Low Alemannic In Switzerland, this group is represented by the traditional dialect of the city of Basel (Baseldytsch), although this variant is almost completely supplanted by a more contemporary dialect (Baseldtsch) has undergone a strong influence of speaking up. Outside Swiss borders, the Alsatian dialect , France, and most dialects of the former Baden , Germany, are also included. All these dialects are characterized by maintaining the / k / original (eg in Kind, "child"), now / kx / and / x / (written ch Chind) speaking up and speaking higher , where the second consonant shift was further.
High Alemannic
This group includes the majority of dialects spoken in the Central Plateau , as well as those of the Principality of Liechtenstein. The dialects of the Austrian state of Vorarlberg , those in the extreme south of the old Baden and the South of Alsace Sundgau are also included. The group is divided into eastern dialects (those in Zurich or Zridtsch, St. Gallen and Appenzell , in particular) and western (dialect of Bern or Brndtsch, etc.).
Alemannic higher
The dialects of Valais (Wallisertitsch), Sense (Seyslerdtsch, Canton of Fribourg ), those of the Bernese Oberland and parts of central Switzerland ( canton of Uri and Nidwalden , in particular), and those villages based by Walser to the Middle Ages in the Italian Alps , Ticino ( Bosco / Gurin ) Graubnden and have preserved many archaic features.
Usage
Unlike most dialects of Europe, the Swiss German dialects are, even today, spoken by all segments of the population both in rural than in urban centers, and in all contexts of life daily. The use of dialect is never perceived as a sign of social inferiority or inadequate schooling.
The use of standard German ( Hochdeutsch ) is confined mainly to written communication, whether formal (newspapers, books) or informal (private correspondence). That's why this language is usually called Schriftdeutsch (German written) German-Swiss. However, especially the younger also use the dialect in private situations, such as SMS, e-mails, postcards and so on. Yet there is no standard language or spelling standardized. A number of dialect words are also allowed in the written language as a Swiss term.
Such a situation is described as diglossia "code switching" or "medial", the dialect is spoken language, standard German written language. The same phenomenon is observed for example in the Arab countries, where we talk about the national dialect spoken, but it uses the literal Arabic written.
In speaking, standard German is limited to certain situations formality, for example in speech, in school, in multilingual parliaments ( the Federal Assembly or parliament township bilingual), in major news magazines broadcast (but the dialect has predominated in other programs), or in the presence of foreigners speaking standard German.
Swiss-German and linguistic inter-
Most Swiss German dialects are often difficult to understand at first by a speaker germanophone Germany or Austria non-adjacent. The same difficulty arises instant understanding for people who have received education in western Switzerland and Italian and learned German standard (Hochdeutsch) . However, the passive understanding is common in contact zones Interlanguage ( Bernese Jura , Seeland , Sense , Valais ).
The generalization of Swiss German outside the private sphere may create some difficulties of communication within the country especially with the French-speaking Swiss citizens who often have a psychological block against the German dialect as well, with the (poorly French ").
A Swiss-German school with a knowledge of French will not be too difficult to follow an informal conversation between Romands and participate, the reverse is much more difficult. Generally, in the presence of Romand, the Swiss Germans will practice either Hochdeutsch or French.
Italian speakers are proportionally more open to the Germanic dialects, because they are ubiquitous in Ticino and they, if they have studied, have mostly made in Eastern Switzerland.
For many years, great efforts are made to both sides to bridge any possible gap of understanding: on television and radio news are given in standard German, Swiss German and many politicians bother to participate in romandes emissions. The somewhat ambitious Romands bother to develop knowledge of one or the other dialects, or at least take the trouble to understand and respond in German.
Moreover, according to Nicole Egger, "The increasing mobility in recent years reinforces a mixing phenomenon and led to the emergence of a Dialkt'gmisch, mixing and weakening of the particularities of different dialects" .
History
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These are the Alemanni who have begun to introduce the language Germanic from the end of antiquity. This language has gradually changed to reach the Swiss German.
Language features
Pronunciation
As is standard German is taught as a written language in schools in Swiss German , Swiss German is usually transcribed on the basis of the German alphabet. There is no standardized spelling for the Swiss-German dialect all its own transcript in its own way. Nevertheless, there are certain conventions. The main differences from the pronunciation of standard German are:
Vowels
- a> more closed than in German (something between a and o, but not confused with the latter)
- = en. th (in some regions almost like a very open)
- y i = length (some do not write this letter and ii)
- ie> the vowels are pronounced separately: fr. i-th (as opposed to standard German when I was pronounced as a long i)
- eu (sometimes ua)> pronounced separately: fr. or-E
- Ue (sometimes AU)> pronounced separately: fr. u-
Consonants
- c.> j as Spanish or g Dutch (pronunciation of Amsterdam)
- chs> like the Spanish j + s (ks, not as in standard German)
- k> a k + j the Spanish
- b <> p, d <> t, g <> k are often confused (pronounced rather dull, with a suction much lower than in standard German)
- g = g (hard) or k (but never confused with ch as in standard German)
- gg = k (unaspirated)
- r> in most regions rolled like Spanish or Italian (pronounced as in French among others in Basel and St Gallen ). In all cases, r is clearly pronounced as a consonant, never as a (as in standard German at the end of syllable).
