Romanian / 'limba ro'mn / is a language belonging to the group of Romance languages Eastern branch of the Romance family of languages Indo-European. It is spoken by more than 30 million speakers, mainly in Romania and in Republic of Moldova by linguists). Called language, it is officially called Romania and in Moldova / 'limba moldove'neask /). In these two countries the Romanian-speaking majority, there are also other language communities, minority.

Much of the Romanian vocabulary base is derived directly from Latin (80% -85% of total vocabulary). But there is also a substrate Thracian - ~ 60 or 300 words - pre-conquest Roman (see Origin of Romanian-speaking ), a superstrate slave - 10% to 15% of the words, input words of Hungarian , German , Greek and Turkish dating the Middle Ages and the Renaissance , more superficial than the superstrate Slavic input words French and German modern came between 1850 and 1950, and finally a contribution English came in 1950, and highly enriched since 1990 (the latter is not roumanis as were the previous contributions, but mostly borrowed).

Except for words recently borrowed from Romanian spelling is like that of Italian, very simple, because phonetic phoneme corresponds to each letter. For phonemes of other languages to write several letters, Romanian uses diacritics. There are some exceptions: the sounds / ke /, / ki /, / ge / and / gi / written che, chi, ghe ghi and - three letters for only two phonemes. For the first two it is possible to use the letter k instead of c. but it is not normally part of the alphabet, except for kilogram, kilometer, the words of the same family, and the English words borrowed.

Romanian is an Indo-European language belonging to the East of Romance languages. It has many features in common with the French , the Italian , the Spanish , the Catalan , the Portuguese , the Occitan and Sardinian , but the language closest to the Romanian are the other Eastern Romance languages , spoken in southern Danube:

• the Romanian-Megleno (or mglniote), formerly spoken in Macedonia , and almost extinguished.
• the Aromanian (Macedo-Romanian said Romania and Vlach in Greece), spoken mainly in Greece north by Albania , Serbia , Macedonia and Dobroge ;
• the Istrian (Istro said Romania-Romanian and "cicien" in Italy and Croatia ) formerly spoken in Istria , almost extinct.

Romanian and related languages:
gray area = cross-language encounters (tranhumance)
blank = Daco-Romanian
green = Istrian and Dalmatian
yellow = Aromanian
orange = Megleno-Romanian

Some linguists also claim the Romanian Dalmatian as belonging to that group.

The name that linguists use to identify this language Daco-Romanian or Daco-Roman, which refers to the area where it is spoken (corresponding roughly to the ancient Roman province of Dacia and its vicinity). The Daco-Romanian, Romanian officially appointed Romanian (romn, limba romn) and Moldovan in Moldova (limba Moldoveneasca) is partially attested to the XII ^century , fully attested in the ^fifteenth. The superstrate Slavic and Turkish are of low importance and Romanian is fairly conservative in that it is relatively different from other Romance languages and asymmetrical with respect to them (it is much easier for a Romanian-of understand the Italian or French, than the reverse) and is co-official in Vojvodina, Serbia, but is also spoken in other regions of Serbia (Iron Gates Valley Timok ). Romanian-speaking minorities also live in Ukraine , and a major diaspora has been living the years 2000-2005 in Spain and Italy.

Romanian spoken in Moldova was called Moldovan authorities Soviet. Post-Soviet authorities have recognized as being Romanian. In the Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Moldova in 1991, it is defined as limba romn (Romanian). A few years later and after the failed referendum on unification with Romania, the Moldovan authorities have returned to the Soviet name "Moldovan," but linguists do not recognize the Romanian and Moldovan as different languages.

Glossary

The nature novel from Romanian is reflected not only in its structure grammar , but also in its lexicon, the number of words inherited from Latin (over 30% of the total vocabulary) .

Compound words are, Romanian, like other Romance languages, fewer, on one side compared to derived words in those languages, on the other side relative to compound words in languages like German or Hungarian.

We can speak not only of the influence of other languages on the Romanian but also to a lesser extent, Romanian words borrowed from other languages, especially the dialects of linguistic minorities Romania. It is true that very few words have entered the standard languages corresponding.

Examples

Examples of words

Here are some interesting words that are found also in French with the same meaning or not:

Common Phrases

• The Romanians have borrowed the French word but is always Mulumesc said.

The term "Romanian"

The letter from the seller Neacsu of 1521 is the oldest document written in Romanian which is preserved. The Wallachia is named Teara rumneasc (Tara Romneasca in modern Romanian). Historically, the first appearance of the form Ruman to designate the language spoken.

