Romania
| Romania (ro) | |||||
| Romania (en) | |||||
| |||||
 | |||||
| Official language | Romanian | ||||
| Capital | Bucharest 44 25 'N, 26 06'E | ||||
| Largest city | Bucharest - 2 082 000 (2003) | ||||
| Form of State | Republic semi-presidential | ||||
| - President - Prime Minister | Traian Basescu Emil Boc | ||||
| Area - Total - Water (%) | Ranked 78 th 238 391 km 2 3.0% | ||||
| Population - Total ( 2008 ) - Density | Ranked 49 th 22,246,862 inhab. 94 inhabitants / km 2 | ||||
| Independence - Date | Of the Ottoman Empire 9 May 1877 | ||||
| Demonym | Romanian Romanian | ||||
| HDI ( 2010 ) |  0.875 (high) ( 45th ) | ||||
| Currency | New Romanian leu ( lei in the plural) ( RON ) | ||||
| Time Zone | UTC 2 | ||||
| National anthem | Deteapt-te, romance! (Awake, Romanian!) | ||||
| Internet domain | . Ro | ||||
| Indicative Telephone | +40 | ||||
Romania, Romanian is a state of Eastern Europe , Member of the European Union and of NATO.
With a Latin heritage, the country is surrounded by Slavic countries such as Bulgaria , the Serbia and Ukraine , and by Hungary. It is bordered by the Black Sea to the southeast. North-east, a small country also in Romanian-speaking majority, the Republic of Moldova , which is no longer part of Romania since 1944. Romania, the 7th most populous country of the European Union and 9 th in terms of area, is also a strategic country for the European Union because of its close relations with the countries of the Black Sea.
The creation of the modern Romanian State dated nineteenth century , its present territory of the twentieth century , and results from the meeting of the old medieval principalities: Wallachia , Moldavia ( 1859 ) and Transylvania ( 1918 ). But the Romanians identify themselves primarily by their language Latin and consider themselves happy as the heirs of the ancient Dacia (land of the Thracians from the north, conquered by the Roman emperor Trajan in 106 ) and the Roman Empire.
Another component of the Romanian identity derives from the Byzantine Empire , which the Romanians have inherited their faith, Orthodox over 85%. In modern times, is the France of the Enlightenment that inspired, in 1859 , the creation of Romania with its ideals of emancipation and progress, reflecting a third component of the Romanian identity: the revolutionary component. The monarchy Constitutional initial evolved into democracy Parliamentary between 1918 and 1938 , then a regime autocratic settled, soon followed by two totalitarian regimes that have severely affected the country: fascism of the 1940s and communism originally imposed by the Soviet Union in second half of the twentieth century until 1989 (the fall of the Socialist Republic of Romania ).
During the transition period leading to accession to the European Union on 1 January 2007 , Romania has become one of the allies of the United States in the fight against " terrorism ". During this period of contradictions, Romanian society has been overwhelmed in the political, economic and cultural currents between traditional and modern movements. The period saw the emergence of a significant number of businesses and entrepreneurs, not all of the former nomenklatura communist. Even if these companies are not very competitive internationally, the development is visible: the thriving trade, building explodes (and the number of cars), improving communication channels (although the choice of all- Road to the detriment of the rail is translated into chronic congestion), household equipment is being modernized ...
Romnia, the name of the country, is connected to Rome , the ancient capital of the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire, whose official name was (Romania). We know that the Greeks to the nineteenth century were defined themselves as (Romei) or (Romii) . The Romanian-identified themselves by their geographical origin: moldovean (Moldovan), Ardelean (Transylvanian), Muntean (Wallachia Central), Oltean (Oltenia), Maramuresean (the Maramure) bnean (Banat) or dobrogean (from Dobroge ). These are mile Ollivier , Elisha Reclus and Edgar Quinet , inventors of the principle that we should designate a people by the name he gives himself, who imposed in foreign languages the term " Romanian "instead of " Vlachs "," Moldavia and Wallachia "," Moldavian "," Moldovans "," Vlachs "," Volokh "," Wallachiens "and other" Romounes "also become blurred and sometimes pejorative (see Origin of Romanian-speaking ).
Spatial and physical
| Romania | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Continent | Europe |
| Region | Eastern Europe |
| Contact | 45 00'N, 25 00'E |
| Area |
|
| Coast | 225 km |
| Borders | Total: 2 508 km Bulgaria 608 km, Ukraine 531 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia 476 km |
| Maximum altitude | 2544 m ( Moldoveanu ) |
| Minimum altitude | 0 m ( Black Sea ) |
| Longest river | Danube (1075 km) |
| Largest body of water | Bicaz |
Site and situation
Located in south-eastern Europe , Romania borders with (clockwise) of Bulgaria to the south, Serbia to the south-west, Hungary to the west of Ukraine to the north, Moldova to North is again the Ukraine to the north-east and opening to the Black Sea to the east.
Central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Plain of Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and the plains of Wallachia in the south by the Transylvanian Alps.
Neighbouring Countries
Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia, Moldova and Ukraine
Maritime Holdings
Romania has 24 nautical miles contiguous zone to 12 nautical miles of territorial sea.
Border with Ukraine
On the eastern end of their common border , Romania and Ukraine have brought before the International Court of Justice in The Hague a conflict between them on five islands of the Danube arms Chilia and the sharing of the continental shelf around and south of the Serpent Island , including 12 200 sq km disputed could contain 100 billion cubic meters of gas . It is occupied by the USSR in 1948, after the Paris Peace Treaty of 1947. Concerning the continental shelf, the Court issued its ruling Feb. 3, 2009, giving 2500 km of Ukraine, and 9500 km Romania .
