Provencal prouvenau (standard Mistralian) Provenau (Standard Conventional)
Spoken in	France , Italy
Region	South-eastern France ( Provence )
Number of speakers	Of 100 000 to 500 000
Typology	SVO syllabic
Classification by family
- Indo-European - Romance - Occitan-Romance languages - Occitan - Middle Occitan - Provence
Language codes
ISO 639-1	oc
ISO 639-2	oci
ISO 639-3	( en ) oci
IETF	oc
Sample
Article I of the Declaration of Human Rights ( see text in French ) Declaracioun Universalo di Dre ome Spelling Mistralian: All read uman born free. Soun EGAU e per la digneta Dr. Li. Year while uno e uno resoun counscinci. Devon is teni freirenau read an 'read me another. Graphy classic Totei leis umana born free. His egaus lei e per la dignetat Drechs. An totei una e una reson conscientious. Devon will take some ambe frairenaus leis leis others.
change

The Provenal (Provenal ^{, ,} spoken mainly in Provence and in part of the Gard. There is also a regional movement for which Provencal is "a separate language, close to but distinct from Occitan South West of France."

The Provenal word is also used to designate the whole language of oc , including dictionaries of Honnorat , and Mistral , or reference books Ronjat , and .

Extension and internal variation

Provence and historical linguistics
Linguistically:
Limit one language
2 Limits of dialect
3 Limits of sub-dialect
Viewpoints P. Blanchet ^, :
4 "Limit the Provencal language"
a "historical and cultural Provence"
b "Areas outside the culture of Provence"
c "Historic Area Provence belonged to Piedmont from 1388 to 1713 and especially of alpine culture"
d Zone now attached to the Dauphin region Provence Alpes Cote d'Azur
e "Country Nice (Provence until 1388, Piedmont until 1860, now part of the Provence Alpes Cote d'Azur

If we leave aside the use of Provence to denote the set of oc, the extension of Provence remains a subject of debate:

1. The use of the majority of linguists and the Unesco is to reduce its extension to 'Provencal dialect "as defined by Pierre Bec (called "south-Provence" by Jean-Claude Bouvier ).
2. Civil law tradition has long included the Vivaro-Alpine in Provence. This is for example the case of Robert Lafont which includes the dialect - under the name Alpine Provencal - Provencal in which he adapts the classical spelling of Occitan or Jean-Claude Bouvier, who in his description of Provencal, called "North-Provence."
3. The school designates the Provencal language as independent of the rest of the field also includes Oc (under the designation of Provence Alps) most of the field Vivaro-Alpine (except the right bank of the Rhone called Vivarois) and Nice. The inclusion of dialects of the Alps in Provence is best described by a reference to the great Provence history and language awareness by users of linguistic typology. The large variation involved in this combination has led to the reuse of the concept of language polynomic appeared originally in the Corsican language .
4. Instead of Nice in Provence is also debate. The French National Education considers Nice irrespective of Provence . (See article from Nice ).
5. The dialects of transition with Ligurian (mentonasque, royasque-brigasque brigasque) are also discussed (see sections brigasque brigasque , Mentonasque , Royasque ).

Except the Vivaro-Alpine and Nice, the area of Provence is typically divided into two:

• Provence Rhone (on both banks of the Rhone, the Provencal made famous by Frederic Mistral )
• Provence Maritime (from Marseille to Grasse , the language of Victor Gelu ).

The Rhone

The Provence Rhone in eastern Gard (from Nimes to the Rhone), the Vaucluse (to Avignon , Orange ) and west of the Bouches-du-Rhone ( Arles , the Camargue ). One can distinguish the local dialects (the talk of the Ventoux and the Comtat to Carpentras , the talk of the Rhone Valley to Nimes , Arles , Avignon , Orange , Bollne, etc.).

The shuadit or Judeo-Provenal

The " Pope's Jews ", Jewish communities of Avignon and Comtat Venaissin have developed a dialect of Judeo-Provenal particular, known as the shuadit.
The Rhone Provence has its peculiarities: the plurals are reduced to-i, the Czech and the dj is pronounced ts and dz respectively; o tonics do not diphtonguent and the combination of specific features.

The Marine

The maritime and inland Provence in the eastern Bouches-du-Rhone (to Salon , Aix and Marseille ), the Var ( Toulon ...) and west of the Alpes-Maritimes (to Cannes , Antibes , Grasse and Cagnes-sur-Mer ). There are local differences minimal. The southern Alpes-de-Haute-Provence is experiencing a smooth transition between the sea and the Provenal gavot beginning to Sisteron and Castellane.
Thus, the maritime and inland Provence (or "Mediterranean") has rules of its own language: the plural form in-ei, a very sharp fall many consonants is produced; o often diphthongs and the combination has its Lot of features.