Although residents of the three voivodates medieval Transylvania , Moldavia and Wallachia to be designated as "Transylvania" (Ardeleni), "Moldovan" (Moldoveni) or "Vlachs" (Munteni), the name of "Romanian" to designate their language is attested from the ^sixteenth century by corroborating sources. Thus, Francesco della Valle and Tranquillo Andronico note respectively 1532 and 1534 , that "call themselves Vlachs Romanians" (nunc Valachi is rumanos vocant), Francesco della Valle adding that even Vlach, "do you speak Vlach? "Says:" Sti rominest? "(In Romanian modern" Stii Romnete?). After a journey through the three voivodates in 1574 , Pierre Lescalopier wrote that the inhabitants of these countries "consider themselves as descendants of the Romans" and call their language "roumounesque", that is to say, "Roman." Finally, Ferrante Capecci recounts in 1575 that the inhabitants of these countries call themselves romanesc . The term "Romania" remains a endonym until the nineteenth ^century , but that does not mean it was in the nineteenth ^century .

Moreover, the Middle Ages , the term ethno-linguistic Ruman / romn also meant " commoner ", as opposed to boier ( boyar ), which is logical given the fact that after the fall of the Roman Empire , the oldest states in the region were either run by Greeks ( Byzantine Empire ), so it founded by migratory peoples ( Slavs , Magyars , etc..) while the indigenous population was predominantly rural Latino. During the ^seventeenth century, when the institution of serfdom is experiencing a significant extension, Ruman / romn ("commoner") is increasingly the sense of "serf" ^{Geographic distribution and status}

Romanian Worldwide

The total number of Romanian speakers is estimated at 24 million which is the native language , plus 4 million who speak it as a second language . There are Romanian speaking in many countries but the status of the language is different from one to another.

Romanian is the only official language in Romania, where he is also the mother tongue of 19,741,356 people (over 90% of the population) but it is official in other countries too. Republic of Moldova , 80% of the population claims to have this language, officially called " Moldovan "designation used by 2,029,847 people, while 558 508 people declared Romanian as their mother . In Moldovan Republic of Transnistria is the mother tongue of 31.9% of the population (about 178 000 people) , being next to the official Russian and the Ukraine. In Serbia , the Romanian "official use" next to the Serbian communities in Vojvodina (Serbia), where the Romanian-speaking population reaches 15% of the total population , being the mother tongue of 345,763 people. Romanian is also an official language of the European Union and the Latin Union.

In other neighboring countries of Romania, Romanian has a status of minority languages , which gives it a more or less favorably by country: education , publishing , press , media audio more or less fortunate. The Ukraine has the highest Romanian minority (409,608 people) . In Serbia, in the valley of Timok , Romanian does not have status as official language used in Vojvodina, but it is still spoken by 40 054 people officially called Vlachs. There are still relatively significant minorities in Romanian- Bulgaria (11 654 people) and in Hungary (8215 persons) .

Without having a status of minority language, Romanian is spoken in many countries by Romanian speaking emigrants in various situations: having acquired the nationality of the countries concerned or residing temporarily. The main communities are located in Spain (524,995 people) , the United States of America (367 278) , in Israel (about 250 000 people) and Italy (248,249 people from Romania) .

It should also be noted that Romanian is a second language first in the country where it is official, and also taught as a foreign language in a number of countries.

History of Romanian

Petition of Vlachs in Transylvania (Latin)

The territory where Romanian has formed is controversial due to lack of sources and because of political interests contrary. One says that the proto-Romanian begins to form, with penetration of the Celts (Italo-Celtic language), then the Romans in the Balkans in the ^third century BC. AD -producing romanization of Thracians , continuing to ^the second century by the Romanization of Dacia north of the Danube. The other argues that speakers of proto-Rumanian not migrate north of the Danube until the ^tenth century.

Among the languages of peoples called "barbarians" , only the common Slavic exercises significant influence but limited to the lexicon , from the ^seventh century. The loans further are the most numerous of the Hungarian , and Slavic neighbors, the Turkish and Greek.

The ^tenth century to the early ^sixteenth century , the Romanians write in Old Slavonic , the first document written in Romanian dating from 1521 (the letter Neacsu). The same century, there are also several religious manuscripts translated from Old Slavic and especially early printed books, showing a more advanced language. Another milestone in the development of literary language and, therefore, Romanian standard , is the release of the first complete translation of the Bible in 1688.

