of patriarch ) seats to Jerusalem and Constantinople. The first is beyond the power of Antioch , Arian , and becomes independent, the second gets a rank equal to that of Rome, it retains only "rule of honor." This system is modeled on the civil administration Constantinople is the capital of the Eastern Empire, Rome wants to his equal in the West - specifically focusing on a symbolic first place - while Alexandria remains a vital economic capital. Meanwhile, the siege of Antioch sees her riding clipped by its two neighbors (Constantinople and Jerusalem).

Slow rule

During the fourth century , the See of Rome is still a bit away from the main theological debates, for reasons of language and geography: major councils were held in Greek East and the Bishop of Rome there often sends than just priests or bishops to represent minors and they do not vote. Despite this lack of involvement and lack of authority on Eastern Christianity, Rome demands a certain prestige equivalent to that of Eastern cities. Its lack of involvement leads to repeatedly ask his arbitration, when the crisis Arian , then discussions about the nature of Christ (which does not mean that its views were heard). It is especially supportive in doctrinal disputes, and the siege of Alexandria Theodosius , on his accession, declared for religious law throughout the empire, "the faith of the Bishop of Rome and the Bishop of Alexandria.

Over the following centuries ( fifth century - seventh century ), the See of Rome is becoming more autonomy and influence in the West. Several factors contributed to this evolution:

  • The prestige of Rome, the ancient capital of the Empire, and the rest in the mind long after the fall of the Western Empire. This is the sense that Michel Butor has been talk in the twentieth century the Pope as the "ghost haunting their emperors Eternal City." To this is added the prestige conferred by the title of "successor of Peter", whether or not justified. Also Rome was, and remains, a place of pilgrimage to the tombs (real or mythical) of the apostles Peter and Paul, apostles considered the founders of the Church, in the words of Irenaeus of Lyons.
  • The separation of civil and military power: emperors settled first at Ravenna , then there remains only the emperor moved to Constantinople.
  • The absence of other prominent religious leader in the West. All the patriarchs are in the East and the only seat of the Metropolitan that has some importance, that of Carthage , is long in the hands of the Vandals, Arians , then loses its power.
  • The active policy of the popes of strong personality, especially Leon , whose most famous episode is an encounter with Attila. If the Pope is as interlocutor with Attila, this also shows that it has gained political independence, unlike that of Constantinople, which is tightly controlled by the emperor.

Public Policy (Roman Catholic)

The pope is the ruler of the Papal States , now the State of Vatican City. It is also the head of the Roman Catholic Church.

His selection mode is the mode elective oligarchy in the college of electors, the cardinals of the Roman Church, meeting in conclave (enclosed area). The cardinals themselves have been created by the popes, and voters have until they reach the age of 80. It is only from the eleventh century that the election of the pope was reserved to the Roman cardinals, (Nicolas II decree dated April 13, 1059). Previously, during the first millennium, the election of the Roman Pontiff canonically returned to the Church of Rome, clergy and laity alike. But often the political power and interfered took advantage of that right.

The pope is elected for life, although some have resigned, as Pope Celestine V to live in a monastery - there was perhaps prompted by his successor, Boniface VIII. Another pope resigned: Gregory XII in 1415 in the Council of Constance , in order to end the Great Schism. He did not in person, but by the voice of a procurator, the 4 July 1415. His successor was Martin V. elected more than two years later, 11 November 1417.

The reign of a pope is named pontificate. The origin of this word is one of the titles of the popes: Pope. The parentage of this expression must be in the title of the main priest in Rome ancient pontifex maximus , carried to the sixth century by the Emperor of Byzantium.

Formally, the pope is not a spiritual leader. It receives the mission, as bishop of Rome, successor of the apostle Peter, to ensure the unity of all Catholic churches, that is to say, dioceses ruled by bishops. The Catholic Church does indeed recognize a single spiritual leader, Jesus Christ.