Regions traditional
Modern Romania spans several historical areas, the geography inherited from medieval , some of which belong in part to its neighbors.
- In the northwest, the region generally called Transylvania includes the former Principality of Transylvania properly-speaking, a vassal of Hungary (now in central Romania) and to the west, parts of regions which formerly belonged to Kingdom of Hungary himself (partium): Banat (shared with Serbia ), Crisana (shared with Hungary) and Marmate (shared with Ukraine: the Romanian called Maramures , the Ukrainian Ruthenia Carpatho).
- To the south, the region generally called Wallachia includes the Oltenia , the Muntenia and, according to the authors, Dobroge (other authors have to share this region shared with Bulgaria : Dobrogea in Romanian Dobrogea in Bulgarian).
- North-east, the region known globally Moldova includes the former Principality of that name, who has two divisions:
- the first, old, has posted successively the former Bessarabia in 1484-1538, the Bukovina in 1775 and the new Bessarabia (eastern half of the country) in 1812, the names of these two regions have been identified at this former division ;
- the second division, still in force in 1940: he left Romania in the southern half of Bukovina and the western half of the former Principality, Republic of Moldova for two thirds of the new Bessarabia (eastern half of the former Principality), and Ukraine the northern half of Bukovina, a fragment of western Moldavia (Herta) and one third of the new Bessarabia ( Hotin north Boudjak south).
Sometimes if the nationalist parties in the past Romanian agitate these regions, Romania has no territorial claims and recognized by treaties with its neighbors all its borders, with the exception of some small islands in dispute with Ukraine, along the arm Chilia the mouths of the Danube.
Topography and Hydrography
Covering a large elliptical area of 237,499 square kilometers, Romania is the 79th place worldwide and the 12th European by its area. Located in north-eastern Balkans , it occupies the greater part of the lower basin of the Danube and the mountainous regions of the middle basin of the same river. The country is spread over both sides of the Carpathians , which form the natural barrier between the two basins of the Danube.
Geology and pedology
The position of Romania in the confines of the Pannonian shields, mesic and Scythian determine its geological structure built around the orogeny Alpine, whose Carpathians are an extension and whose loop southeast is often the epicenter of earthquakes. Within this loop, the plateau Transylvanian is elevated (average altitude 220 m) compared to plains Moldova and Wallachia. The first is an undulating erosion accentuated Messinian , whereas the hydrological base level was very low and the rivers have cut deeply into the substrate. Subsequently, the substance of these cuts were partially filled. The second, more generously filled with Cenozoic alluvium by the river Danube , is flatter. The oldest rocks, age Hercynian , outcrop south-east, Dobroge. In Nozoque recent sediments, continental or wind, were deposited on the river alluvium and plateaus, before being reworked by melting post- Wrm. The plain Vlach is frequently covered with deposits of loess.
Geological hazards
Strong earthquakes cyclical than 7 degrees on the open scales of Richter's place in the region of Vrancea (for two, three or four times a century) and cause heavy damage and casualties, especially in the south and north-east of the axis Bucharest - Iasi. Earthquakes preceding the 1908 (October 6), 1940 (10 November) and 1977 (March 4) had effects in Bulgaria , Moldova (Republic of), Ukraine and even Russia.
Among the strongest earthquake known those of 1620, 1681, 1701, 1738, 1790 (all these earthquakes were between 7 and 8 degrees on the scale of Richter ), 1802 (7.9 degrees), 1829 (7 , 3), 1838 (7.5), 1894 (7.0), 1908 (7.1), 1940 (7.7), 1977 (7.4), 1986 (7.1), the latter produced damage and victims in particular in Moldova (the buildings have collapsed in Chisinau ).
Earthquakes less than 7 degrees are the most frequent but have caused no injuries or significant damage in recent years: in 1990 (6.9), 1990 (Reply, 6.4) in 2004 (6, 0), 2009 (5.5) in 2009 (5.8).
Meteorology and Climate
The position of Romania gives it a continental climate , including Wallachia and Moldova , and to a lesser extent a href = "% C3% R A9gion_de_Transylvanie" title = "Region of Transylvania" class = "mw-redirect"> Transylvania, where the climate is more moderate. Long winters and sometimes severe (from December to early March), hot summers (June - early September) and a prolonged autumn (September-November) are the main seasons, with a rapid transition between spring and summer. In Bucharest , the minimum temperature in January is typically -5 C and the maximum temperature in July is 29 C.
Biogeography
- Land Use:
- arable land: 41%
- permanent pastures: 21%
- forests and woodland: 29%
- Other: 6% (in 1993)
- Irrigated land: 31,020 sq km (1993)
Fauna
Many bird species found around the delta of Danube : white pelican and curly , white stork , bee-eater, European Roller, bank swallows , purple heron , hairy crab , sometimes glossy ibis.
Flora
Networks of communication and transportation
By its geographical location, Romania is located at the intersection of several main lines of transportation between Europe from north to south and from west to east, which is potentially an economically favorable. In addition, the transport network in Romania as a liaison between the community network and the transport of non-contiguous States of Europe and Asia. , .