In the eighteenth ^century , and especially the ^nineteenth century , the norms of literary language become clearer and more borrowing from Romance Western, especially French, entering en masse into the language.

Regional variants

In most Romanian linguists , the Romanian word that means non-Romance Romanian call the Eastern Romance languages. In this sense, the Romanian language with four dialects: north of the Danube Romania Daco-called "Romanian" in Romania and " Moldovan "in Moldova, and south of the river the Aromanian (also known as "Macedo- Romanian), the Megleno-Romanian and Romanian-Istro (the latter two being almost extinct). According to other linguists , including non-Romanians, the Eastern Romance languages are four separate languages, the Daco-Roman is one of them, and words denoting the Romanian and Moldovan Daco-Roman respectively in Romania and Republic of Moldova.

Nevertheless, linguists believe that all current varieties of Daco-Romanian dialects are not, but dialects. The differences between these varieties are indeed very thin, consisting of a few dozen words and a few regional differences phonetic. Two speakers of different dialects to fully understand them.

Daco-Romanian dialects of (graiuri)
red - northern dialects: banaten, Transylvanian and Moldavian maramurchois;
blue - or Vlach dialects of the south: Oltean, and montnien dicien;

They are:

• the dialects of the south or Vlach (graiurile Sudic, it should not be confused with the languages of the " Vlachs "of south of the Danube, the different Daco-Romanian) are mainly spoken in Wallachia and Southern Transylvania and that in Dobroge : what are the olten the muntnien and dicien:
  • speaking olten (graiul oltenesc) is spoken mainly in Oltenia and the Romanian minority in the region of Timok , Serbia. The notable feature of this talk is the use of the past rather than the simple past tense in other dialects;
  • speaking montnien (graiul muntenesc) that gave the Romanian modern literature, is the basis of current official Romanian;
  • speaking dicien (graiul dician) is the traditional Romanian Dobroge , high medieval Greek influence;
• the dialects of the north (Nordic graiurile) are:
  • speaking maramurchois (graiul Maramuresean), the former Marmate ;
  • speaking Transylvanian (graiul Ardelean or ardelenesc), especially in central Transylvania ;
  • speaking banaten (graiul bnean), in western Romania (<t> writing is pronounced as / / before a front vowel);
  • speaking Moldovan (graiul Moldovenesc) is the same in Romanian Moldavia , by Moldova and the northern Dobroge where he mingled with dicien at immigration many Moldovans fleeing the Russian annexation of 1812 (<p > writing is pronounced as / k /; <c> writing is pronounced as / / before front vowel, <> written in final position is palatalization).

The regional dialects of course tend to back away to Romanian modern standard, because of mass communications and the increasing mobility of the population, even in the Republic of Moldova where governments are yet all they can to promote Moldovan Parliament. In youth and in the media, there is a strong tendency to borrow English words as such (eg hard-disk, mouse, printer, fashion, eyeliner ...), without introducing them into the language, adapting or translating them, as was done previously (eg meci and tramvai to match and tramway, or for photostat Duplicator / Copier - Duplicator rather than elsewhere, is used commonly xerox).

The "Moldovan language"

Under Article 12 of its constitution, the Republic of Moldova is to "state language" (but not "inter-ethnic communication") on Moldovan , officially defined as "different from Romanian, although its speakers and Romanian-Romanian understand themselves spontaneously and completely without a translator or dictionary. The Moldovan Parliament before the unification of Daco-Romanian montnien talk around the Academy of Sciences of Moldova affirms that "the Moldovan language preceded the Romanian" and that "if there is a parent language, the Moldovan is certainly more than the Romanian "(Vasile Stati). Linguists and historians Moldovan opposition to this official view (Anatol Eremia Nicolae Chetraru, Anatol Petrencu) were classified as "agents of cultural imperialism Romanian" .

From a strictly linguistic , dialectological and sociolinguistics , Romanian and Moldovan are one and the same language ausbau , that is to say, a language whose dialects past and present have enough common structural features scientifically established to provide a language unit. The right word, because the more neutral language for this is Daco-Roman or Daco-Romanian, a member of a linguistic entity than the diasystem novel is or ERO ( Romanesque East ), which are partly the Aromanian , the Megleno-Romanian , the Istro-Romanian , and perhaps the Dalmatian .

