Muungano wa Tanzania Jamhuri ago (sw)
The United Republic of Tanzania (in)
United Republic of Tanzania (en)
( Flag of Tanzania ) ( Arms of Tanzania )
Motto : Uhuru na Umoja (Freedom and Unity)
Official Languages	Kiswahili , English
Capital	Dodoma 6 11'0 "S 35 44'5" E / -6.18333, 35.73472
Largest city	Dar es Salaam
Form of State	Republic
- President - Prime Minister	Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete Mizengo Pinda
Area - Total - Water (%)	Ranked 31 th 945 087 km 2 6,2
Population - Total ( 2008 ) - Density	Ranked 33 th 40,213,162 inhab. 41.7 inhabitants / km 2
Independence - Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar	the United Kingdom 26 April 1964
Demonym	Tanzanians, Tanzanian
HDI ( 2007 )	0.530 (medium) ( 151st )
Currency	Tanzanian shilling ( TZS )
Time Zone	UTC 3
National anthem	Afrika Mungu ibariki (God bless Africa)
Internet domain	. Tz
Indicative Telephone	+255
Source: The World Factbook

Tanzania, in long form the United Republic of Tanzania and the United Republic of Tanzania, Swahili and in English and is a country in East Africa located bordering the Indian Ocean. It is bounded on the north by Kenya and Uganda to the west by Rwanda , the Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo , south-west by Zambia and Malawi and the south by Mozambique. The country covers 945 087 km ² and has 39,384,223 inhabitants mostly Bantu. Its capital is Dodoma located in the interior but the main economic hub is the former capital Dar es Salaam on the coast. The official languages are Kiswahili and English but the Arabic is spoken especially in the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba.

Tanzania today is born of the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar on 26 April 1964 , shortly after independence respective vis--vis the United Kingdom. She is a member of the Commonwealth since the end of 1961 and the UN since 14 December 1961.

From 1964 until today: the independent Tanzania

Independence and the creation of Tanzania

Julius Nyerere, 4 August 1977.

In 1953, Julius Nyerere , a teacher born in 1922, went through Makerere University in Uganda and Edinburgh in early 1950 to complete his studies, took 31 years as head of the TAA (Tanganyika African Association), that It quickly turns into a real political party - the Tanganyika African National Union ( TANU ) - which seeks independence. This is granted by the United Kingdom on 9 December 1961 , without any violence. Julius Nyerere is a short time Prime Minister, and following the elections of December 1962, became the first president of Tanganyika.

The independence of Zanzibar and Pemba is obtained December 10, 1963. The new state begins to be controlled by party insiders by the British (a coalition of smaller parties PNA and Pemba). But barely a month later, in January 1964, communal tensions simmering for years to overcome, and the party ASP ( Afro-Shirazi Party ), being excluded from power, so long as it has a majority in polls, off a revolution. This caused many casualties in the ranks of Arab and Indian communities. An estimated 10 000 people were massacred on the night of January 11 to 12, 1964 in Zanzibar. Following this reversal, Sheikh Abeid Karume , leader of the ASP, becomes President of the Republic of Zanzibar.

On April 26, 1964, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the United Republic of Tanzania. Nyerere became president of the newly created state, while Abeid Karume , President of Zanzibar remains, becomes vice-president of Tanzania. In fact, even if the union is celebrated with the rest of the country, Zanzibar still retains considerable autonomy. In practice, the Tanzanian central government areas that deals with "national" of politics in Zanzibar: Defense, Interior, Foreign Affairs, while the local government of Zanzibar trafficking issues as education or economics.

The reign of Nyerere: 1964-1985

To accelerate the empowerment of Africans from the Western world, inspired by experiences in communist China, Nyerere is firmly committed to socialist policies. In February 1967, when the Arusha Declaration , it defines the principles and doctrines he wishes to be followed by the country. According to Nyerere's ideal, all this must lead to the creation of an egalitarian, just, united, which finds its own resources the means to self-sufficiency. Education is priority number one. It must be said that there is urgency in this area: Tanzania does at this time that 120 graduates per year.

The first concrete measures for implementing this policy were not long in coming. The main industries and service companies are nationalized, taxes increased to a greater distribution of wealth. This is in terms of agriculture, the main economic sector of the country, the changes are strongest. Called Ujamaa, which is to say cofraternit, village communities are organized along collectivist principles. Financial incentives encourage the formation of cooperatives. The initial results are disappointing, and the first oil shock of 1973 darkens strongly economic prospects. In Zanzibar, the Afro-Shirazi Party's policy is ruthless and totalitarian tendencies openly revolutionary. Arab and Indian properties were nationalized. Some disagreements arise even between Nyerere and Karume, the latter wanting to get closer to the Communist world that the Tanzanian president who seeks him to be struck up relations with the West.