Up to 800

Rome is threatened by the attacks of barbarian princes: from 410 , the Eternal City was sacked by the Visigoths.

In the late fifth century Gelasius I. sent to the Emperor Anastasius a letter reaffirming the authority as kings and bishops that are differentiated and that the bishops prevailed.

In the eighth century the Lombards threaten the pope who called for help the Carolingian Pepin the Short. The Donation of Constantine , a forgery composed at that time was prepared to let delude by leaving Rome the Emperor Constantine had given to the Bishop of Rome not only the Lateran Palace, but the insignia of imperial dignity , leaving the West in power (potestas) of the pope. Pepin the Short and gives the embryo is the Papal States in 754. In 800 , Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne Emperor of the West in Rome.

The pope sent missionaries in the British Isles and in eastern and northern Europe to evangelize the pagan population .

The Gregorian Reform

The struggle between the priesthood and the Empire

The history of the papacy is inseparable from the doctrinal evolution of Christology and declining power of the Roman emperors of the East. Pope seeks to strengthen his spiritual and temporal power and to move from being mere bishop of Rome to that of the sovereign.

During the Middle Ages, the pope had to assert its power against the emperor and the growth in royalties. The other issue concerns the definition of the sovereignty of the Pontiff: should it be confined to spiritual matters (appointment of bishops and abbots, definition of the dogma) or should it spill over into the temporal realm? In the second option, the pope can not avoid confrontation with the rulers then reigning in the West.

Schism

Main article: Great Western Schism.
This section is blank, incomplete or not detailed enough. Your help is welcome!

From 1378 to 1418, sees the schism coexist and compete two series of popes, one based in Rome and one in Avignon. In the political sphere, it follows from the confrontation between the papacy and modern states that are created in the late Middle Ages and that the papacy can not afford to subject.

The Reformation and the Council of Trent

Cartoon criticizing the sixteenth century on both sides of the Roman Catholic Church, Pope representing a double face.
Main article: Protestant Reformation.

The Protestant Reformation was a religious movement that radically calls into question the very existence of a pope.

Main article: Council of Trent.

The Council of Trent is the Nineteenth Ecumenical Council recognized by the Roman Catholic Church. Convened by Pope Paul III in 1542 in response to requests made by Martin Luther in the Protestant Reformation, he began December 13, 1545. It takes place in eighteen years, twenty-five sessions, five pontificates (Paul III Julius III Marcellus II Paul IV and Pius IV) and three cities.

In response to the progress of the Protestant Reformation . "

The crisis of modernism and the First Vatican Council

Main article: Modernist crisis and Vatican Council.

Over three hundred years after the Council of Trent, Pius IX decided to convene a council in 1869. This council, the twentieth, opened in December 1869 and was adjourned to October 20, 1870 because of the war.

Vatican I stated in the Encyclical Pastor aeternus of July 18, 1870, papal infallibility and condemned the "new ideas" from the Enlightenment to the benefit of the papal primacy.

Another feature of this council is to have been postponed indefinitely because of the invasion of Rome and the annexation of the Papal States.

  • Pastor Aeternus encyclical Dogmatic Constitution "Pastor Aeternus" - Vatican Council 1 - July 18, 1870:

"So we engaging faithfully to the tradition received from the beginning of the Christian faith, for the glory of God our Saviour, the exaltation of the Catholic religion and the salvation of Christian peoples, with the approval of Holy Synod, we teach and define as a dogma revealed by God: the Roman Pontiff, when he speaks ex cathedra, that is to say when, filling the office of pastor and teacher of all Christians he defines, by virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, a doctrine on faith or morals must be held by the whole Church, enjoys, by divine assistance promised to him in the person of St. Peter, that infallibility which the divine Redeemer willed that his church was provided, upon defining doctrine on faith and morals. Therefore, these definitions of the Roman Pontiff are irreformable themselves and not through the consent of the Church. If someone, God forbid, had the presumption to contradict our definition, let him be accursed. "

The Second Vatican Council and collegiality

Main article: Second Vatican Council.