Thus, linguists, scientists agree to accept the basic substantive lexical and grammatical structure of the Moldovan Parliament and the Daco-Romanian official, are identical in Romania and Moldova. But most notable differences are in language use of the most Russified of the Republic of Moldova , as Chisinau and Transnistria. The talk of these areas uses words and expressions borrowed from Russian, which does not use a native of Romania (who tends him, using words borrowed from the Western Romance languages and English). Speakers who use these words do sometimes knowingly, to mark their identity not Romanian. For example, they use vgzal, parahod samaliot or where a Romanian say gara "station" vapor "liner" and air, respectively.

The government of Moldova and Moldovan identity encouraging considering the Romanian identity as an expression of Romanian expansionism during the census of 2004 , 2029847 Daco-Romanian speakers said the Moldovan as their Mother Tongue (78.42% of speakers), cons only for Romanian 558 508 (21.58% of users). The controversy continues.

Grammar

From the viewpoint of the morphological typology of languages , Romanian is an inflected language to a greater extent than other Romance languages, that is to say, it expresses the characteristics Morphological by inflection and by vowel alternations and / or consonant , a single morpheme often expressing multiple strokes.

The articles, the name and adjective

As in other Romance languages, the articles , the name and the adjective are characterized by traits such as number (singular and plural) and gender.

One peculiarity of the Romanian compared to other Romance languages is that the definite article is almost always enclitic, that is to say, attached to the end of the name Baiata 'boy' biatu the 'boy' 'girl' a 'daughter'. Moreover, apart from the indefinite and definite articles, Romanian has two other sections: possessive (al biatului 'the boy') and demonstrative: 'the boy'.

Another specific feature of Romanian among the Romance languages is to identify, alongside the masculine and feminine gender-neutral in the sense that there are many nouns that are masculine and feminine in the singular to plural. Thus, for example, a peret alb 'white wall' is masculine (plural peret albi), because his epithet fits both the masculine singular or plural o Casa Alba 'white house' is feminine (plural box dolphins), the adjective agreeing with the feminine two numbers by cons, a cort alb, a white tent '(plural corturi dolphins) is neutral, because in his singular epithet fits masculine and feminine plural.

A third important feature of Romanian is to have kept elements of declination. Are distinguished by endings cases genitive and dative of the definite article (biatu him 'the boy, the boy'), indefinite a boy, a boy ') and demonstratives the little boy , the boy '), the genitive and dative of feminine singular nouns and adjectives daughter, a girl "), the vocative of some nouns and adjectives substantivized ; 'hey! the boy ', fato!' hey! the girl! "

The bending Romania has many vowel alternations and / or consonants, especially in the expression of plural nouns and adjectives, which is quite complicated in Romanian, because of the existence of several plural endings, depending on the type and termination in the singular. The feminine, for example, we have plurals in-e (fet e), it (STEA star ' book Map Silk ' or without ending woman '

Verb

The verb is characterized by Romanian traits such as diathesis , the mode , the time , the number (singular and plural) and gender (male and female), this latter feature characterizes only part. In the sphere of the verb there are many elements inherited from Latin, as innovations, some common with other Romance languages, others specific to Romanian. In general, it is not necessary to use a personal pronoun subject with the verb Romanian distinguish terminations because its people quite well.

Methods and Time

In the indicative , the present (eg 'I sing'), the imperfect 'I sang'), and the simple past 'I sang') are inherited from Latin and generally have the same jobs the corresponding forms in French.

The past tense of Romanian is similar to that of the French as to its formation and its use, except that the active diathesis, all verbs are combined with the auxiliary verb has avea 'have': am Cantate 'I sang ', am venit' I came (e) '.

The more-than-perfect Romanian plusquamperfectum more like Latin than other Romance languages, since Romanian is a simple time, although the morpheme is not the same suffix as in Latin: cntasem 'I sang '.

The Romanian has three forms that match the simple future and near future French, they do not differ according to the criteria but according to the French language register where they are used: voi canta (as supported), am the manufacturer or its o cannot (common forms). These are compound tenses, the auxiliary of the first form being a vrea 'want' and the other two has avea 'have' in two variants.

The future perfect Romanian, formed with the future tense was supported fi 'be' is seldom used: voi fi Cantate 'I sang'.

