Saxony (Land)
51 01 '39 "N 13 21' 34" E / 51.0276, 13.3594
| Freistaat Sachsen (Free State of Saxony) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||
 Location of Saxony (dark green) within Germany | |||||
| Administration | |||||
| Country |  Germany | ||||
| Capital | Dresden | ||||
| Minister-President | Stanislaw Tillich ( CDU ) | ||||
| Party (or parties) | CDU and FDP | ||||
| Diet : CDU : Die Linke : SPD : FDP : A90/Verts : NDP : Total: | 58 29 14 14 9 8 132 | ||||
| Number of votes in the Bundesrat | 4 | ||||
| Statistical data | |||||
| Area | 18 415.51 km ( 10th ) | ||||
| Population (31/12/08) | 4,192,700 inhab. ( 6th ) | ||||
| Density | 227.67 inhabitants / km ( 8th ) | ||||
| GDP (2006) | 88.713 billion ( 7th ) | ||||
| GDP per capita. | 21 200 ( 12 ) | ||||
| Other information | |||||
| ISO 3166-2 | DE-SN | ||||
| Official site | sachsen.de | ||||
Saxony (in German in Sorbian officially called the Free State of Saxony ) of Saxony, among the new Lnder, the most dynamic region economically. The Elbe is the largest river flowing into Saxony.
Summary |
History of the duchies and the Kingdom of Saxony
Saxony primitive has no direct links with the Free State of Saxony today. This is the heir to the Kingdom of Saxony (est. 1806 ), formerly Electorate and Duchy of Saxony , led by Duke-Elector of Saxony. Saxony primitive corresponds to the northern region of Germany. (It should not be confused with the West Saxon )
Saxony primitive
- C. 200 - 400: The Saxons , who lived far north of the Elbe in Holstein , settled in the southern (nowadays the Lower Saxony ), Westphalia and stphalie.
- Fifth century : The Saxons invade the England and founded four states of the Heptarchy.
- In the early sixth century : The Saxons reached the Rhine.
- 531 : Saxons and Franks destroyed the Kingdom of Thuringia. The Saxons settled in the region.
- 718 : The Frank Charles Martel , allied to the king of Neustria , waging a war against Saxony.
- 743 : The True Carloman began a new campaign against Saxony, together with Bavarian Odilon.
- 772 : The Frankish king Charlemagne waged war against the Duchy of Saxony, which lasts 32 years.
- 800 : Charlemagne is crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III.
- 804 : The last resistance of the Saxons is eliminated by the Franks. Saxony is then incorporated into the empire of Charlemagne.
Formation of Saxony to the German Empire
The death of Louis the Pious , in 843 , marked the end of the unity of the empire built by Charlemagne ( Treaty of Verdun ). His little son, Louis the German received the eastern part of the empire, the East Francia , which he divided into four duchies: that of Swabia , of Franconia , in Bavaria and Saxony. Louis the German to put the heads of the duchy of Saxe members of the family Wittikind and Billungs. Geographically, these first duchies corresponded to what is now the Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia.
The East Frankish extends eastward to form the Holy Roman Empire in 962 with Otto I.
Gradually, the Duchy of Saxony is growing, including subjecting all countries since the Circle of Upper Saxony. The Duke of Saxony Henry X also owns Bavaria. However, politics is the imperial duchies separated.
In 1154 , Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa met the two duchies into the hands of Henry the Lion. But after the conflict in 1177 between two men, the vast Duchy of Saxony was divided into a number of fee. A new duchy of Saxony was then formed, but it differed entirely from the first.
The second Duchy of Saxony was formed in 1180 , and given to Bernard of Ascania. It includes only the territories of Wittenberg and Lauenburg and of little importance. It weakens further when in 1260 , the house invested with the duchy Ascanians splits into two lines: those of Saxe-Lauenburg and Saxe-Wittenberg.