- s> s always, never z
The letter " "is not used, even Schriftdeutsch (it is replaced by ss) .
Words that end in-in standard German generally lose the n-and in some regions (rather Alpine), the final-n may disappear even after consonants (eg. Moore = morn instead of tomorrow, to gaara Garn happy place =). By cons, this n may reappear as liaison consonant when two vowels meet at the border of two words.
Grammar
Swiss German language spoken follows grammatical rules that vary from one dialect to another and are not codified. There are descriptive grammars and the dictionaries , at least for the main variants such as Zurich, the Bern, Basel and Lucerne.
Compared to that of standard German, the Swiss-German grammar is characterized by a certain morphological and syntactic simplification, which has resulted cons strict word order.
Conjugation
Swiss German has four time (future, present, past tense and past compound perfects ). Yet the future is a loan from the German standard and it is rarely used in speech. It is usually replaced by either the combination of this with the particle da (nn), or by a circumlocution like the French "I do" / ga gang ich mache. Compound perfects the past repeats the syntactic functions of a more-than-perfect , but it is generally avoided in situations where the training is perceived as too heavy. The past tense of the standard German is replaced by the always tense.
- Ich wird'll go gah =
- Ich gang go / Goge Vocabulary & Phrases
- Grezi Mitenand! = Hello everybody!
- Grezi wool! = Well hello!
- Uf Wiederlug = Goodbye
- aalug = watch
- ranne = run
- Rschtigraabe = Rstigraben the barrier rosti (which is the cultural border between Switzerland and German speaking Switzerland )
- Grabe = gap
- Veruss = outside
- chrbl = sick (puking, familiar)
- Galed Si (vous) Galle? (tu) = Is not it?
- Glet = Iron
- Donschtig = Thursday
- wescht = ugly
- = Schnauzer mustache
- AA! wie gruusig! = Yuck!
- Rebli = carrot
- = Gwand costume
- schpinn = mad
- iischlaafe = sleep
- Biigwiis = a bunch of ...
- Fink = slipper
- Schtck = stick
- jump gump =
- Huere / boo = very (the final e is pronounced). Is, literally, a relatively common name for a prostitute and is the French "a whore", eg "a fucking mountain" for "great mountain". Can be likened to "really" French.
- Schttler = shake
- trkig = dirty
- graaduus = right (direction)
- Reebok = deer (male)
- Reegiss = deer (female)
- Lti = bell
- Tropf = drop
- Buech = book
- Chtzli = kitten
- Chmi = Fireplace
- Log Chlotz =
- Lueg emol! = Look-see!
- Sag emol! = Hey!
Examples
Here is the pronunciation of some words Swiss German of Zurich.
| Word | German translation | Pronunciation in Zurich |
|---|
| earth | Erde | (~ Erde) |
| sky | Himmel | (~ Himl Notes - Nicole Egger, Hoi! And afterwards, p. 6
- " dialects, Swiss German "in the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland online
- Mimi Steffen, Preface to the French Swiss German Dictionary
- Sergio J. Lievano and Nicole Egger, Hoi! And after ... Survival Manual in Swiss German, P. 5
- (de) "In der Schweiz wird das nicht benutzt, seine Stelle tritt ss year. "Dreyer & Schmitt, Lehr-und deutsche Grammatik of bungsbuch, p.11, Hueber, Mnchen, 2000
- Mimi Steffen, French Swiss German Dictionary , p.156, Ars Linguis, Lucerne , 2006 ( ISBN 978-3-033-01014-7 )
- Ibid, p. 230
- Ibid., p. 125
- Ibid., p. 190
See also Bibliography - Sergio J. Lievano, Nicole Egger, Hoi And after ... Survival Manual in Swiss German, Bergli Books, Basel 2008, ( ISBN 978-3-905252-16-3 )
- Eliane Gerber-Blaser, the Swiss-German pocket. "Schwyzerdtsch" Assimil Collection "Languages of pocket", 220p. 2004, ( ISBN 978-2-7005-0336-4 )
Related articles External Links
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