For example, translate the phrases "Beautiful Girls play all day on the hill:

Rhone-en Provence, this gives: "li li beli Chatas Jogan toti Jorns | chato jogon touti Li belli li dins the colonial days" (pronounced

-Provenal Sea, it gives: "lei lei Belei filhas Jogan totei Jorns dins cola | Lei Bellei fiho juegon tutei dins lei jou the couelo (pronociation:

Provenal and nissart

The Nice , sometimes called French ( Gavot, Alpine Provencal, Vivaro-Alpine ...

The people involved know the scientific name "Vivaro-Alpine" and generally consider their dialects like Provencal Alps, also called "gavot" or, as in many rural areas Occitan patois. The gavot is a specific dialect of Provenal by his features North Occitan (cha instead of that, instead of ja ga ...) but also extremely conservative (keeping the final consonant of the infinitive, the maintaining-a Final without amussement ...). Indeed, the attachment to Provence is more cultural than linguistic (as opposed to Niard , much closer linguistically from the Provencal, including shipping, but culturally distinct), although the intense exchanges between high and low Provence have produced many mutual influences, particularly described by Victor Gelu who still bring both varieties of Provence.

Distinguishing features of Provencal

Most of the linguistic features that add specific Provenal Occitan dialects in relation to neighbors, appear likely since the Middle Ages and are confirmed in the sixteenth century:

• vocalization of final-l in .

In Provence, most etymological and morphological final consonants are not articulated. That particular grammatical markers such as-s plural nouns and adjectives, which disappear or are replaced by - (e) i unlike the rest of Occitan (example: "lei Belei filhas / l (e) i Bell (e) i fiho "the ultimate amu-s) .

Between recognition and substitution

Street sign renovated Mons , Var

The use of Provence is experienced by some of Provence as part of their heritage legacy and it has some popular support and local and enjoys a strong revival in public life in recent decades (advertisements , road signs, festivals, theater buildings ...). However, this recognition is symbolic and has not been accompanied by a formalization likely to develop the Provencal effectively. The decline in the use of Provence is old. He has long since ceded the current functions of communication to French ( diglossia limited).

Provencal is recognized "serious danger" by the Atlas of endangered languages published by UNESCO . The reasons for the decline are complex. For part of Provence which was attached to France in 1483, is often accused of centralizing action kings of France who ruled the Provencal legal acts (in the advancement of French social elites from the ^fifteenth century and Order Villers-Cotterets of 10 August 1539 establishing French as the language of paperwork). This is not possible for the country of Nice , the Comtat Venaissin or Avignon who were not French then. In the nineteenth ^century, the Royal School, Imperial and Republican has ever given a special status in Provence in education. The Provencal was marginalized in the mass media.

If Provencal movements (like the Collective and the Union Prouvno Provencal) requesting official recognition from the Provenal Occitan language as a full-fledged membership of Provence to a larger whole, Occitan or langue d'oc is claimed by Flibrige and Occitan.

In 2003 , following the action of each other, the PACA Regional Council has issued successively two wishes:

• on October 17 : "The language of Provence and Nice language are regional languages of the Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur"
• on December 5 : "The Regional Council of Provence-Alpes-Cotes d'Azur affirm that the Occitan language Occitan language or regional language is the region Provence-Alpes-Cotes d'Azur: Provence Rhone, Provencal marine, alpine and niard regional forms of Occitan or Langue d'Oc in Provence-Alpes-Cotes d'Azur, that all varieties of the Occitan language Occitan language or are of equal value and belong to the same linguistic field, that each of its varieties is the expression of Occitan or langue d'Oc in its geographical area, the full dignity and given to each variety of the Occitan language Occitan, or represents that there is no hierarchy among these varieties. undertake: to build support for the preservation of these varieties and promotion of Occitan or Langue d'Oc, to contribute, alongside the state, the widespread provision of teaching Occitan or langue d'Oc in the Provence-Alpes-Cotes d'Azur. Mr. Prime Minister seeks to intervene to Ministers, Department of the State concerned for the Occitan or Langue d'Oc is officially recognized as a common heritage of all French citizens without distinction and to assist in its development by ratifying the European Charter for minority languages. "