Routes
Recently, efforts have been made to connect the roads of Romania to the main network of European corridors . Several projects to upgrade the network of corridors in Europe have been launched, funded by the ISPA and backed by loans of international financial institutions. The Government is also seeking external funding or public-private partnerships to continue the modernization of roads, especially motorways . In January 2010 , Romania had completed 321.9 km .
The only highway in Romania are the A1 from Bucharest to Pitesti and the A2 from Bucharest to Cernavoda . The construction of the A3 , or Highway Transylvania , linking Brasov to Oradea , began in June 2004 and should be finalized in 2013 . Other sections in various stages of advancement are Bucharest - Brasov , Cernavoda - Constanta , Nadlac - Arad - Timisoara , Bucharest - Rosiori of Vede - Craiova , .
Rail
Airports
Romania has 62 airports, 25 airports with paved runways (in concrete , in asphalt or asphalt ) and 37 airfields with runways in clay. The most important airports in the country are those of Bucharest ( OTP and BBU ) to Cluj ( CLJ ) and Timisoara ( TSR ). In 2008, the 17 civil airports in the country have recorded a traffic of 9.1 million passengers .
Telecommunications and Internet
History
Historians identify four periods in the history of Romania:
- the ancient world , dominated by the confrontation and synthesis, between civilizations Gete / Dacian and Roman , and the influence Greek along the coast;
- Age pastoral sometimes also called "Dark Ages" (dark for historians and object of controversy between them due to lack of reliable sources), the third century in the thirteenth century, marked by Christianity , the invasions and installation of the Slavic and the Magyars , among the proto-Romanians , this "pastoral age" where the Romance-population , then called " Vlach "was scattered about in popular novels , corresponds to the Late Antiquity and Middle Ages ;
- period voivodship , the fourteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century, which roughly corresponds to the history of voivodates of Transylvania , of Moldavia and Wallachia ;
- the modern period, roughly corresponding to the history of the principality and the Kingdom of Romania , finally the communist republic and liberal.
The history of the populations from which the Romanians is well documented since the advent of the Thracians and the first Dacian ( Thracian north), conquered by the Roman Empire , whose rule lasted six centuries in the south of the Danube and 150 years north of Rome which was withdrawn in the mid-third century. The Latino population in the Danube basin and the Balkans , or subject of the Roman Empire from the east (south of the Danube) or kingdoms "barbarians" (north of the Danube), will not state them before 1186 , when the foundation of the Regnum Bulgarorum and Valachorum (Kingdom of Bulgarians and Vlachs ) by dynasties Deleanu, Caloianu and Asen. Populated half of Bulgarians, the kingdom straddling both banks of the lower Danube lasts only 63 years before being replaced by Tzarats Bulgarian (south of the Danube) and the Banat Romanian vassals of Hungary (in north of the Danube). The merger and independence of North Banat Danube gives the fourteenth century the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia , which after four centuries of independence under the influence of Ottoman , merge in turn in 1859 to form the Old Kingdom of Romania with total independence from the Ottoman Empire will be recognized in 1878. The Kingdom of Romania was officially born in 1881.
The end of the First World War sees the Bessarabia , the Transylvania (Hungary since 1867 in the Austro-Hungarian ), the Bukovina and part of the Banat vote their connection to the Greater Romania , which replaces the Old Kingdom. At the beginning of World War II Romania was pro-Allied with his Anglophile King Charles II who fired on the fascist Iron Guard , tried and executed their leader Corneliu Codreanu Zelea , and secure borders of the kingdom by the United Kingdom and France. By the Black Sea , Romania transferred the army and the Polish government in British territory, Alexandria, on a fleet of SMR escorted the navy. Ally with Stalin by the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939 , Hitler therefore considers Romania, rightly, as a hostile power, and summer 1940 , after the collapse of France forced him to cede Bessarabia to ' USSR , northern Transylvania to Hungary and Dobroge southern Bulgaria. Romania retains only half of its territory in 1918.
Subsequently, Hitler and the Iron Guard overthrew the king and replace him with Marshal Ion Antonescu (who was tried and executed at the end of the war). When Operation Barbarossa , Antonescu urges Romania to Germany's side in June 1941 to recover Bessarabia. But it does not merely that: it is occupied by the Romanian army " Transnistria "(part of Podolia Ukraine), he indulged in atrocities and sends the Romanian army to massacre Stalingrad. A National Council of Resistance is formed between the movement of supporters , leaders of democratic political parties banned, and King Michael , who overthrew Antonescu in August 1944 : Romania declares war on the Axis, committing 550,000 troops against the Germany.
On 6 March 1945 , a first coup Communist backed by the Soviet Union ends the government formed the Resistance, and King Michael was forced to accept the ruling Communist Party Romanian then abdicate late 1947 , the dictatorship then descends on the communist country. The Socialist Republic of Romania will last until December 1989 , making 2 million civilian deaths (official figure) in 45 years . After a second coup , which the 22 December 1989 ends a half-century of dictatorship, shortages and stifling of civil society, the communist president Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife are sentenced to death and executed after a "trial" very controversial, the day of Christmas 1989 .
Since then, Romania is moving in a difficult international context marked by the complicated transition to the market economy. In this context, and no Marshall Plan , Romania is 17 years to rebuild enough to meet the leonine conditions imposed by the European Union to integrate it, along with Bulgaria in January 2007 .
Chronology
- First century BC. AD : The Romans Latinized the Illyrians , the Celts , the Thracians living in the Balkans.
