The 1990 covers the period from ¹January 1990 to 31 December 1999.

At geopolitics , the 1990s were marked by the collapse of the Soviet bloc and the end of the Cold War. In both these countries in the West, this event accelerates the decline of ideology Communist and sees a large number of countries to convert to liberalism. The People's Republic of China opened to international trade and foreign investment. This redefinition of the balance of power leads to the emergence of globalization and the establishment of a "new world economic order" ^Events

The Gulf War.

Genocide in Rwanda.

• Fall of the USSR
• The former communist countries of Central Europe and Eastern begin their transition to a capitalist economy.
• Kuwait war (1990-1991) also known as Gulf War or Gulf War if you count the Iran-Iraq
• Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro ( 1992 )
• Yugoslav wars
• Rwanda genocide
• Wars in Chechnya
• Oklahoma City bombing (1995)
• Liberian civil war (1989-1996)
• Kyoto Protocol ( 1997 )
• First Global Forum of water Marrakech ( 1997 )
• Civil war in Sierra Leone
• Algerian civil war between the state's Islamist opposition, known as "Black Decade".

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

The historic logo, designed by Robert Cailliau , the World Wide Web.

• World Wide Web
• Deployment of ERP in enterprises
• Linux
• Digital convergence (sound, image, video, telephony and TV signal, etc.).
• Cloning of the sheep Dolly 5 July 1996 in Scotland
• Popularization of mobile phone (or mobile)
• Discovery of the first exoplanet
• Spread of micro-computers in homes Western

Culture

Music

Acid Jazz

Also known as groove jazz, acid jazz is a musical style that combines jazz influences with elements from soul music, funk, disco and hip-hop and whose flagship artists like Jamiroquai.

Rock

The 1990s were marked by the explosion of a new genre , called grunge. Appeared in the late 1980's in Seattle , led the label Sub Pop , grunge is a subgenre of alternative rock with sounds from the indie rock of hardcore punk and heavy metal. It is recognizable by an aggressive rhythm, the riffs and catchy lyrics focused on the rebellion.

Grunge became popular with the unexpected release of the album Nevermind the group Nirvana , who takes the lead in disc sales. In its wake the media, other groups in the region as Pearl Jam , Soundgarden and Alice in Chains become famous. These artists seem to be the bearers of a new movement conformist (as was once the punk ), in which teens from around the world will come together.

This tidal-cultural tide will end in 1994 after the suicide of Kurt Cobain , singer and guitarist of Nirvana. Nevertheless, his influence will continue to exist throughout the post-grunge , which occupy a large part of the production rock contemporary. With grunge, alternative rock will gain importance with groups as diverse as Faith No More , Foo Fighters , Rage Against the Machine , Red Hot Chili Peppers , REM , Smashing Pumpkins and Stone Temple Pilots.

This new climate favors the emergence of Britpop in the UK. This term also refers to marketing young bands drawing inspiration from old English rock with a more inspired pop. The leaders of this new movement are typically British Blur , Oasis and Radiohead. These three groups are flooding the Western world since the mid-1990s, and will be followed by other hits like formations Suede , Supergrass and The Verve.

The general public attending the democratization of the metal through two innovative sub-genres: the bare metal with Deftones and Korn , as well as the industrial metal with Nine Inch Nails and Marilyn Manson. More generally, the "big sound" takes place in numerous productions of discs. In settings more undergrounds , the advent of black metal in Scandinavia will be triggered by the murder of Euronymous ( Mayhem ) by Varg Vikernes ( Burzum ).

At the end of this eventful decade, punk resurfaced as pop punk , led by groups in California such as The Offspring and Blink-182.

DJ

The new wave gives way to the house , from techno and trance. Only trucks that are kind of Depeche Mode , Erasure , New Order , Pet Shop Boys , The Cure and Simple Minds take their game internationally. As for U2 , he turned to a sound decidedly more rock.