In 1355, Emperor Charles IV, Holy Roman Empire united the two duchies, giving Saxony-Lauenburg to the ducal branch of Saxe-Wittenberg. This keeps the duchy until 1422 , when the line goes
The third Duchy of Saxony was formed in 1422, the title of Duke of Saxony was transferred to the House of Wettin. Frederick I of Saxony said the Warlike, the first duke of this new house was one of the most powerful German princes. The duchy then increases of Meissen , in Thuringia and the county palatine of Saxony. However, his little son by sharing their weakened states in 1485. -The eldest son, Ernest of Saxony , the Electorate of Saxony, with its capital in Wittenberg : Ernestine Line -the younger son, Albert of Saxony , the Duchy of Saxony, with its capital Dresden : Albertine Line
These two branches evolve very differently: the Albertine branch maintains the integrity of Saxony and preserved his power over the region, while Ernestine - following the Germanic custom - repeatedly divide their territories by creating a patchwork of small duchies and counties Thuringia. One of his houses, the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha , came to the throne of Belgium in 1831 , from Portugal in 1836 and Bulgaria in 1887 , not to mention the many marriages that install on the thrones of Europe women in this family (including Germany, Russia, Spain, Sweden and even Mexico). More original and more decisive for the future of the House of Wettin in 1840, the marriage of Queen Victoria , although the House of Hanover Saxe-Coburg, but by her mother, her cousin Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is pass the British throne in the house of Wettin in 1901. The House of Windsor , which currently occupies the British throne descendant of this house.
Frederick Augustus I of Saxony reunify the two crowns, which he adds that of Poland after his election in 1697. Only small portions remain out of the duchy, forming the so-called "Saxon duchies". The crown of Poland does not automatically transmitting since the Polish monarchy was elective and not hereditary. The Polish crown in 1791 is given to Frederick Augustus III, who refuses it. Poland is indeed subject to strong political and military pressure from the Russian monarchy, Prussia and Austria.
The Kingdom of Saxony
In the wars of the French Revolution , he remained neutral as possible. After the battle of Jena , Saxony joined the Confederation of the Rhine , and Napoleon provides auxiliary troops. The French Emperor wishes to strengthen the Saxony and Bavaria, Wrttemberg and Baden in order to create buffer states allies neighboring Prussia and Austria: he raises the Duke-Electors of Saxony and Bavaria to the royal dignity. Frederick Augustus III becomes Frederick Augustus I of Saxony , King of Saxony. It remains faithful to the cause of Napoleon: he is punished at the Vienna Congress (1814/1815) by the loss of one third of its states are annexed by Prussia. This part of the territory is the "Prussian Saxony.
In 1831, after uprisings broke out in Dresden and Leipzig , King Antonio I of Saxony was forced to grant a constitution to Saxony, which undergoes changes constitution in 1848 after further unrest. Ally unhappy Austria against Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War , Saxony doitt join the Confederation of North Germany on 21 October 1866 and is incorporated into the German Empire in 1871.
Like other German monarchies, the Kingdom of Saxony disappears at the end of the Great War in the turmoil following the defeat. King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony abdicates November 13, 1918 and the republic is proclaimed.
History of the Free State of Saxony (1918-1949)
Saxony in East Germany
- 1949: the creation of the German Democratic Republic , Saxony became a state of the GDR.
- 1952: Dissolution of the Lnder of East Germany under the pretext of a major administrative reform. Saxony is divided into three districts: Dresden , Leipzig and Karl-Marx-Stadt.
The New Free State of Saxony
On 3 October 1990 , the day of German reunification , the Free State of Saxony is reconstituted.
- 13 February 2005 : in commemoration of the bombing ally of Dresden in 1945 , between 3000 and 5 000manifestants of right-wing activists demonstrated outside the parliament of Saxony. 70 people were arrested following clashes. At the same time, more than 50,000 people demonstrated against the Nazis. Thousands of candles were placed in front of the Semper Opera House as a symbol of peace.