- From Second to sixth century : Resistance of the Greco-Roman Empire of the East (the "Byzantine") against the Goths , the Huns and other Germanic peoples and Turkish. Christianization of Latin and Greek.
- Sixth century : Installation of Slavs among the Latin and Turkic Bulgarian arrival of riders who founded a kingdom spanning the current Yugoslavia, Romania, Moldova, Macedonia and Bulgaria. This kingdom adopted the language Slavonic and Christianity: the first is Bulgaria , but half of its population is Latino (" Vlachs "). In Europe, Byzantium keeps only Greece and the coasts of the Balkan Peninsula.
- Tenth century : Constantinople destroyed Bulgaria with the help of Russia and Turkic horsemen of the steppe. Schism between Rome and the Orient. Appearance of Bogomilism ancestor of Cathar. The "Vlachs" Romanian-now live in small duchies, the " canesats "scattered from the Czech lands until Thessaly and the Adriatic to the Black Sea , known as "Romani" or "Wallachia", and vassals Byzantine, Turkish-speaking, Czech or Moravian kingdom.
- Eleventh and twelfth centuries : North of the Danube , the Finnish Magyar founded the Hungarian , the vassals " cnzats "of Transylvania and adopt Catholicism. South of the Danube, the Romanian-Greek Byzantine hunt and founded a Wallachian Kingdom in place of the old Bulgaria. This kingdom was recognized by the papacy and the powers of the time.
- XIII Century : Invasion Western and Byzantine Catholic ( 4th crusade ). Westerners are attacking the kingdom Vlach but their leader is killed Baldwin of Flanders. Great Mongol invasion in 1223 ( Tatar ): Wallachia as the neighborhood is devastated. In 1247 the Slavonic Romanian speaking to succeed: the second replaces Bulgaria Wallachia. Greeks return to Byzantium in 1261 but already the Turks settled in Anatolia. Peoples Orthodox are caught between the Catholic West and the Muslim east, everything is already in place for future Balkan wars. North of the Danube "canesats" are vassals of Hungary, the Slavic principality of Galicia or Tatars. Between "canesats" Slavonic peoples live and Iranian-speaking ( Iass ).
- XIV century : While the Turks occupied the Balkans, the Romanian-based north of the Danube principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia , which will be vassals of the Turks but retain their autonomy until 1878. Counters Italian on the Black Sea and the Danube. The Transylvania is also a principality vassal of Hungary.
- Sixteenth Century : The vassalage Turkish replaces the Hungarian Transylvania. Emergence of serfdom. Development of Protestantism at the expense of Catholicism (but the Romanians are Orthodox and 80%).
- Seventeenth century : The vassalage Austrian replaces Turkish Transylvania. Part of the Transylvanian Orthodox accept the authority of Rome: it is the "Uniate" or " Greek Catholics ".
- Eighteenth century : Influence humanist : abolition of serfdom in 1714 in Moldavia and Wallachia, claim of "equal rights" in Transylvania in 1783 ("Supplex Libellus Valachorum) and Transylvanian revolution of 1784. The Austrian Empire annex 1775 north-western Moldavia he calls " Bucovina ".
- Nineteenth century : The Russian Empire annexed the eastern half of Moldavia (now Republic of Moldova ). Republican revolution in 1821 and 1848. Founded in 1856 and "small Romania" by the union of Moldavia and Wallachia West. In response, the annexation of Transylvania from Hungary in 1867 in the Austrian context. Ally to the Russians, the small Romania becomes fully independent in 1878 and with Bulgaria third (from today) to win his own against the Ottoman Turkish Empire.
- Twentieth century : In 1918 , the Austro-Hungarian territories inhabited by Russian and Romanian-(Transylvania, Bucovina, Moldova Eastern called Bessarabia ) elect members proclaim their independence and their union with Romania, which had fought alongside the Allies.
- 1921 - one thousand nine hundred twenty-three : Reforms (votes for women, naturalization of Roma refugees and Jews , sharing of large estates).
- 1938 fascist dictatorship of King Carol II , who punishes the " Iron Guard "fascist and PC. The "Iron Guard" carries out attacks, killing several ministers and intellectuals and Democrats attacked the Jews and Gypsies.
- June 1940 : Stalin occupies Moldova Eastern. La France , the protectress of Romania by the Treaty collapses.
- October 1940 : Carol II was overthrown by the fascist junta of Ion Antonescu who allied with Hitler against Stalin.
- August 1944 : Michael I of Romania , son of Carol II, overthrew Antonescu and declares war on Germany.
- March 1945 - December 1989 : Stalin resumed again the eastern Moldova. The Romanian Communist Party seized power in Romania on 6 March 1945 , abolished the monarchy on 30 December 1947 and proclaimed the Romanian People's Republic , a regime totalitarianism that lasted 45 years. Romania joined the Warsaw Pact and Comecon.
- 22 December 1989 : while demonstrations against the regime have shaken the country, the Communist reformers overthrew Ceausescu , form with a few dissenting hello National Front (NSF), renounce communism and allow the restoration of democracy and the economy market. This is the " Romanian Revolution ": several hundred soldiers and civilians die in shooting himself another, each thinking defend democracy against alleged supporters of Ceausescu (Senator Ion Iliescu , who succeeded the deposed dictator, was charged with have initiated these rumors and the investigation is still ongoing).
- 1 January 2007 : Romania joins the European Union.