In 1972, Karume was assassinated for reasons that remain somewhat obscure.

During these years, very weakly supported by the West, Tanzania receives aid from China, which wants to increase its share of influence in Africa is. It is with Chinese support that line of railway TAZARA Dar es Salaam to Zambia was built in 1975. It is also modeled on the common Chinese 800 villages that are created group, consisting of populations of different ethnic and tribal origin, and forcibly displaced by truck. It is estimated that 4 years from 1973 to 1976, 9 million people are displaced. This policy, which can not be denied that it allows some mixing between different ethnic groups that make up the Tanzanian population, breaking the marks brutally human and community individuals.

These interventionist policies and utopian provide fewer results. The manufacturing and agricultural decline, the economic planning by the administration is ineffective.

On the political front, parties Nyerere's TANU and ASP come together and merge in 1977 to form the Chama Cha Mapinduzi ( CCM ), that is to say, the party of the Revolution.

Tanzania's relations with its African neighbors, particularly those of northern Uganda and Kenya , will deteriorate over the years. The intentions were good, however since these three countries formed in 1967 the East African Community ( EAC East ) in order to establish long term a common economic market. The first cooperation aimed in particular to standardize the exchange rate policy and currency controls.

But Kenya, rather close to the origin of Western countries, increasingly moving away from Tanzania supported by the Chinese Communists, and the border between these two countries is very closed from 1977 to 1983. Uganda leader Idi Amin , which nurtures ambitions of territorial expansion, accuses its neighbor of Tanzania to host opponents to his regime. Uganda Tanzania attack at the end of 1978 , and invades around Lake Victoria. Tanzanians, with the help of Chinese military equipment, reach, after several months of effort and with heavy casualties, to regain lost territory and occupy even Uganda for almost two years.

The war has cost about 500 million, and early 1980s, with no real industry, with an unproductive agricultural sector, Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world.

The country is sinking into failure, Nyerere began to gradually change its interventionist policy pursued since the mid 60s. With the involvement of more and more of the World Bank and IMF , the financial incentives to collectivist production are partly shifted to an investment for large state farms and roads. In 1984, the possibility of private ownership of means of production and the company appears very gradually liberalized.

1985 to present

In 1985, Nyerere, Mwalimu (teacher), chooses, unlike the custom in most other African heads of state, to withdraw from politics, having still retained the power during 24 years. It's Ali Hassan Mwinyi , then president since 1980 of the archipelago of Zanzibar, who succeeded him. Despite the overwhelmingly negative results of its policy of economic development, Nyerere held until his death in 1999 the esteem of many Tanzanians and part of the international community. He actually recognizes the merit of having laid the foundations of a democratic multi-ethnic.

Ali Hassan Mwinyi accelerates the opening and gradual liberalization of the country. In 1992, it authorizes a multiparty system. In 1995, the first multiparty elections took place, although marred by serious doubts about their fairness. They see the victory of Benjamin William Mkapa , a disciple of Nyerere, who was reelected in 2000. Mkapa is facing many challenges that affect the take-off as expected in the country: economic crisis, AIDS epidemic, influx of refugees fleeing wars in Burundi.

In Zanzibar, the separatist tendencies sometimes emerge, but so far, the Tanzanian Union is preserved. In 1998, attacks target the U.S. embassies in Dar es Salaam and Nairobi in Kenya there are over 250 fatalities and 5000 wounded.

After the December 2005 elections, Jakaya Kikwete is the new president of the republic, the fourth since the creation of Tanzania.

Geography

Tanzania is a country of the southern hemisphere located in East Africa. Its natural boundaries are formed by the Indian Ocean to the east, Mount Kilimanjaro and Lake Victoria to the north, the river Kagera in the north-west, Lake Tanganyika to the west, Malawi in south-west and the river Ruvuma south. It has land borders with Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda and Burundi in the northwest, the Democratic Republic of Congo to the west, Zambia and Malawi in the southwest and Mozambique in the south.