Pope John XXIII, age 82, which was described as a transitional pope because of his age when elected, surprises everyone by announcing an "aggiornamento" of the Catholic Church, that is say, a great council intended the church to adapt to the modern world.

Vatican II opens Oct. 11, 1962. Major reforms include the opening towards other religions, the disappearance of Latin for the benefit of local languages for church and the church's attention to social issues.

The reforms are presented in 16 orders :

  • Dei Verbum (decree 18 November 1965), which reaffirms the primacy of the Word of God;
  • Lumen Gentium (decree 21 November 1964), which addresses the role of the Church;
  • Sacrosanctum Concilium (decree issued December 4, 1963) on the liturgies;
  • Christus Dominus (Decree issued October 28, 1965) described the pastoral office of bishops;
  • Presbyterorum ordinis "(Decree promulgated December 7, 1965) deals with the priesthood of priests;
  • Optatam Totius (decree issued October 28, 1965) describes the principles of priestly training;
  • Perfectae Caritatis (Decree issued October 28, 1965) recalls the obligations of religious life;
  • Gravissimum Educationis (decree issued October 28, 1965) and Apostolicam actuositatem (decree 18 November 1965) emphasize the role of the laity and lessons
  • Orientalium Ecclesiarum (decree 21 November 1964) means reconciliation with the Eastern Catholic churches;
  • Ad Gentes (Decree promulgated December 7, 1965) describes the role of catechesis and missions;
  • Gaudium et Spes (decree issued December 7, 1965) is the best known of the 16 decrees, he discusses the role of conjugal love in marriage but also the "enormous economic inequalities that come with individual and social discrimination" basing need to share wealth and promote economic development of the weakest;
  • Unitatis Redintegratio (decree 21 November 1964) advocates the restoration of unity among Christians;
  • Nostra Aetate (decree issued October 28, 1965) condemns religious discrimination;
  • Dignitatis Humanae (decree issued December 7, 1965) proclaims the right to religious freedom;
  • Inter Mirifica (Decree promulgated December 4, 1963) opens the Church to modern means of communication such as films, television programs and newspapers as vehicles allowed exposure of Christian doctrine.

Papal Titles

Main article: Papal title.

In canon law , Pope is designated under the name "Roman Pontiff" (Pontifex Romanus), derived from the name of the Roman high priest (and later the emperor) representative of God on earth: "Pontifex Maximus".

Papal signature takes the form "NN. PP. x "that is to say" so and so, Pontifex Primus Papal Insignia

In the Roman Catholic Church, a number of badges are reserved to the pope:

Papal emblem
  • The fisherman's ring (gold), symbolizing the apostle Peter , used to seal the briefs and encyclicals , personal to each pope (Cardinal Camerlengo solemnly the breeze after the death of the pope in title).
  • The Baton stick or liturgical.
  • The cassock, white, since Pius V , in honor of its origin Dominican (formerly the pope was dressed in red, as are, from Paul II, the cardinals Roman). But many other priests and bishops, wear a white cassock, a slightly different shade of the pope.
  • The cap and white belt emblazoned. While many bishops, especially in hot countries (not only in mission countries), wear the white cassock, in fact the bishop of Rome is the only one to put a white cap. So much for a special emblem.

The belt embroidered with the arms of his pontificate, no other ecclesiastical dignitary does his weapons belt.

  • The red velvet slippers, with reference to the imperial purple. Since Paul VI, these shoes are replaced by pumps brown-red, made by a Roman surgeon. Meanwhile, the same Paul VI removes the ritual kissing of the foot.
  • The coat and red hat in memory of the imperial color, purple, was bequeathed to the bishop of Rome by the Emperor Constantine left Rome for the East.
  • The camauro or red cap, hardly worn by popes since Clement XIV in the eighteenth century, but returned occasionally used by John XXIII, and now Benedict XVI.