With a few terminations specific, the present of the subjunctive morpheme is also the conjunction 'that' the combination of different 'that' used with other personal modes. The Romanian subjunctive expresses more frequently than the French subjunctive conditional action, since it is also used when the subject of the action subject is the same as the verb regent, in which case the French most often employs the infinitive : Vreau its cannot 'I want to sing'. There is also a past subjunctive, formed with the auxiliary fi 'be' in the infinitive, which gives it a unique form for all persons, his fi Cantate 'qu (e) I / you had / it has / we / you / they have sung '.

The conditional Romanian this is a compound form with the 'have' + infinitive 'I sing'). The past conditional is formed with the conditional of the auxiliary fi 'be': a fi cantata. This mode can be used in Romanian to the verb of the subordinate clause introduced by Daca conditional 'if': Daca had a canta, have fugitive 'If I, I sing, you run away'.

The Romanian has forged a way apart from other Romance languages, presumptive, supposed to express an action. At present (the auxiliary verb if the future with a vrea 'want', with two variants gerunziu +): Voi / Oi fi cntnd fals, Daca oamenii cand fug my aud 'Maybe I sing / I sing out of tune, as people flee when they hear '; the past (auxiliary + participle): Maybe I sang / I had to sing off'.

The imperative in Romania is part of the heir to the Latin having the same functions as this imperative French, but it has no form of first person plural or past tense. He has the singular distinction of having the negative so different: cannot! "Sings! 'But naked canta! (The infinitive)' does not sing!"

The present of the infinitive comes from the Latin In addition to its termination, he morpheme for the preposition a: to Cannot 'sing'. The past infinitive is formed with the auxiliary fi 'be': a fi Cantate 'singing'. Both forms are used less than the French infinitive, since in general the actions performed by the same subject matter as the regent verb are expressed by the subjunctive.

Gerunziu mode comes from Latin and is sometimes the present participle French 'Singing Well, I impressed'), sometimes the gerund French 'It moves while singing').

The part of Romania is the past participle French, both of which originate from the Latin. He uses his French correspondent but also to express the action in general, being characterized in that job by the preposition of: Am cantata o of opera arias, 'I have an air of opera sing '.

Diathesis passive forms as French. The verb a fi 'be' is conjugated : Aria fost cantata Angela Gheorghiu 'The air was sung by Angela Gheorghiu. " Diathesis reflective Romanian is also similar to the French, making use of reflexive pronouns : my spal 'I wash'.

Pronouns and pronominal adjectives

If the Romanian names can be masculine, feminine or neutral, pronouns and pronominal adjectives can only be male or female, since they agree in the masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine plural or feminine plural. They agree for the most part too, so they are available.

The personal pronouns Romanian from the same type from which the Latin pronouns personal pronouns French. They have forms tonic and atonic. The subject pronouns are only tonic and used to highlight the person subject: Vorbesc Romnete 'I speak Romanian' Eu vorbesc Romnete 'Me, I speak Romanian' or 'It is I who speaks Romanian, depending intensity of focus which affects pronoun. Unstressed personal pronouns have forms focusing on the word that follows or precedes them, with which they form a single word in terms phonetics.

At the ^2-person there are two pronouns for the relationship of tu (tu 'thou' and neigh 'you'), one for the formal address (dumneavoastr 'you', ^the 2nd person plural) and one for the vous less polite than dumneavoastr (dumneata, ^the 2nd person singular). There are also pronouns politeness of ^the 3rd person for the person (s) you are talking about dumnealui 'he,'; dumneaei 'she'; dumneasa it, he / she '; dumnealor' they, their / they '; dnsul' he, 'and in' she '; dnii' they, '; dnsele' they '.

The possessive adjectives 'my', 'ta', 'his' 'our' women etc..) are also used as pronouns , being preceded in this case possessive articles: 'mine' 'yours', 'hers', 'ours'. The possessive of ^the 3rd person can be replaced by the genitive of personal pronouns in the same person: al it 'his' (male owner), al ei 'his' (female owner), etc..

The demonstrative adjectives have two slightly different variants depending on whether they are employees or postponed: / 'that girl (it)'. Unsubordinated forms are used as such as pronouns: Sora ta sau aceasta este fata CASAE? 'Your sister is that girl or that one? "

As can be seen in the examples above, the name is used both with the possessive or demonstrative postponed, and with the definite article.

The interrogative pronouns are Romanian 'Who?' what? that? what? " and adjectives / pronouns care '(on) what / (the) what / (to) what / (to) what' and cat, cat, cati, Cate 'how'.