Map of Tanzania

The country is crossed by the Great Rift Valley that runs through the western part of the country from north to south and in which are housed some of the African great lakes : Lake Malawi , Lake Rukwa , Lake Tanganyika , Lake Victoria , Lake Eyasi , Lake Manyara , Lake Natron , etc.. The center of the country consists of a plateau drained by rivers and streams flowing into the Indian Ocean. The coastline of the country consists of a plain coast which faces the Zanzibar archipelago consists of three main islands: Unguja , Pemba and Mafia.

Tanzania has several volcanoes of which only the Ol Doinyo Lengai is still active and another is the culmination of Africa , the Kilimanjaro , with 5895 meters of altitude.

There are many natural parks such as the huge field of Serengeti, Tarangire, Lake Manyara and the stunning crater N'Gorongoro ^(7th natural wonder of the world) where you can have the chance to see lions, elephants , rhinos, cheetahs, leopards, hyenas, jackals, giraffes, hippos, crocodiles, etc. ...

Political and administrative organization

Jakaya Kikwete , current chairman of Tanzania

Tanzania is a republic federal multiparty presidential born on 26 April 1964 from the merger of Tanganyika and Zanzibar which had acceded to independence , respectively, 9 December 1961 and 10 December 1963 after the colonization German and British. The name of Tanzania consists of Tanganyika and Tan zan Zanzibar.

The constitution now adopted on 27 October 1977 , was revised in October 1984.

The President of the Republic , who is also the Head of State, is elected by direct universal suffrage for a term of five years. It appoints the prime minister, who represents the government before the Parliament , and ministers from the members of parliament or among ten unelected.

Parliament, unicameral and has 274 seats, shall adopt the laws applicable to the totality of the Republic or only the 21 regions of mainland ( Mafia Island included), the five areas that comprise the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar may adopt specific laws that have since its own Parliament. Parliamentarians are elected by direct universal suffrage for a term of five years.

The judiciary is substantially more complicated because with five levels combining tribal institutions, Islamic and common law : trial courts, district courts, lectures, High Court and then Court of Appeals.

The recent establishment of the Tanzania Union of two countries always tends to destabilize it, but democracy is preserved thanks to the legacy of its first president, the charismatic Julius Nyerere , who has remained in power thirty years of authoritarian rule without installing or dictatorial. This stability has allowed for example the installation of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in Arusha , to try war criminals during the 1994 Rwandan genocide.

Subdivisions

Tanzania is divided into 26 regions (21 mainland and 5 say say island forming the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar ), themselves divided into 127 districts, also called wilah.

Economy

Food market in Stone Town , Zanzibar City

The economy of Tanzania is in many respects, typical of a developing country : mainly focused on agriculture and mining, it has a basic industrial virtually nonexistent, and uncompetitive. In 2009, agriculture accounted for well over 25% of GNP , over 30% of exports and 70% of jobs. While tourism is a significant and growing source of foreign exchange.

But the country is also very different from most African countries, with a market presence Arabic and Persian on her ribs, trade from the early centuries of the Common Era, and a town, Zanzibar, which for hundreds of years dominate the economy of the entire region. Hub of trade in gold , of ivory and slaves , at the interface of the worlds African , Arab and Indian , the hinterland extends to the African Great Lakes , nearly 1000 km distance. The arrival of Europeans in the wake of Vasco de Gama in the ^fifteenth century does not immediately rule on this issue, even offering them new markets for local food appreciated the cloves.

Bank of Tanzania in Dar es Salaam

The gradual establishment of colonial empires German and British , however, relegates the region outside the main development. The independence in the early 1960's , sees the young United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar (his original name) to turn to an "African socialism" inspired Maoist who quickly proves to be a failure : instead of taking off and modernize the country's economy collapses. The questioning that will follow, from the mid -1980s , gradually lead the country back on the regional economic scene. Liberalization made free in the first years of XXI ^century , coupled with efforts to governance , allows the influx of foreign investors in all sectors of the economy. For the first time in its young history, the chronically underdeveloped countries seems to affect the early dividends from its efforts.

Infrastructure

Transport

The Tanzanian transport routes. Source: OECD
Transportation
Roads (2003)
Tarred	6 808 km
Unpaved	72 083 km
Rail (2006)
3 690 km
Waterways (2007)
Lakes Nyasa , Tanganyika and Victoria , the rivers are not navigable
Ports & Airports (2007)
Cargo port	Dar es Salaam
Airports tarmac	10
- With int'l traffic	4
Unpaved airports	114
Source: World Factbook

Tanzanian transport takes place mainly by road , with a complement of the rail. The road network is poor, however, and few are still ways paved : the rainy season makes many tracks impassable for days or weeks, and the only link between the coast and Lake Tanganyika during this period is railway. The airline is out of reach for the vast majority of the population. It serves mainly the tourist in terms of international connections, and relies on a greater number of tracks of land for regional traffic.

