Republic of South Ossetia
(bone)
(ka)
(ru)

Flag Coat of Arms
Administration
Political Status	Secessionist Georgia , internationally recognized by Russia , the Nicaragua , the Venezuela and Nauru as well as other secessionist republics such as the Abkhaz and the Moldovan Republic of Transnistria
Capital	Tskhinvali
Government - Chairman - Prime Minister	Republic Eduard Kokoity Vadim Brovtsev
Geography
Area	3900 km 2
Demography
Population (2004)	~ 70 000 inhabitants.
Density	~ 18 inhabitants / km 2
Language (s)	Ossetian , Georgian , Russian
Economy
Currency	Russian ruble and lari
Other
Time Zone	UTC 3
Hymn	see the national anthem of South Ossetia
Currency	\
The national anthem of South Ossetia was adopted on 5 May 1995 and was written by Totraz Kokaev.

The South Ossetia, in the long form Republic of South Ossetia in the Ossetian and in Russian and in Georgian is a territory in the Caucasus to the disputed status (the Georgian republic place it does not recognize his status in the province of Shida Kartli , while Russia has recognized its independence in 2008). South Ossetia has unilaterally seceded from Georgia in 1992.

Its capital Tskhinvali (i) and its president Eduard Kokoity (since December 18, 2001).

At around the city Tkhinvali, there were several Georgian villages that were oppressed often several years since 1992. Beginning in August 2008 They have sudden massive bombing of several days continuously from the Ossetian separatists supported by Russia already based there on a UN mandate is intended to drive them from their places. Georgia decides therefore to intervene to calm the situation, but Russia has decided to attack Georgia in its depth that it was successful in 5 days. Moscow recognized the independence of South Ossetia .

The largest lake in South Ossetia is the lake Kelistba.

Summary 1 History 1.1 Middle Ages and early modern 1.2 The post-Soviet era 1.3 Proclamation of Independence 1.4 Second referendum 01/05 August 2008: second armed conflict 2 Recognition of Independence 2.1 State which has recognized the independence 2.2 State acting on independence 2.3 Territories unrecognized having recognized the independence 2.4 Territories unrecognized acting on independence 3 Demographics 4 Notes and references 5 See also 5.1 Articles Related External 5.2 Links 5.3 Bibliographies

/ / History

Middle Ages and early modern

Arrived in the Caucasus after being driven south of the Don by the Mongol invasions, the Ossetians , descendants of the Alans , became Christians in the Middle Ages under the influence of neighboring Georgia . In the Caucasus, they formed three distinct territorial entities, Digor, Tuallg and Iron. Digor, west, was under the influence of Kabardins , introducing Islam. Tuallg the south, which corresponds to the current South Ossetia is part of the historic Georgian Samachablo community. Iron in the north, the territory of North Ossetia today, falls under Russian imperial rule in 1767 .

The Soviet government of Georgia, established by the Eleventh Regiment of the Red Army in 1921, created the Autonomous Oblast of South Ossetia April 20, 1922, territory of an area of 3900 km ^2, which was then populated 99 400 inhabitants, and was included within the Georgian SSR. The party called North Ossetia was included in the Russian Federation as an autonomous region, officially because the Caucasus range, very difficult to cross (passes over 2000 m) is a common challenge to any administration. Since 1925, the Ossetians are calling for the unification . Although the Ossetians had their own language, Russian and Georgian languages are instituted administrative Oblast .

The post-Soviet

Since Georgia's independence vis--vis the USSR April 9, 1991 after a military takeover, the autonomy granted to the Ossetians was abolished by the Georgian state. The Georgian leader Gamsakhurdia requires the Georgian language as the official idiom of the country. These decisions cause the exodus of part of the population towards the autonomous republic of North Ossetia (on the Russian Federation ). Much of its territory now consists of the northern region of Shida Kartli.

The tension in the region is growing at the same time as the increase of nationalist Georgian and Ossetian in 1989. Previously, with the exception of the conflict of 1920, the two communities had coexisted peacefully with a high degree of interaction and a high rate of intermarriage.

The same year, the influential Popular Front of South Ossetia (Ademon Nykhas) calls for unification with North Ossetia in order to defend the Ossetian autonomy. On 10 November 1989, the Supreme Soviet of South Ossetia voted for the unification with North Ossetia, a unit of the Socialist Federal Republic of Russia. The next day, the Georgian parliament revoked the decision and abolished the autonomy of South Ossetia. In addition, the parliament authorized the suppression of newspapers and demonstrations.

An armed conflict takes place after the proclamation of independence of South Ossetia when Georgia decided to regain control of the region. On the night of 5 to 6 January 1991, Georgia fired mortars on Tskhinvali and then introduces the police force, accused of killing many civilians , this day is often referred to since as "Bloody Christmas" Ossetia . Faced with resistance from Ossetian militias, Georgian forces left the region .

February 1, 1991, Georgia imposed a blockade on the economic South Ossetia. Full year of 1991 the armed struggle between Georgians and South Ossetians supported by Russia and volunteers from North Ossetia continues. Many southerners took refuge in North Ossetia and the rest of Georgia.