Electronic music was popularized in nightclub and rave party through various underground movements. The acid house and new beat gives way to clubs and raves in the tech , who was born in Detroit (U.S.) in the studios of Kevin Saunderson , Juan Atkins and Derrick May and trance , more melodious, synthetic and rhythmic, born in Germany and jointly on the beaches of Goa (India) in the early 1990s.

Techno same becomes harder with the artists from the underground as Manu le Malin , Micropoint and heralds the advent of hardcore and especially hardtek which has since played regularly in rave or free party. The dance , electronic music, light is always present on the radio and in the disco side of the house , cataloged as music clubs while the jungle and drum and bass , from the reggae , the reggae and dub , explode in the underground clubs of London. Birth of groups known electro as Daft Punk , The Prodigy , Chemical Brothers , Fatboy Slim.

Appearance of motion trip-hop and music lounge , more "trippy", as the ambient or downtempo : Massive Attack , Portishead , Moby and others.

Hip-hop

Popularization and the golden age of rap and movement hip-hop , including 2Pac , Dr. Dre , Mobb Deep , Snoop Dogg , The Notorious BIG for gangsta rap and Cypress Hill , Eminem , LL Cool J , Nas , Puff Daddy , The Fugees , Wu Tang Clan.

In France include Arsenium , Assassin , Fonky Family , IAM , NTM , Sector .

R & B

Creation of New Jack Swing and contemporary R'n'B , then called for its creation in 1994, Hip Hop, and the beginnings of Neo-soul. Notable artists of the decade: Mariah Carey (Artist of the decade), Michael Jackson , Boyz II Men , Mary J. Blige , TLC , En Vogue , Blackstreet , Jodeci , Bobby Brown , Brandy , Destiny's Child , Erykah Badu , D'Angelo , Maxwell , Babyface , Brian McKnight , Faith Evans , or Aaliyah.

Popular Artists

See also category: music band of the 1990s.

Cinema

• Films winners Oscars are: Dances with Wolves (1990), The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Unforgiven (1992), Schindler's List (1993), Forrest Gump (1994), Braveheart (1995), The English Patient (1996), Titanic (1997), Shakespeare in Love (1998) and American Beauty (1999)
• The 15 most lucrative films of the decade are (in descending order): Titanic , Star Wars Episode I , The Lost World: Jurassic Park , Independence Day , The Lion King , Forrest Gump , The Sixth Sense , Armageddon , Mom I missed the plane! , Pulp Fiction , Ghost , Twister , "Saving Private Ryan , Pretty Woman , Matrix , Mission: Impossible , Dances with Wolves , The Mummy and The Bodyguard .
• The movie Titanic becomes a cultural phenomenon worldwide, and the most lucrative film of all time with revenues around 1.8 billion worldwide. He held this record for about a decade until 2010 when the same director James Cameron made another film that took the title, the latter being Re .
• The films produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios became popular again when the studio again to turn animated movies and music traditional family (however, the films took on a darker emotional theme); this era was known as the Renaissance of Disney.

• See the list of French films released in the 1990s.

Actors

Directors

• Michael Bay
• Luc Besson
• James Cameron
• Wes Craven
• Bobby and Peter Farrelly
• David Fincher
• David Lynch
• John McTiernan
• Steven Spielberg
• Oliver Stone
• Quentin Tarantino
• Gus Van Sant
• John Woo

Video Games

Console PlayStation , released in mid 1990.

The game is going to experience a strong explosion in the 90s, and increasingly open to the general public, including release of Sega Saturn and Sony Playstation followed by the Nintendo 64 , consoles capable of displaying full games 3D. Nintendo and changes in its Game Boy have also contributed to this success.

The game is becoming a common hobby, and it was during this decade it will really start to settle in every household. The 2000s mark an even more accelerated growth for the industry.

Economy and Society

Retreating glaciers in New Zealand over 10 years of 1990 to 2000 : the accelerations taken by this phenomenon leading to incongruous to the end of eternal snow , they bring a keen interest on issues of contemporary effects as those of climate change earlier on humanity.