Consolidation, standardization, spellings

Street name in Provencal sea and spelling Mistralian

Same with diphthong : dou

The Provencal has two writing systems competitors who differ in spelling, and sometimes by oral forms they induce. For this reason, we often speak of two different spellings even if it would be more accurate to speak of standards (including each and

• The standard Mistralian based on a phonetic spelling trend that tries to limit distortions between writing and speaking. It was originally developed by Joseph Roumanille and promoted by Frdric Mistral in 1850. It was adopted by the Flibrige since its founding in 1854 (officially adopted in the statutes of 1911 ), as well as more recent movements like Parlaren and Unioun Prouvenalo. It is used by many of the writers, singers, teachers, local institutions (public display, etc.).. Since 2006, the CONSEU Escri Mistralen (Council of writing Mistralian), led by Flibrige but independent of it, has the task of completing the work of lexicographic Mistral ^, . It is run by Bernard Gily , director Prouvno aro. Is often considered the standard Mistralian to a transcript of the Rhone, but the work of Pierre Vouland have shown many differences between the Rhone morphophonological spoken and written Provencal.

• The classic standard was codified from the Languedoc in 1935 by Louis Alibert The use of conventional spelling to write the Provenal still need adjustments to try to account for the modern Provencal in the perspective of integrating the whole Occitan. It was set in its variety of Provence by Robert Lafont (1951, 1972) of the Institut d'Estudis Occitan and supplemented since 1996 by the Lenga CONSEU Occitane (CLO) that emanates from the IEO. The standard offers classic writing convergent for all dialects Occitan (Gascon, Limousin, Provenal, etc.). It relies on certain uses medieval while acknowledging some dialects to their specificities. The Institut d'Estudis Occitan and Provencal section (the CREO-Provence) publishes books for broadcast in Provence. It is also used in bilingual schools Calendretas located in the area of Provence (Orange, Nimes).

There are complex controversy between supporters of the two standards. Using a specific font is not always indicative of a position in the debate on recognition of the Provencal language Provenal or Occitan dialect like. Despite these caveats, there are also united actions.

For both standards there are, on the one hand, attitudes favorable to the stability of the standard and, secondly, attitudes that encourage use floating, local and / or individualistic (breaking with the standard). There are also proponents of standardization (regional standards) and supporters of a polynomial in Corsica.