Politics and administration
Constitutional Principles
The Romanian Constitution was adopted by referendum in 1991 and Romania is a parliamentary republic with a presidential recall direction the French Constitution of 1958. It was revised in 2003.
Symbols
The organization of power
The revised Constitution of 2003 provides for the election of the President of the Republic by direct universal suffrage for a term of 5 years (he was 4 years ago). The latter appoints the Prime Minister who heads the government action. It can be overturned by a vote of no confidence by Parliament. The latter is composed of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate in accordance with the bicameral tradition that Romania has known before the Communist regime. Both chambers are elected for a term of 4 years by direct universal suffrage and have the same powers as regards the political responsibility of Government. The Constitutional Court reviews the constitutionality of laws and justice of the election of parliamentary election as the President of the Republic. Finally it can be entered by any citizen in a trial by a judge or a question of constitutionality.
Administrative division
Administrative Subdivisions
Administrative subdivisions used today are the 41 judete (the singular of Latin judet judicium, or "judge") which are detailed in the feature article. The capital, Bucharest , form an administrative subdivision within the autonomous judet of Ilfov : "the municipality of Bucharest (Bucureti municipiul municipium from Latin).
 Judete Romania | |
|---|---|
| Alba Arad Arge Bacu Bihor Bistria-Nsud Botoani Brila Braov Buzu Clrai Caras-Severin Cluj a href = "Jude% C5% C5% A3a% A3_de_Constan" alt = "Judet Constanta"> Constana Covasna Dmbovia Dolj Galati Giurgiu Gorj Harghita Hunedoara Ialomia Iai Ilfov Maramure Mehedini Mure Neam Olt Prahova Slaj Satu Mare Sibiu Suceava Teleorman Timi Tulcea Vlcea Vaslui Vrancea |
Major cities
| Major cities in Romania | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Name | Judet | Pop. | No. | Name | Judet | Pop. | ||||
| 1 | Bucharest | Bucharest Municipality | 1 901 751 | 11 | Oradea | Judet Bihor | 206 527 | ||||
| 2 | Iai | Judet Iasi | 321 580 | 12 | Bacu | Judet Bacau | 175 921 | ||||
| 3 | Cluj-Napoca | Judet Cluj | 318 027 | 13 | Arad | Judet Arad | 172 824 | ||||
| 4 | Timioara | Judet Timis | 317 651 | 14 | Pitesti | Judet Arges | 168 756 | ||||
| 5 | Constana | Judet Constanta | 310 526 | 15 | Sibiu | Judet Sibiu | 155 045 | ||||
| 6 | Craiova | Judet Dolj | 302 622 | 16 | Targu Mures | Judet Mures | 149 577 | ||||
| 7 | Galai | Galati Judet | 298 584 | 17 | Baia Mare | Judet Maramures | 137 976 | ||||
| 8 | Braov | Judet Brasov | 283 901 | 18 | Buzu | Judet Buzu | 133 116 | ||||
| 9 | Ploiesti | Judet Prahova | 232 452 | 19 | Satu Mare | Judet Satu Mare | 115 630 | ||||
| 10 | Braila | Judet Braila | 216 929 | 20 | Botosani | Judet Botoani | 115 070 | ||||
| 2002 Census | |||||||||||
Trends political parties and elections
The Romanian identity consists essentially of four currents . These phases of communism were added to the current Romanian identity fifth, transverse: the "survivalism" manifested by an economic attitude, social and civic life, so also political legitimacy to any strategy, abrupt change of direction, breach of contract or lack of principles (or education) by the need to survive, to that extent to prosper themselves, family, group affiliation, his company, the country . During and after the Romanian revolution of 1989 , President Ion Iliescu has played extensively on cross-flow to consolidate the power of nomenklatura populist and isolationist, with the slogan One of us, for our peace which guaranteed to all those who, under dictatorship, had either profited from the plan or passively let it happen, a future without risk of lustration (lustration claimed by students and opposition). The elections of 1996 were excluded for four years the nomenklatura of political power (but not economic power) in favor of a coalition of democratic parties (CDR Romanian Democratic Convention and U.S., Social Democratic Union ). The geologist Emil Constantinescu was then the first Romanian president to officially condemn the crimes committed by the regime of Ion Antonescu against the Jews and Roma and cons of communism throughout the population . NTF, renamed PSD (Social Democratic Party), returned to power in 2000, but suffered another defeat in 2004 against the DA Alliance (composed mainly of the successors of the CDR, the Democratic Party and National Liberal Party). In December 2006 , just days after the ceremony of joining the European Union, President Traian Basescu has again formally condemned the crimes committed by the communist. In 2007 , historians of the Presidential Commission for the analysis of the dictatorship in Romania, officially estimated civilian victims of fascism Romanian half a million people, and those of communism to two million, about 10% of the population . President Traian Basescu 's Democratic Party was elected president in 2004 against the candidate "socialist" (in fact, derived from the conservative wing of the nomenklatura) Adrian Nastase. In parliament, the DA alliance (YES in Romanian - Dreptate Adevr meaning Righteousness / Justice Truth) between the Democratic and National Liberal Party was able to keep up with the stated aim to join Romania to the European Union. Political life has since become more complicated, while programs passed into the background behind the people. Many parties have changed names and alliances, many have experienced splits. Since the summer of 2006, confrontations between Calin Popescu Triceanu , Liberal Prime Minister and President in April 2007 led to the breakup of the alliance, when the Prime Minister has ruled the Democratic Party government. He said the alliance could not function "because Democrats" and a "president who is putting his personal political interests before the interests of Romanians." On April 3, 2007, Parliament passed emergency , with 302 votes for and 27 votes against , a minority government representing 22% of parliamentarians and formed between the Liberals and the representatives of the Hungarian minority. The Social Democratic Party , in opposition, has supported this government for a limited time only to allow the release of the political crisis. The Greater Romania Party has announced to vote