Routes

Carrefour in Moshi

Most roads are paved Tanzania in the east and south-west. In the rest of the country tracks (sometimes gravel) are essentially a network where you can occasionally find sections paved but isolated.

The highway between Cairo and Cape Town (Highway No. 4 on the Pan-African highway network ) enters Tanzania from Kenya through the border town of Tunduma and through Arusha , Dodoma , Iringa and Mbeya before proceeding to Zambia. A large section between a href = "Parc_national_de_Tarangire" alt = "Tarangire National Park"> Tarangire National Park and Iringa is not paved, and can become difficult in case of heavy rain. This is one of the axes of development of major road transport in the near future ^Rail

With 3700 km of railways on four main corridors , Tanzania, compared to some other African countries, well served. Indirect consequence of a climate that can be cruel to the roads, the rail has long been preferred to link the coast to inland. Only the south-east of the country has no rail network and international connections are limited to Zambia , the Uganda and Kenya. Several expansion projects to other neighbors in the study.

Station at Ifakara

The country has two independent companies, the Tanzania Railways Corporation (TRC) and Tazara. The latter operates 1,900 km of track between Dar es Salaam and Kapiri Mposhi in Zambia. The two networks are not connected due to difference in track gauge, but a transshipment center is operating near Morogoro , allowing a single container to travel up to Uganda or Kenya since the South Africa. This section was an important project of British Rail Cape Town to Cairo.

To counteract a chaotic management and sealed by a chronic lack of resources, the two railway companies are being privatized.

Air and Maritime Transport

The country has several ports on the coast and the eastern Great Lakes , but these two regions are not connected, river transportation is nonexistent in the center. Tanzania has a well-established maritime tradition, Zanzibar has for centuries been the port 's most important to the whole African coast of the Indian Ocean , and its hinterland extending to the basin of the Congo. Merchants Swahili were using dhows to trade along the coast , a tradition still alive today.

The ferry lines on the Great Lakes are managed by the national railways of the States bordering the Lake Victoria enjoying the densest traffic. Activity on the Lake Tanganyika has declined because of the war in Congo-Zaire neighbor, but remains a solid commercial traffic between the towns of Kigoma , Bujumbura ( Burundi ) and Mpulungu ( Zambia ), including through the MV Liemba , a former ship war German built in 1913 , sank in 1916 and salvaged (and activity) since 1927.

The national airline, Air Tanzania , connects the major cities and small private operators are beginning to address some of these domestic routes. The three international airports are Dar es Salaam , Kilimanjaro ( Arusha ) and Zanzibar.

Energy

Tanzania has a wide variety of energy sources: biomass , natural gas , hydropower , coal , solar or wind. In fact, most of these resources are not exploited, less than 10% of the population has access to electricity in rural areas, 20% of working time is spent daily to collect wood , which represents nearly 92% of energy. The remainder is divided between petroleum products (<7%) and hydro (<2%).

The national utility, Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO), is responsible for 98% of the electricity produced in the country , mainly through dams, including those Kihansi and Kidatu, which together Both provide nearly 40% of the total. These are unfortunately affected by recurrent drought in recent years, prompting the government to invest more heavily in alternative sources, while only 400 of 3,800 MW of hydroelectric power theoretically available are built: with 11 to 13% annual growth the electricity needs are real and growing.

The thermal energy, mainly managed by two private companies (IPTL and Songas) is based on heavy oil import and, more recently, the exploitation of gas from the Songo Songo reservoir directly connected to a central turbine in Dar es Salaam, a city that consumes about half the national electricity production alone. But the capabilities are being developed: the station Ubungo in Dar es Salaam consumes nearly 300 million m ³ of gas from Songo Songo, and it is expected that demand for it rises up to 900 million m ³ to 2010, notably through the installation of new power plants or conversion of oil-fired plants, as in Mtwara ^, .

Many cities are still dependent on generators diesel aging: in 2004, 18 district capitals were still awaiting their connection. A small amount of energy is imported from Zambia and the Uganda neighboring border towns. Oil, despite various exploration projects in progress, is almost entirely imported: the last refinery in the country, the obsolete plant, closed in 2000. The effort is focused on the quick connect areas that are not so slow deforestation. In this light protection, solar and wind are not exploited, and coal is not used to the full extent of its potential either, especially in industry.