Comparisons between different standards

Spelling identical oral identical

Spellings different oral form identical

different spellings, different oral forms

Placenames

French	Provence (spelling Mistralian)	Provence (conventional spelling)
Aigues-Mortes	Aigo-Morto	Aigas Mortas
Aix	(Z-) Ais	(Z-) Ais
Antibes	Antibo	Antbol
Arles	Arle	Arle
Apt	Ate	Ate
Aubagne	Aubagno	Aubanha
Avignon	Avignoun	Avinhon
Barcelonnette	Barcilouno, Barcilouneto	Barcilon, Barciloneta
Brianon	Brianoun	Brianon
Brignoles	Brignolo	Brinhla
Cannes	Cano	Canas
Cavaillon	Cavaioun	Cavalhon
Worthy	Digno	Dinh
Draguignan Expressions Here are a few key phrases (Mistralian spelling / spelling standard): Bono annado, e ben ben granado acoumpagnado / Bona Annadif, granada e ben ben Acompanhada. French: good year, although prosperous, and good guidance (health). Fai lou is not the stretchers Avans Lbre of Ave. / Se lo fai not to aver the civilized Avans Lbre. French, literally: It is not the civet before the hare. Is the equivalent of the French proverb: Do not count your chickens before they hatch ( Jean de La Fontaine , Book 5, 20 The story bears and two companions). French Words from Provence Many words of Provencal origin migrated French. It is often difficult to know precisely what those words as philologists and etymological dictionaries often use the term Provencal, giving a sense of langue d'oc, for describe the origin of a word. The intense contact between Provence and the French (common in Provence between 1880 and 1950) produced a particularly French Provence, famous (Pagnol film for example) and sometimes stereotyped, its prononcitation (emphasis Provence and Marseille ) to its vocabulary, grammar and interaction modalities . The meaning of Provenal and Occitan language Occitan Prouvenau entry into the treasury of Flibrige The meaning of Provence is contingent on the historical period in which it is used. Depending on the context or the time it means Occitan language or dialect spoken in Provence. Thus, in the first case or the Auvergne Limousin are the Provenal but not the latter. Proensales the term is used in the thirteenth century by the Italian writers designating the language spoken in the southern half of France, referring to provinciae romana of the Roman Empire meant that southern Gaul. Other designations are used then the Limousin by Catalans, the langue d'oc by Dante , Catalan by scholars of the seventeenth century , or that very little used Mondini invented in Toulouse . In the nineteenth century the Romanists following Raynouard Anglade and up, regain Provenal term for generalization, both designate the Occitan troubadours as an "Old Provenal, Occitan and modern in its together. But this term introduced an ambiguity with the talk of the Provence , the Occitan troubadours having appeared in the regions north Occitan and not in Provence, with analogies or Languedoc Limousin. Oucitan entry into the treasury of Flibrige When Frederic Mistral publishes Lou Tresor dou Felibrige, dictionary of modern language of oc in two volumes, it includes the word Provencal as a sense of the term langue d'oc, the subtitle of the dictionary, it states: Provencal-French dictionary embracing the various dialects of the langue d'oc modern or, as discussed in Note 1, all words used in the south of France. He writes that ucitan (which translates occitain or occitanien) is synonymous with "Languedoc" or "southern" and refers to "langue d'oc" . The use of modern linguists is to use the word specifically for the Provencal dialect spoken in Provence and the formula langue d'oc or Occitan language to talk about the whole. Corpus Trsor de la langue d'Oc Oc Sky Association, has digitized many works of literature and periodicals in langue d'oc, especially in Provence, and made available in collaboration with the University of Provence. See also Internal Links Occitan Language language list Languages by family Indo-European Romance Occitan-Romance languages Occitan Middle Occitan Royasque Frederic Mistral and Flibrige Expressions Marseille References If you consider the Vivaro-Alpine as a sub-dialect of Provence There is also a variant of Occitan Monegasque native (Port area to the Condamine and Saint Roman) - called patois - which is called moneguier. (Rene Anfosso, speaker moneguier, p. 51 in Laurenc Revest, Nissa e Occitnia per Garibaldi. Oc Garibaldi Anthology, ed. Serre, Nice, 212 pp.) Survey regional languages in the census of 1999. More than 100,000 users of Provence? a , b , c and d code (Occitan) Jean-Marie Klinkenberg, The Romance languages. Introduction to the Study of Romance linguistics, De Boeck, 2nd edition, 1999 The language is divided into three major dialect areas: the north-Occitan (Limousin, Auvergne, Vivaro-Alpine), Occitan average, which is closest to the medieval language (Languedoc and Provence in the narrow sense), and Gascon (west of the Garonne). in Larousse Encyclopedia There are several areas within the same dialect of Occitan. Bibliography General Works on the Provencal Philippe Blanchet, Le Provencal, test description and differential sociolinguistics, the Linguistic Institute of Leuven, Leuven, Peeters. 1992 Philippe Blanchet, languages, cultures and regional identities in Provence. The metaphor of the aioli, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2002. DALBE Jean-Philippe, The dialects of the Maritime Alps: a comparative study, test reconstruction Articles on the lexicographical Provencal General: LEBRE Elijah MARTIN & Guy, & Bernard MOULIN, Basic Dictionary French-Provenal / Diccionari of basa-Provenau francs, Aix-en-Provence: CREO Provena / Edisud, 2004 (1st ed. 1992) FETTUCIARI Jorge MARTIN & Guiu, Jaime & Pietri, Provencal-French dictionary / Diccionari Provenau-France, Aix-en-Provence: Edisud / The Escomessa / CREO Provena, 2003. Frdric Mistral (1879-1886) Lou Tresor dou Felibrige: Dictionnaire Provenal-French, Aix en Provence: Remondet Aubin Grammar / manuals Alain Barthelemy VIGOUROUX, MARTIN & Guy (2000), Practical Handbook of contemporary Provencal, Aix-en-Provence, Edisud Bigonnet Virginia, CALAMEL Simon and Philippe Blanchet (2005), Le Provencal, pocket Chennevires / Marne, Assimil. Philippe Blanchet, (1999), Provencal Talk!, Language and culture, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1999. BLANKET & Philippe Gasquet CYRUS-Mdric (20004) The Marseille pocket Chennevires / Marne, Assimil. COMPAN Andre (1965) Nice Grammar Books on Provence and its place in the Romance languages OCI Peter, The Occitan language, coll. "What do I know?", No. 1059, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1995 (first edition 1963) Camproux Charles, The Romance Languages, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1974, 126 pages. External Links Linguistic map of Provence, a view Occitan Map of the languages of France, a view not Occitanists The Oudissio (Homer's Odyssey) by Charloun Rieu with the French text used in the translation side by side The bilingual French-Provenal in Provence according to the work of Philippe Blanchet Language portal Portal minorities Portal Occitan Portal Provence

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