against because of the presence of the alliance in the new Hungarian government. The biggest loser in the short term is the Democratic Party, which should come into opposition since 2006 and called early elections. In parallel, the Parliament initiated impeachment proceedings of President Basescu for violating the Constitution. On 20 April, Parliament voted to suspend President , which is confirmed by the Constitutional Court. But during the referendum of May 19, 2007, Romanians choose to keep 75% of Basescu in office, thereby alienating their own members. The nomenklatura has always maintained good relations with all states of the Third World , including those with the United States classified as "rogue states". Successive governments of Romania had no reason to change policy, but concern over Russian imperialism and Ukrainian Black Sea led Romania to join the NATO in 2004. Romania's interests are not always the same as traditional partners such as France and this involvement in Iraq had reacted France. According to President Traian Basescu , "Democracy can not be protected without NATO and the EU" and the alliance with the United States does not question the commitment European Romania. He also said that NATO would remain after the country's accession to the EU, the main means of maintaining security. Romania is the first country in Central Europe and East which has established relations with the European Community since 1974. After his accession to the European Union on 1 January 2007 , at the same time as Bulgaria , most of its parliamentarians joined the group of liberal Europeans (who see their numbers increase and 17%) and the center- right, a smaller number joined the socialist group, and some, the extreme right in Europe has been able to form a group. Most of these Euro-MPs , regardless of their current commitment, have a past Communist. According to the Romanian President, the expansion and deepening of the EU can take place simultaneously, and Romania will support very strongly the partnership with the Republic of Moldova and with the States of the Balkans West (Albania, countries of former Yugoslavia) . Romania will give free visas for citizens of Moldova and those of Serbia. Premier Italian Romano Prodi and his Romanian counterpart Calin Popescu-Tariceanu signed on 16 January 2007 in Bucharest a joint political declaration. Given the excellent relations between both countries, they agree that their governments are coordinating efforts within the framework of the European Union, particularly as regards the establishment and integration of countries in the Western Balkans. This statement is then that the two countries are celebrating 10 years since the signing of the Joint Strategic Partnership. Italy is the favorite destination for Romanians (to Spain), about 300,000 Romanians working in Italy in October 2006, not counting the illegal workers. Italy is the main investor in Romania and the largest importer (19.4% of imports) and exporter (15.6% of exports). Romania wants to be at the heart of the Energy Strategy of the European Union . Now, the oil countries like Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan are close to the sea border of the EU. The Black Sea is seen in Bucharest as a priority that can reduce energy dependence of the European Union , the Balkans and Western Republic of Moldova with regard to Russia. Thus, Romania should allow the EU to better negotiate the future energy agreement with Russia which discussions began in 2006. Romania intends to be a regional leader, said President Traian Basescu during the debate "European Romania, Euro-Atlantic Romania, Romania in the sphere of international relations" organized by the George C. Marshall and the Presidential Administration. The first elections to elect the 35 Euro-MPs were held on 13 May 2007. Prime Minister Calin Popescu-Tariceanu , who nevertheless argued that early date, proposed a postponement of the election. His political opponent, President, thought it was impossible to delay it because the money to organize it had already been spent. Romania, the birthplace of GEONOM under the auspices of Grigore Antipa early twentieth-century, is the first country to sign the Kyoto Protocol. But in the second half of the twentieth-century ideology productivist the "struggle of man against the civilized wilderness" as promoted by the regime communist years 1945-1989, as the regime liberal who has successor, has permeated the decision-makers and opinion so that the environmental aspect is still largely ignored in the current mode of development of Romania, despite efforts by the Ministry of Environment. For example, although the continental climate of contrasting countries, cities have nevertheless been a proliferation of automobile, the reduction of transport power and rail , the reduction of green areas and isolated trees, and the multiplication of construction of concrete and glass: to offset the negative effects of these developments, the abuse of winter heating, and air conditioning in summer. City dwellers, breathing stale air and subjected to increased thermal contrast, developing more and more infectious diseases and allergies . In October 2008 , the average net monthly salary was 1 327 RON (350 at the same time) . The minimum wage guaranteed by law or by collective labor agreements is 1 200 RON (298 ) for executives and 600 RON (149 ) for other categories . The income tax is based on proportional representation (also called flat tax ) to 16%, and the average pension is around 700 RON (175 ) to 22 October 2008 (excluding farmers' pensions) . The decade 1990 - 1999 is extremely challenging and marked by an economic crisis (fall of 48% of industrial GDP, inflation between 50% and 300%, the collapse of the national currency - the leu in 1999 is 1000 times less that 'in 1990, further cuts are issued every year, unemployment rose from 2% to 12% of trade union movements and causes often very violent - in 1990 and 1991 tens of thousands of miners invade Bucharest, sacked the seat of government and causing dozens of deaths and injuries, and in 1999 the movement repeats itself but the police manage to win the "battle" (a phrase used by then). The year 2000 marks an improvement of the situation and the economy Romania is in very strong growth since 2001 (4-9% per year). The Romanian economy has been declared a market economy function by European