Administrative Subdivisions
Districts (Direktionsbezirke)
Saxony is divided into three districts, named Direktionsbezirke since the reform of the districts of Saxony in 2008 :
The 3 districts of Saxony
Districts (Landkreis) and Cities districts (Kreisfreie Stdte)
Saxony is divided into 10 districts (called "Landkreise" in German) and 3 city-districts (called "Kreisfreie Stdte" in German) since the reform of the districts of Saxony in 2008
The 10 districts (Landkreis) of Saxony
- District of Bautzen (Budyin) (BZ)
- Borough Ore Mountains (Erzgebirgskreis) (ERZ)
- District of Grlitz (GR)
- District of Leipzig (L)
- District of Meissen (Meien) (MEI)
- District of Saxony-du-Milieu (Mittelsachsen) (FG)
- District of Saxony-du-Nord (Nordsachsen) (TDO)
- Borough of Switzerland-Saxon-Ore Mountains de l'Est (Schsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge) (RIP)
- Vogtland district (V)
- District of Zwickau (Z)
The 3 cities districts (Kreisfreie Stdte) of Saxony
Reform of the Borough of 2008
The state of Saxony has undergone a reform of its districts in 2008, which consisted of a grouping of 22 former districts into 10 new ones.
- Population of districts after the reform
| New district | Former district | Residents to December 31, 2006 | In 2020 | Km |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LK Bautzen | Bautzen LK, LK Kamenz Hoyerswerda | 338.056 | 282.800 | 2.391 |
| Erzgebirgskreis | LK Stollberg, LK Annaberg Aue-Schwarzenberg LK, Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis | 387.918 | 326.500 | 1.828 |
| LK Leipzig | LK Leipziger Land Muldentalkreis | 277.113 | 233.500 | 1.646 |
| LK Meien | Riesa-Groenhain LK, LK Meien | 261.695 | 219.400 | 1.452 |
| LK Mittelsachsen | Freiberg LK, LK Mittweida, LK Dbeln | 344.457 | 297.500 | 2.111 |
| LK Grlitz | Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis LK Lbau-Zittau, Grlitz | 292.843 | 241.400 | 2.106 |
| LK Nordsachsen | LK Delitzsch, LK Torgau-Oschatz | 216.904 | 184.100 | 2.020 |
| LK Schsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge | Weieritzkreis LK Schsische Schweiz | 259.725 | 217.200 | 1.654 |
| Vogtlandkreis | Vogtlandkreis, Plauen | 256.998 | 224.100 | 1.412 |
| LK Zwickau | Chemnitzer Land LK, LK Zwickauer Land Zwickau | 356.992 | 299.000 | 949 |
Major cities
| City | Borough | Inhabitants in 2000 | Inhabitants in 2007 | % change |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leipzig | Kreisfreie | 493.208 | 510.512 | +3,51 |
| Dresden | Kreisfreie | 477.807 | 507.513 | +6,22 |
| Chemnitz | Kreisfreie | 259.246 | 244.951 | -5,84 |
| Zwickau | Kreisfreie | 103.008 | 95.841 | -7,49 |
| Plauen | Kreisfreie | 71.543 | 67.613 | -5,81 |
| Grlitz | Kreisfreie | 61.599 | 56.724 | -8,59 |
| Freiberg | Freiberg | 45.428 | 42.364 | -7,23 |
| Bautzen / Budyin | Bautzen | 43.353 | 41.364 | -4,81 |
| Hoyerswerda / Wojerecy | Kreisfreie | 50.203 | 40.294 | -24,59 |
| Pirna | Schsische Schweiz | 42.108 | 39.438 | -6,77 |
| Freital | Weieritzkreis | 40.129 | 39.176 | -2,43 |
| Riesa | Riesa-Groenhain | 39.367 | 35.508 | -10,87 |
| Radebeul | Meien | 32.246 | 33.300 | +3,27 |
| Zittau | Lbau-Zittau | 27.454 | 29.361 | +6,95 |
| Meien | Meien | 29.398 | 27.856 | -5,54 |
| Delitzsch | Delitzsch | 26.331 | 27.181 | +3,23 |
| Limbach-Oberfrohna | Chemnitzer Land | 27.552 | 26.254 | -4,94 |
| Glauchau | Chemnitzer Land | 27.285 | 25.357 | -7,60 |