All Romanian interrogatives are also used as relative pronouns. The various case forms of care are almost all French relative pronouns: fata care vine 'the girl who just' 'the girl you know', 'the girl whose mother is the lady ', etc.. The adjective / pronoun cat, catamaran, Catia, Cate is in this case meaning 'many (of ...) that'. Only the relative pronoun that EAEC compound, meaning 'what' or 'what' as it is subject or complement.

The adjectives and pronouns are indefinite in number, including a series formed with the suffix-va The invariable words

The adverbs of manner Romanian adjectives most often used as an adverbial way: He / She has a warm coat. " His mbrcat clduros' He / She got dressed (e) warmly. " In Romania there are no adverbs degrees of comparison irregular.

The prepositions Romanian generally the same functions as the French. Most of them precede names not declined ^{The simple sentence}

In Romanian, the sentence declarative and interrogative sentence total they are distinguished only by the intonation.

Romanian negation is simple, it is by the word naked, but can be reinforced by other negative words: nimeni 'person', NIMIC 'nothing', etc..

The subject is almost always a case registered , but there are exceptions, for example in the proposal. The relative pronoun can be applied to a case by the verb of the main proposition which is the complement , is also the subject of the relative: cui Dau Cartea (dative) 'I give the book to anyone who wants the read '. The subject may also be expressed solely by the verb ending: Muncet e 'He / She worked.

Ins expressed by a verb in the infinitive are much rarer in Romanian and French, because the Romanian prefers a subordinate even when the subject matter of the action is identical to that of regent verb: Vreau its PLEC 'I want to go '.

The direct object has two characteristics:

• that of being preceded, sometimes necessarily, sometimes optionally, the preposition pe Am vzut-o pe Maria 'I saw Mary' 'I want this one'
• that of being taken or anticipated, sometimes necessarily, sometimes optionally, by a personal pronoun corresponding sluggish O pe asta Aleg 'It is this that I choose' (advance); (reprise) 'It's you I'm waiting'

The indirect object allocation is expressed in the dative case without a preposition before him also to be anticipated or assumed in some cases by a personal pronoun sluggish contact: Paul ii dau cards that 'I give the book to Paul'; 'is to Paul that I give the book'.

The Romanian has some specific features on the order of words in phrases and sentences.

At the phrase, possessive adjectives almost always follow the name determined: prietenul meu 'my friend', 'card'. The demonstrative adjectives are, as noted above, a series of variants attendants and other variants postponed. Unstressed personal pronouns are placed after the verb they are supplements not only when the verb is in the affirmative imperative, but also when it is gerunziu: vzndu-l ', seeing' vznd-o 'in seeing '.

At the whole sentence, the order is freer than in French, instead of the terms in different syntactic functions depend very much on the intention to bring in relief or not. In a sentence consisting of a subject and a verb only, without highlighting any word, the subject is placed after the verb: A sosit Petre, Petre arrived, and before the verb if it is more or less highlighted: Petre, he arrived '(unlike others) or' It happened Petre '(and not another). In a sentence consisting of a subject, a verb copula and an attribute , the order subject-copula-attribute denotes neutrality in the absence of stronger accentuation of a term (e Frumoasa Marea 'The sea is beautiful ') or the highlighting of the subject if it is struck with a stronger accent: Marea Frumoasa e' is the sea is beautiful '. Highlighting the attribute implies order copula-attribute-topic: E Frumoasa marea 'She is beautiful, the sea'. In partial interrogative other than on the subject, it is toujous after the verb: Cand vine mama? "When mom is she? ', A cui e cards?" Who is the book? " In a more complex sentence can have many variations of word order, the term to emphasize taking the lead sentence or second place, after the subject.

The complex sentence

The complex sentence Romanian construction has some differences compared to the French sentence.

One difference is the preference of the subordinate relation to the complement to the infinitive (see above The simple sentence).

Another difference concerns the use of the verb forms for certain subject:

• indicative or conditional Romanian subjunctive in French, in addition to subordinate object governed by a verb expressing uncertainty (MA ndoiesc ca va veni 'I doubt he / she comes') or feeling 'I'm glad (e) he / she comes'), or in some subordinate circumstantial introduced by conjunctions: Although ill, he worked
• conditional Romanian subjunctive in French, introduced the subject by a circumstantial indefinite pronoun with ori-Nu-i deschid usa oricine ar fi 'I does not open the door, anyone'
• Romanian conditional, indicative in French, introduced by the subordinate Daca 'if' or a phrase with DACA: ca i cum ar Danseaz pleased 'He / She dances as if he / she floated'.