The war between January 1991 and mid-1992 is about 2000 dead the Georgian side and more than 800 of the Ossetian side during the secession of this region of Georgia.

On 26 June 1992, the Georgia represented by Shevardnadze and Russia represented by Yeltsin signed a treaty Dagomys ending the conflict. In accordance with this Treaty, the forces of peacekeeping troops composed of Russian, Ossetian and Georgian are introduced into South Ossetia from July 14, 1992. Russia recognizes the inviolability of Georgia's borders, while a trilateral commission to decide the status of this region is created.

Proclamation of Independence

In 1992, the nationalists proclaimed the independence of South Ossetia based on the results of a referendum, which has not been recognized at international level . This new state has moved closer to the Republic of North Ossetia, with which it shares a border and a common culture.

Since the return of power to nationalist Tbilisi in 2004, South Ossetia is a political issue between the Georgian President Saakashvili who wants to reintegrate the breakaway regions within the territory of Georgia and Ossetian separatists, the majority in Ossetia South, who want outright independence. For its part, the Russian Federation does not progress to resolve the situation, preferring to keep the status quo and thus leave the Georgian government in an embarrassing, especially since it has applied to the NATO. This was not accepted in spring 2008 (opposition from Germany and France), but the United States and Israel have sent military advisers and equipment. The independence of South Ossetia also want reunification with North Ossetia , but neither Russia nor the OSCE , much less Georgia do not support this solution.
Since the agreement Dagomys in 1992, a "force for peace" made up of Georgian troops, Russian, North Ossetian and South is in place, putting in practice, the Georgian minority in the territory that is internationally recognized as theirs.

In October 2006 the two countries were nearly breaking diplomatic relations, Georgia's expulsion of Russian officers on spying charges. Russia in turn responded by recalling its diplomatic staff .

Second referendum

The Republic of South Ossetia held a second referendum on independence November 12, 2006: Over 90% of voters there voted for independence . The Georgian government, the U.S. and the EU consider the referendum as illegal while Russia recognizes it but does not recognize the independence of the republic.

August 2008: second armed conflict

The third armed conflict began with a Georgian offensive, on the night of 7 to 8 August 2008 and causes a reaction of Russia especially after the death of civilians, most of which had Russian citizenship and the destruction of much the capital Tskhinvali. Within four days, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation that came from North Ossetia , as reinforcements to those present on this territory as part of the mission JPKF peacekeeping entrusted by the UN to the IEC in 1992, cons-attacked, and supported by the Russian air force, carried out raids against the Georgian army, pushing it out of South Ossetia and up to occupy part of Georgian territory .

The human toll of this conflict is estimated by Russia at 162 South Ossetians killed. In August 2009, Russia has spent 19.5 billion euros for the war and then grants to South Ossetia. Russia has provided more than 13,600 dollars in aid for South Ossetians while part of the population still live in tents .

Recognition of Independence

On 25 August 2008, the Parliament of the Russian Federation passed a motion urging Moscow to recognize the independence of South Ossetia and of Abkhazia. The next day, President Medvedev signed decrees recognizing the independence of these two regions .

The Belarus announced it would soon recognize the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia . The CSTO , the SCO , the ALBA and Serbia , she announced that she supports the decision of Russia without her suit. For Serbia, the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia are comparable to that of Kosovo.

The Western powers responded immediately by announcing that they did not recognize the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. The Georgia denounced "annexation" by Russia.

States have recognized the independence

• Russia
• Nicaragua
• Venezuela
• Nauru

States acting on independence

• Belorussia
• Ecuador
• Tajikistan

Territories unrecognized having recognized the independence

• Transnistria
• Abkhazia
• Gagauzia

Territories unrecognized acting on independence

• Northern Cyprus

Demographics

Before the conflict georgiano Ossetian population of South Ossetia was composed of about two-thirds of Ossetians and Georgians of 25-30%. The current composition of the population is unknown, some estimates put it at 45 000 17 500 Ossetians and Georgians in South Ossetia in 2007 . In August 2008, over 70% of citizens in South Ossetia had a national (state) Russian. 54.5% of those 70% have dual citizenship (Georgian and Russian), due to circumstances considered by the embassies.

1926 1939 1959 1970 1979 1989 Ossetians 60,351 (69.1%) 72,266 (68.1%) 63,698 (65.8%) 66,073 (66.5%) 65,077 (66.4%) 65,200 (66.2%) Georgian 23,538 (26.9%) 27,525 (25.9%) 26,584 (27.5%) 28,125 (28.3%) 28,187 (28.8%) 28,700 (29.0%) Russian 157 (0.2%) 2111 (2.0%) 2380 (2.5%) 1574 (1.6%) 2046 (2.1%) Armenian 1374 (1.6%) 1537 (1.4%) 1555 (1.6%) 1254 (1.3%) 953 (1.0%) Jews 1739 (2.0%) 1979 (1.9%) 1723 (1.8%) 1485 (1.5%) 654 (0.7%) Other 216 (0.2%) 700 (0.7%) 867 (0.9%) 910 (0.9%) 1071 (1.1%) 5100 (4.8%) Total 87 375 106 118 96 807 99 421 97 988 99 000

References

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