| Markkleeberg | Leipziger Land | 23.157 | 24.021 | +3.73 |
| Werdau | Zwickauer Land | 26.077 | 23.565 | -10,66 |
Regional Policy
Since reunification, the CDU is the dominant party in Saxony. Since May 28, 2008, Stanislaw Tillich is the Minister-President of Saxony. Since November 10, 2004, is a coalition of the conservative CDU and the Social Democrats SPD is in power. The members of governments are:
- Head of Chancery: Johannes Beermann (CDU)
- Minister of Finance: Georg Unland (CDU)
- Interior Minister: Buttolo Albrecht (CDU)
- Minister of Justice: Geert Mackenroth (CDU)
- Minister of Education: Roland Woller (CDU)
- Minister of Social Affairs: Helma Orosz (CDU)
- Minister of Environment and Agriculture: Frank Kupfer (CDU)
- Minister of Science and Arts: Eva-Maria Strange (SPD)
- Minister of Economy and Labour: Thomas Jurk (SPD)
The Saxon parliament is in his fourth term (2004 - 2009) and consists of 124 members including: the conservative CDU 55, Left Party (former PDS) 31, the Social Democrats SPD 13, the conservative right NDP 8, the Free Democrats 7, Green 6, 4 NDP members have left the party and are today without parliamentary group. The chairman of parliament Erich Iltgen , and three vice-presidents: Regina Schulz , Andrea Dombois , Gunther Hatzsch.
The entrance to the NDP (National Democratic Party of Germany, about 5,000 activists) was an event of national significance because since the 1960s, no party emerged from the conservative right had a breakthrough election, it either regionally or nationally. The election campaign in 2004 the NDP was surprising in two respects: not only the party started concentrating his campaign on the themes of insecurity, unemployment, social gains, putting aside his traditional themes. But also, on his election posters were reused traditional symbols of the Communist Party. on 19 September 2004 , the NDP got 9.2% of the vote.
The Constitutional Court of the State is free to Leipzig
National Policy
Saxony has 4 votes in the Bundesrat.
In 1994 , the Regional Minister of Justice, Steffen Heitmann , is presented as the candidate of the CDU / CSU for the post of federal president , but his controversial profile derailed his candidacy. It was not until 2005 and the appointment of Wolfgang Tiefensee , mayor of Leipzig , the post of Minister of Transport, Building and Urban Development to see the back of a Saxon at the forefront of national politics. However, it loses its portfolio following a change of coalition in 2009.
References
- The term "Freistaat" is historically synonymous with "republic", but the literal translation of "free state" is more common. See article Freistaat.
- Schsische Zeitung
See also
External Links
- (Of) Official Website ( Home page in French )
- Site of the City of Dresden
- Site of the city of Leipzig ( Welcome in French )
- (En) "Canyonlands" from Germany (30 km south of Dresden)
Bibliography
- Patricia Bouchenot-Dchin, Le Roman de la Saxe, Editions du Rochers, 2006
| Cities boroughs (Kreisfreie Stdte) | Chemnitz | Dresden | Leipzig | |  |
| Districts (Landkreis) | Bautzen | Ore Mountains (Erzgebirgskreis) | Grlitz | Leipzig | Meissen (Meien) | Middle-Saxon (Mittelsachsen) | Saxony-du-Nord (Nordsachsen) | Switzerland-Saxon-Ore Mountains de l'Est ( Schsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge) | Vogtland | Zwickau | |
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