Telecommunications

Changes in the number of fixed telephone lines (beige), mobile (blue) and internet users (red): 1997-2007 * Source: ITU - (*): estimate
Telecommunications and Internet
Telephony
Indicative	+ 255
Number of fixed lines (2006) - Either per 100 inhabitants	157 287 0,40
Number of mobile lines (2006) - Either per 100 inhabitants	5 766 566 14,78
Internet
Field	. Tz
Number of subscribers (2003) - User (2006)	50 000 356 000
Radio Telecommunications
Households with telephone (2004)	9.3%
Households with at least one television (2002)	14.24%
Sources: Almanac ITU , World Factbook

The country acquired in 2003 of a new national policy on telecommunications primarily focused on developing its infrastructure and training of the population in this area . To coordinate policies so far erratic, it shows how much the country has come a long way since the enactment of the prohibition order of electronic equipment and televisions in 1974 . Promulgated by the country's first president, Julius Nyerere , it reflected his view that the presence of television would increase the gap between rich and poor. The first private channel was finally launched in 1994 , seven years before the first broadcast of public service. Liberalization measures waves (radio and TV) of 2001 does not apply elsewhere in Zanzibar, which has no private media (those on the continent still remains accessible). . The lack of professionals with appropriate training, however, made itself felt, and the government is trying to invest specifically in the education sector (including through the creation of the Mosi Institute of Technology, modeled on the modestly- MIT U.S.).

Progress since the early 2000s can be explained among others by the conjunction of two factors:

• sector liberalization (post and telecommunications), which allowed the entry of new players, and therefore new investment. The national operator (TTCL) has also been partially privatized. Administrative procedures were simplified, including the establishment of the Tanzania Investment Centre, a unique window governmental organization;
• establishing a coherent regulatory framework, with two independent authorities for the media and telecommunications, replaced in 2005 by the Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority.

The Tanzanian telecom landscape is anyway extremely unbalanced, with most of the infrastructure and investment still concentrated in the economic capital. Lack of resources is acute, as well as lack of trained personnel: some schools to familiarize students with computer hardware, despite the shortage, give their lectures on computers in wooden or cardboard. When well Similarly, the law provides for the establishment of a universal access policy for the countryside (80% of the population), it is lack of money left in the care of the private sector, often concentrated in urban areas more dense.

Fixed and Mobile

The teledensity of the country is low with less than 15 mobile lines per 100 inhabitants in 2006, but is steadily growing, especially in Dar es Salaam. The network is now in its large majority in number and penetration in urban areas is accelerating.

In 2005, the mainland has changed its licensing system to copy those applied successfully by Malaysia in the late 1990s : a system of "vertical" (the right to operate a network of telecom OR Broadcasting and provide services on it), we went to a "horizontal" approach (the license can own a network of telecommunications and broadcasting, but a separate license is assigned to provide content and services in the network). This reform, the first of its kind on the African continent, has allowed investors to focus on their core business (infrastructure or services) and as many sectors simultaneously. This reform allowed increased foreign direct investment , and should eventually promote the rapid introduction of telephone services through cable television, television by telephone and internet on all available media: the Tanzania is the first African country to have adapted to the phenomenon of technology convergence.

Tanzania Telecommunications Company (TTCL) is the sole provider of fixed access on the continent, his alter ego Zantel, a private company operating from Zanzibar, to gain a foothold in the rest of the country in the short term. TTCL was the situation of monopoly until its partial privatization in 2001 , five mobile operators now share the licenses for the entire country. Consequence of this increased competition, prices of services dropped by more than half in five years. As in most developing countries , lack of infrastructure in a country with low population density greatly promotes the development of mobile telephony: 97% of the population may in theory have access to a wireless network.

The railroad company also filed an application for a license to operate along the line of Dar es Salaam - Mwanza. The country has also been selected for the initiation of a pilot telecenter in Sengerema (near Mwanza). This project, in cooperation with the ITU and UNESCO (and perhaps the FAO and other actors potentially interested), aims to develop a multi-service center capable of coordinating the commercial, agricultural and government.