The sequence of tenses between the subordinate and the principal is not as rigid in Romanian and French. If the main verb is past tense, the verb of the subordinate may be at the same time as if the verb of the subordinate was in the present or future: A SPUs that He ateapt (present indicative) 'He / She said she expected Paul '.

Another peculiarity is the compulsory resumption by a sluggish personal pronoun of the relative pronoun or COD IOC dative without preposition which introduces a proposal , made in the relative recovery: Fata pe care o ai este prietena vzut-mea 'The girl you sawest is my girlfriend '; The young man to whom I gave the key is my son '. There are also recovery of the relative pronoun or indefinite introduces a subordinate COD or COI, in the main before the subject: Pe CATIA i-am fost AICI Trim the tine 'All those who came here, I sent among you '(lit.' How was I sent here among you ').

Phonology

The system phonological Romanian has seven phonemic vowels , five in common with other Romance languages standard (/ a /, / e /, / i /, / o /, / u /), a town with only the Portuguese (/ /, transcribed) and that among the Romance languages, Romanian is unique to (/ /, transcribed or I).

Four phonemes have a controversial status. Most linguists consider the Romanian tradition as semi-vowels. What are / e /, / o /, / j / and / w /. / J / has a variant located at a word after a consonant, / /, called or whispered barely audible, eg a word like lupi

The consonants are the number of Romanian 20. 13 (/ p /, / b /, / t /, / d /, / k /, / g /, / m /, / n /, / r /, / f /, / v /, / s /, / s /) are common with other Romance languages. Two are found in French and Italian also: / / (transcribed S and / z /). A, / / (transcribed j), is common with French and Portuguese, and another, / t / (existing only before / e / and / i / c and transcribed), is also found in Italian and Spanish. Two consonants are shared only with the Italian / ts / (transcribed T) and / d / (only before / e / and / i /, transcribed g). Among the Romance languages, Romanian has only the consonant / h /, pronounced as in English. Examples with phonemes or spellings foreign to French: Sacal 'jackal', Tara 'country', some 'sky', giratoriu 'ugly'.

In Romanian, the emphasis is tonic. It can strike any of the five syllables of a word. Words ending in consonant are usually accented on the last syllable and vowel ones - on the penultimate. There are cases where the position of the accent differentiates the meaning of words homographs , for example copii 'children' and copii 'copies'.

This phonological system is the result of the evolution of Latin, in which the Romanian has some similarities with some languages and dialects novels, but the differences are greater, due to the isolation of Romanian.

Writing

There are claims that the Romanian was apparently first written in Latin alphabet , but it is not proven. The fact is that the first documents written in Romanian are preserved ( XVI ^century ) are written in Cyrillic alphabet adapted to Romanian, because it was from the ^tenth century the alphabet of the Old Church Slavonic used by the church Orthodox and the administration of Wallachia and Moldavia. The first date of 1521. This is a letter from a merchant Campulung Muscel, Neacsu addressed to the mayor of Brasov , Johannes Benkner.

Romanian Cyrillic alphabet consisted of 44 letters and was used until the second half of the ^nineteenth century , but from the ^sixteenth century using the Latin alphabet also sporadically. In the eighteenth ^century , scholars of Romanian Transylvania grouped in the cultural movement of the Transylvanian School, influenced by the Enlightenment French insist on the Latin origin of Romanian and advocate the passage of the Latin alphabet. They also give the first rules of spelling they provide, their spelling was based on the principle etymological , thus latinized. At the same time, scholars of Wallachia simplify increasingly the Cyrillic alphabet and establish a transitional mixed with letters Cyrillic and Latin letters, used until 1860 , when passing the writing Latin alphabet with an etymological spelling. Great controversy took place between supporters and those of etymological spelling spelling phonemic until 1881 , when the Romanian Academy rules in favor of the latter. However, confrontations between supporters of the two principles do not cease, since there are still elements in the etymological spelling. It will be reformed several times in the direction of simplification, but the controversy bounces from time to time until today, particularly regarding the use of two letters (a and i) for the same vowel , / /.

It should be noted that the Cyrillic alphabet to write the Romanian has not entirely disappeared, since Transnistria is still used an alphabet based on that of Russia , the only official in the former Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic.

References

See also

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Bibliography

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