World

Global: Passing data to 2000 (Y2K)

Europe

• Inflation has broken into France in the 1990s.
• From 1991, the former USSR fell into economic depression. Each republic is folded upon itself and carry out exchanges with its neighbors as barter economic space becomes fragmented, number of production declining about 10%. Inflation begins to reach staggering levels. Power, paralyzed, afraid to take necessary economic measures.
• Dissociation of Yugoslavia , wars in Yugoslavia.

Africa

• After the collapse of the communist bloc, the ODA to Africa fell from 14.7 billion in 1990 to 10 billion in 2000.

• Genocide in Rwanda in 1994.

• Fall of the regime of apartheid in South Africa and the independence of Namibia.

• Progression and repression of Islam , first in Algeria and other Maghreb countries.

Middle East and Arab world

• The Egypt benefits from its involvement in the Gulf War. The United States erased much of the military and civil debt. The regime launched a broad program of liberalization, privatization and openness to foreign capital. The IMF and World Bank push Egypt to liquidate the public sector of the economy. The first measure was an easing of the load control. The growth rate is 4% in early 1990. National income is unevenly distributed, however, and the unemployment rate is around 20% of the workforce. Much of the population lives on the subsidized prices of commodities and on family solidarity. Diverts money from emigrants working are also living much of the population.
• The Syria benefits from the Gulf War on the economic and receives various aids. Hafez el-Assad maintained a policy of openness to private investment.

Asia & India

• In the 1990s, the economy of North Korea receives successive shocks: the USSR, then Russia, cease to supply energy at preferential prices, with China requires the payment of its supplies to global rates ; floods devastated areas less well maintained.
• Decline in growth in Japan. The Nikkei index in 1991 reached a record 38,000. At the same time property prices increase unreasonably. A financial bubble is created in Japan in a partially autonomous. Once profitability prospects dissipate, it bursts. The Nikkei collapses, and oscillates between 14 000 and 18 000. The 90 are then for Japan's worst known in terms of economic growth since the end of World War II.

Americas

• End of the recession in the United States.
  • Growth in the U.S. economy,
  • Implementation of the principles of the knowledge economy ( Paul Romer ).

• Collapse of governments Progressive Conservatives of Kim Campbell and Brian Mulroney and the early reign of 13 years of Liberal Party of Canada ( 1993 Canadian federal election ).

• Referendum on the sovereignty of Quebec from Canada by the separatists lost by 1% ( 1995 Quebec referendum ).

• Russia ends in the 1990s to favorable economic conditions earlier with Cuba (purchase of sugar at a price advantageous sale of oil and equipment at preferential rates). The United States maintains its embargo, and Cuba's economy, undermined by the incompetence of its leaders, collapsed. The Castro regime is compelled to make concessions without giving up the party system and suppression of dissent.

• Map of Economy Minister Cavallo against inflation by Argentina ( 1991 ): substantial reduction of tariffs, massive privatization, tax reform to increase revenue and reduce expenditures, full convertibility of the austral dollar fixed rate (in 1992, the new peso is worth a dollar), prohibiting the central bank to finance budget deficits by money creation, end of wage indexation and financial contracts. With the Cavallo plan, inflation fall from 800% per annum in 1990 to less than 5% in 1995-a rate still too high for a peso pegged to the dollar, resulting in a deterioration of the balance of current accounts, an increase unemployment, slower growth is very noticeable from 1995. The following year, Menem returns Cavallo.

Religion

In 1992 , the results of the study commission on Ptolemeo-Copernican controversy of the sixteenth and seventeenth ^century are presented by Cardinal Paul Poupard. John Paul II made a speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences to honor Galilee and recognize the mistakes committed by most theologians in the ^seventeenth century in the condemnation of Galileo (see repentance of the Church ).

Significant Figures

Internal link

• 1990s in France

References

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