Internet

The market is dominated by three providers who obtained their license in the first tender in 1996 : the conditions for obtaining boil down to 100,000 dollars in fees, plus 5% royalty on all value added services. The three operators are dependent on international capital, with local participation in the case of Datel (cooperation between Nexus International, an entity belonging to France Telecom and TTCL). The University of Dar es Salaam also has a license, but it (free) is limited to the academic community and it can not do business with the public. ISPs to go through bands for satellite access to the international implementation of Eassy (for East African Submarine Cable System), a submarine cable of 9900 km connecting from the end of 2008 the East African coast to the world should help to lower connection costs.

The cafes are now ubiquitous in the cities, but the government's efforts to expand public access to the Internet have been, at least in the early days, particularly limited impact: the use or the knowledge Network networks remains marginal

Demographics

Demographic changes between 1961 and 2003 (figure in FAO , 2005). Population in thousands.

Tanzania has a population of nearly 40 million. The literacy rate is 69.4% for those over 15 years. https: / / www.cia.gov / library / publications / the-world-factbook / geos / tz.html On the mainland, 99% the population is of African (95% of Bantu split into more than 130 ethnic groups ), the remaining 1% being represented by Asians (260 000), Europeans (20 000) and Arabs (70 000). In Zanzibar , the population consists of a more homogeneous mixture of Africans and Arabs.

Tanzania hosts on its territory more than 500,000 refugees mainly from Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Health

The demographic transition is not yet complete (4.77 children per woman to an infant mortality rate of 69.28%) , this population has a life expectancy of just over 50 years at birth. The total average age is 18 years for women of 18.3 years and for men of 17.8 years. There is a growth rate of 2.091%, life expectancy and growth rate decreased by a high incidence of diseases in general and infectious AIDS in particular (8.8% or 1.6 million ^people, 12th in the world).

Education

A significant minority of the population is illiterate. Spending on education was 2.2% of GDP in 1999. The education and working life are often reserved for men.

Culture

Carved door in Zanzibar

Tanzania is largely influenced by the Swahili culture of Zanzibar. On a more general across the country retains traces of the Arab , which has spread along the caravan routes between the coast and the current Great Lakes countries in the late 19th century. This influence can be spotted in various cultural aspects such as architecture, clothing, and especially religion (one third of the population is Muslim, the other two are Christian and animist). Since the introduction of economic liberalism in the mid-1980s and the democratization of political life in the 1990s, large cities are also subject to a westernization on highly visible in the choice of dress and musical tastes.

The two official languages are Kiswahili or Swahili (Kiunguja called Zanzibar) and English but there are other common languages such as Arabic or Gujarati , the latter spoken by communities from the Indian subcontinent. The country has over 120 ethnic groups, each retaining its own language. We note however that the influence of Kiswahili has contributed to a weakening of the weight of local languages. This is especially noticeable in urban areas, where we witness the birth of the first generation of Tanzanians not only mastering the languages of their countries, Kiswahili.

Mosque of Moshi

The religions are the most represented Christianity (40%), the Islam (35%), and animism (25%). 99% of the population of Zanzibar is Muslim. The strong growth of Pentecostal churches is a recent development.

Many women do not work and are housewives. However, many contribute to household income through informal work, such as food vendors on the street (mama NTILE in Kiswahili ).

Codes

Tanzania has the code:

• EAT , according to the list of international codes of plates ,
• TAN , according to the list of country codes IOC ,
• TZ , according to the standard ISO 3166-1 (list of country codes), code alpha-2
• . Tz , according to the list of names of Internet domains,
• TZA , according to the standard ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 (list of country codes)
• TZN , according to the list of country codes used by NATO , code alpha-3,

See also

Bibliography

• Baroin Catherine and Franois Constantin (ed.), Contemporary Tanzania, Karthala, Paris, IFRA, Nairobi, 1999, 359 p. ( ISBN 2-86537-912-4 )
• Tanzania & Zanzibar (translated to English by Catherine Ianco et al.) Gallimard, Paris, 2009, 344 p. ( ISBN 978-2-74-242502-0 )

Filmography

• (In) Thesis hands, film-Flora M'Mbugu Schelling, CNC, Paris, 2008, 46 '(DVD)
• (En) Land of the dhows, film and Montagnana Serge Emmanuel Pons, University of La Reunion, 2006, 21 '(DVD)
• (En) Darwin's Nightmare , a film by Hubert Sauper, Ad Vitam, Paris, MK2 ed., 2008, 138 '(DVD)

External Links

Tanzania category directory dmoz

• www.tanzania.eu

References and notes

• (In) The World Factbook - Tanzania

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