In liturgical , only the Pope could celebrate right to the main altar of the four major basilicas : St. Peter's Basilica , Basilica of St. John in Lateran , Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls and Hagia Maria Maggiore. This does not mean that nobody else can celebrate, but we need to be instructed by him to do, which is already practiced at least since the Renaissance. In the seventeenth century, when Cardinal celebrated at the altar of one of four basilicas, it showed a papal indulgence on one of the pillars of the dome to serve all .

To Paul VI, who abandoned the practice, the Pope had special badges:

  • the papal tiara : non-liturgical headdress, triple crown (to land on the Papal States, spiritual power over souls, moral power over the princes). It is more scope for Paul VI. In the first published version of the papal coat of arms of Benedict XVI, it was replaced with a Mitre, and since then the Vatican has on occasion used a version with a tiara, while the version with the miter seems more formal.
  • The tablecloth is Incarnatus : layer of 13 pieces of cloth and damask fringed with gold. Folded at the beginning of Mass, it was unfolded after the "incarnatus est" of the Nicene-Constantinople
  • the torch of gold used to drink from the chalice, but the torch is an instrument for the communion from the chalice in all circumstances. It is not proper to the papal mass.
  • The flagellum : long range round, fringed at the top of ostrich feathers, removed by Paul VI.
  • The banner : banner papal armies.
  • The sedia gestatoria : sedan, which is no longer used since the death of John Paul I (who did not appreciated elsewhere, and employed it only on the advice of his master of ceremonies the sole purpose of being seen by all), and John Paul II was replaced by the Popemobile.

NB

  • The keys of St. Peter who appear on the papal arms are heraldic emblem whose significance is purely symbolic and refers to the Gospel (Matthew 16: I will give you the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven.). They correspond to any physical object that the pope would use in his duties.

References

  1. Richard E. Rubenstein, , d. Bayard, Paris, 2000
  2. Orazio Marucchi, , d. Cambridge University Press Publication date, 1912, p. 207, retranscription de l'inscription en ligne
  3. ( en ) Philippe Levillain, , vol. 2, d. Routledge, 2002, p. 1227, extrait en ligne
  4. Voir, par exemple, l'ptre attribu Clment de Rome de la fin du I er sicle
  5. Expression latine signifie, mot mot, . Faire un plerinage , se rendre Rome
  6. Michel-Yves Perrin in Histoire de la papaut. 2000 ans de mission et de tribulations
  8. Michel-Yves Perrin in Histoire de la papaut. 2000 ans de mission et de tribulations 35
  9. certains traduisent de son autorit plus forte
  10. La traduction de ce passage est malaise et controverse
  11. Michel-Yves Perrin in Histoire de la papaut. 2000 ans de mission et de tribulations 35
  12. Michel-Yves Perrin in Histoire de la papaut. 2000 ans de mission et de tribulations 35
  13. Michel-Yves Perrin in Histoire de la papaut. 2000 ans de mission et de tribulations 37
  14. Michel-Yves Perrin in Histoire de la papaut. 2000 ans de mission et de tribulations 38
  15. , in , hors srie automne 2007
  16. , Bayard, numro hors-srie : Aux origines de la papaut moderne
  17. Rgine Pernoud, , d. Seuil, 1977, p. 159.
  18. rfrence, citation ou lien
  19. article de du 22 mars 2006 : sur le site catholique.org
  20. Cf Dom Jean Mabillon, "Iter italicum".

See also

Listes de papes



Autres liens internes



External Links

Bibliography


Leave a Reply


Frequently Asked Questions

1 vote, average: 4.00 out of 51 vote, average: 4.00 out of 51 vote, average: 4.00 out of 51 vote, average: 4.00 out of 51 vote, average: 4.00 out of 5 (1 votes, average: 4.00 out of 5, rated)
Loading ... Loading ...
Help us improve the wiki Send Your Comments