Commission in October 2004. Its GDP in purchasing power parity (247 billion) places Romania in the 45th place worldwide in late 2007, at the Czech GDP . The majority in power between 2004 and 2008 put in place an economic policy inspired liberal , to reduce the number of SOEs (still around 30% of GDP in 2006 according to an estimate of Deutsche Bank ), attract more of investment abroad (7 th destination in Europe in 2006 according to Financial Times ), reduce taxation and unemployment (4.3% and 1.8% in January 2008 in Bucharest , but with an unemployment rate of young people clearly 21.4% higher at the end of 2006 ) to cope with competition within the European Union. The Romanian currency is the Romanian leu (RON is the technical name, 1 = 4.2655 RON 1 October 2010). Romania has several kinds of natural resources: The GDP of Romania (121.3 billion euros at end 2007) depends on the services for 55.2%, industry for 34.7% and 10.1% for agriculture for a population almost equal in all three sectors. The pace of economic growth was 7.7% in 2006 and 6.7% in 2007. The annual inflation in January 2008 is 7.26% , the budget deficit in 2007 of 2.3% of GDP and government debt is 25% of GDP. Ranking issued on 16 September 2006 by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development located Romania at the 24th place (out of 141 countries) in terms of attractiveness for FDI and debt represents less than 20% of GDP. Five companies in Romania have a turnover exceeding one billion euros: Petrom (group OMV ), Rompetrol , Mittal Steel (formerly Sidex , group Arcelor - Mittal ), Metro Romania (group Metro AG ) and Dacia Automobile (Group Renault ). The newspaper Le Monde notes that in 2005 and 2006, "Romania has attracted 15 billion euros (foreign) investment, more than 14 billion euros that the country had attracted from 1990 to 2004." In 2007, the country has attracted close to 7 billion euros of FDI . Romania has the code: The Romanians often describe their country as an island of Latin in a Slavic sea. " This term was popularized by isolationist Nicolae Iorga , historian and politician of the inter-war period. However we must put a damper on that Hungary is not part of the Slavic countries. Most importantly, the Latin is essentially linguistic: on the other plans of traditional culture, Romania is well at the crossroads of Central Europe to which it belongs by the Transylvania , the Eastern Europe to which it belongs by Moldova , and the Balkans to which it belongs by Wallachia and Dobroge. Moreover, since the time of "Enlightenment" , Romania has experienced a very strong western influence including French , formerly fought by supporters of the "indigenous Orthodox" as the philosopher Nae Ionescu and essayist Nichifor Crainic, and today by polemicists like Adrian Paunescu and Corneliu Vadim Tudor. The Romanian , structure, grammatical Latin , approximately 18% of words from languages of the Slavic neighbors, but 75% of the original vocabulary is Latin. Romanians understand with relative ease the Italian (and even the Neapolitan . Moreover, it hosted the XI Summit of the Francophonie in 2006 . In total there are 25 million Romanian- including 19.3 million in Romania (about 22.3 million inhabitants) and 3 million in the Republic of Moldova (4.5 million inhabitants). Approximately two million Romanian citizens have another language than Romanian: Hungarian (1,434,377 citizens), Roma (535,250 citizens) www.recensamant.ro , German , Russian , Turkish , Greek , Armenian ... A million and half of Moldovan citizens also: Russian, Ukrainian , Turkish, Bulgarian. And two million Romanian-are neither citizens nor Romanian Moldovan citizens: they can be citizens of Ukraine, Serbia (Romanian-speaking minorities in major countries historical), Russia (following the deportation), Italian, Spanish, French, Canadian, American, Australian, German, Swiss and Belgian (main countries of the diaspora). Among Romanians and other nationalities living in Romania, 87% are Orthodox , 6% Catholic , 7% Protestant. The Orthodox Church has made a comeback since the fall of communism , religious holidays are monitored regularly and over a thousand new churches were built in the country. However, challenges are emerging about this, especially about the high price of baptisms, marriages and burials, and this all the priests are (admittedly modest) state-funded, despite the inclusion in the Constitution the principle of secularism. Romanian music is unique in the Eastern Europe for the Romanian population is not Slavic but mostly Latin, like that of Moldova whose music shares many aspects elsewhere. In addition, there are a large minority Gypsy especially skilled in music and called the Lautari that traditionally accompany the celebrations and banquets (mariages. ..). Traditional folk music is very old and is reflected in today until the other styles of music - even the most modern and popular - played in the country. As a musician Gheorghe Zamfir has been the ambassador of the music thanks to its success around the world with his pan flute ( nai ). Religious music inspired by the Byzantine music has also adapted to the specificity and grown folk in Orthodox monasteries in the fifteenth century. The polyphony that it is located in the eighteenth century it comes to European and Russian influence. The gymnastics Romanian became international after the historic victory of Nadia Comaneci to Olympic Games of 1976, during which she was the first gymnast to achieve the maximum score of 10. Many other Romanian gymnasts have been illustrated on the world stage, such Andreea Raducan and Marian Dragulescu. In rugby union , the Romanian has often troubled the XV of France. The football is also a popular sport in Romania. Since the end of communist rule, the country experienced a period of erasing his presence on the international sporting stage, perhaps due to its economic difficulties. Internally, the sports scene is dominated by a few high profile people like Nadia Comaneci , Gheorghe Hagi and also Adrian Mutu. Some Romanians internationally known: Other Romanians: Romania is part of the International Organization of la Francophonie. Virtually all the Romanians who have passed the primary school, understood and spoke French before 1989 , thanks in part to inheritance Latin common to both languages, but mainly because of Francophilia inherited influence of the Enlightenment in the eighteenth century, and French aid to the Romanian unit during the nineteenth century. The revolutionary part of the Romanian identity owes much to French influence. Until 1945 , Romania and France had maintained close political and cultural relations, and shared the same political orientations. In 1968 again, during his visit to Bucharest in May, Charles de Gaulle was in Bucharest spontaneous standing ovation when he was booed in Paris . But after 1989, Romanians are discovering a new France in the eyes of which Romania is no longer a little sister of the Balkans, nor an ally, while Bucharest is no longer a small Paris . In the eyes of this new France, Romania seems to be some sort of Ruritania somewhat sordid (the plight of orphans and Roma occupied the media space), a Syldavia suspicious of fascism , of xenophobia and antisemitism atavistic . Mortified by the image of Romania in France, many Romanians are turning to other cultural backgrounds, and French has since stalled. Moreover, with youth, the omnipresence of English , particularly in the economic world and the virtual disappearance of French productions on Romanian television play a role equally important. Still, the media maintain French offices in Romania. For example, RFI Romania (former Radio Delta RFI), the only French-language radio station in Romania, is also the largest subsidiary of RFI abroad. Emissions are often in Romanian, but the evening and night, the station broadcasts in French . (Ro) This article is partially or entirely from the article in Romania entitled " Romnia "(see the list of authors ) Current Officers
Justice
Public policy and defense
System of social protection and health
Education
Health
Taxation and the State Budget
Membership in international organizations
External Relations and Diplomacy
Policy on NATO
Politics in the European Union
Response to global challenges
Development
Demographics
Currency
Natural Resources
Incomes of the population, wages and Human Development
Employment
Business
Main areas of economic activity
Agriculture and Agri-Food
Industry
Trade
Finance
Tourism
International Codes
Culture and Society
Linguistic Heritage
Cults
Architectural heritage
Visual arts and cultural events
Holidays and Celebrations
Date French name Local Name Notes 1 and 2 January New Year's Day / New Year Anula Nou in April or May Easter Paste (singular) or Past (plural) Orthodox Easter May 1 Labour Day Ziua muncii the first Sunday in May Mother's Day Srbtoarea mamei the second Sunday in May Father's Day Srbtoarea tatlui in May or June Pentecost Rusalii / Pogorrea Sfntului Duh / Pogorrea Sfntului Spirit 50 days after Easter Orthodox August 15 Assumption Adormirea Maicii Domnului December 1 Union Day Ziua Unirii It is the National Day of Romania. It celebrates the Union of Transylvania with the Old Kingdom of Romania, on 1 December 1918. 25 - 26 December Christmas Nasterea Domnului (Craciun) Media
Local Press
Local TV
Blogs and sites of local information
Literature
Architecture
Painting
Sculpture
Music
Photo
Cinema
Performing Arts
Gastronomy
Sport
Personalities linked to Romania
Cultural Outreach International
Francophonie
References
Related articles
External Links
The 27 Member States of the European Union Germany Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Denmark Spain Estonia Finland France Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania UK Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic States identified as candidates for the European Union Croatia Iceland Macedonia Montenegro Turkey The four Member States of the European Free Trade Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland 8 Member States of the Free Trade Agreement Central European Albania Bosnia-Herzegovina Croatia Macedonia Moldova Montenegro Kosovo Serbia Other European states (or countries part of which is on the European continent ) Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Monaco Russia San Marino Ukraine Vatican
Leave a Reply
Frequently Asked Questions
- who is better Shania Twain or Lady Gaga?" shania and I prefer you guys a href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAASnrtFhttpanswersyahoocomquestionindex..."
- According to the Bible, Jesus was a historic gay?"a href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAArCNhttpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAArCNa..."
- On July 10 is the day of the Beatles?" That is I know that in it was but to commemorate the years from when the Beatles returned to Liverpool after his success in America quot..."
- Can you compare and contrast the properties of covalent, Ionic, and Metallic Substances?"Its a final essay in Chemistry Honors and I really need help brIf you could just give me the jist of it in to paragraphs The paragraphs only..."
- Need help.................................?"How would you Applying Scientific Methods to Ecological Problemsa href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAAsxvKShttpa..."
- What Is The Purpose Of It Facilities In Colleges,Universities And School?"What is the purpose of IT facilities in collegesUniversities and schoolASAP pleasea href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqid..."
- AK WKAKAKAKA still busy SAJAO,, WAH WAH serious?" GW NEW BUILD a href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAAssUWhttpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqid..."
- What is the effect of high temperature on human beings and environment?"a href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAAAaDfhttpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAAAaDfa..."
- Who do think hottest girl in the world is?"Just curious of what your opinion isa href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAAOTWqthttpanswersyahoocomquestioni..."
- Kant says that one generation teaches the other mean ...?"a href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAAmXgQWhttpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAAmXgQWa..."
- Where can i get nokia old bounce games for nokia c5?"I am extreamly sorry to say that this game called bounce will not be available for download to your mobileyou can try the new bounce tales game fro..."
- It is true that depression and sadness cause cancer?" No a href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAAWUbehttpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAAWUbe..."
(1 votes, average: 4.00 out of 5, rated)
Loading ...