See also: List of centuries , Roman numerals

The ^twelfth century begins ¹ January 1101 and ends on 31 December 1200.

Location of regional authorities Eurasia at the turn of 1200 , the eve of the Mongol conquests.

America

• The Thule ( 1,100 - 1600 ) American arctic (the whalers) is spreading eastward, overlooking the area of Greenland to Siberia, Eastern. The Inuit are the modern heirs of this culture.
  • Special Equipment fishing whale with snow probes and devices to prevent slipping. Sedentary lifestyle, hunting marine mammals, primarily whales.

Africa

• The Bambara settled in the region of Segou. They are submitted by their neighbors in Mali and the Songhai to the ^seventeenth century.
• Civilization of Ife in south-west of the current Nigeria ^(XII - XV ^century ), remarkable for its carved heads in bronze and terra cotta representing oni (counts).
• On the coast of Zanj ( Tanzania ) Kilwa takes precedence over other Arab or Persian cities until the ^fourteenth century.
• The Arabs of Sofala , submitted by Kilo, are related to the kingdom Shona of Makaranga ("Son of the Sun") in Zimbabwe ( Monomotapa to 1450 ). They buy their gold, ivory and slaves.
• The tribe of Beni Saad , a native of Arabia , settled in Morocco to the ^twelfth century.

Asia

• Polonnaruwa replaced Anuradhapura as the capital of Ceylon.
• In Japan , the Genpei War marked the end of the Heian era and the beginning of the Kamakura period.
• Mongolia : From the ^eleventh century , the early embryos of Mongolian States have emerged, like the Mongols Khamag in the basins of the Onon and Kerulen. During the ^twelfth century, according to legend, Qadou was the first head of Mongolian tribe wants to create a powerful state. It regulates many of the neighboring tribes. His great-grand-son, Kabul , which would have carried the title of Khan or Khagan, will be the first to challenge the dynasty Djrchet. First vassal of Jin , he will go to court in Beijing, then come into conflict with them ( 1135 ).
• Party in the twelfth ^century in Central Asia, the Spanish explorer Benjamin de Tudela is the first Westerner to mention Tibet "in which forests are home to this beast that provides musk .
• At the beginning of the century, Korea , the stability of Kory is questioned. Powerful aristocratic families struggling against the throne to control the region, while the Manchu dynasty Jin exerts external pressure, causing reactions divided by a power become uncertain.

Oceania and Pacific

• New Zealand :
  • Rich Graves Mori archaic site Wairau Bar in the northern South Island. They reflect a hierarchical society to inheritance ("bottles" in waters made with eggshells moa bones necklaces carved whale teeth, shark teeth, polished stone adzes, fish hooks and harpoons of bone , etc..).
  • System boundaries of fields and ditches to keep the sweet potatoes found in the North Island (c. 1100 ).

Middle East

• At the beginning of the century, David IV hunts Turks and restores the kingdom of Georgia.
• Crusades : the second ( in 1146 - 1 149 ), third ( one thousand one hundred and eighty-seven - 1,192 ) fourth ( 1198 - in 1204 )

Europe

• 48 million people in Europe. Favourable climatic conditions lead to the formation of new settlements and deforestation. The population is growing. It builds cathedrals.

• In 1115 : founding of the Abbey of Clairvaux by Bernard of Clairvaux.
• From 1120 to 1190 or so, develops a great period of discovery of the Arabic science (arithmetic, algebra, astronomy, medicine, chemistry) Al Khwarizmi, Avicenna, Al-Gazali, and Greek authors, especially Aristotle (Aristotle's comments by Avicenna , Organon , metaphysics , logic), Euclid , Ptolemy.

• Roger II of Sicily develops science at Palermo : in 1154 , the geographer Al-Idrisi produced a world map.
• Proliferation of mills and water appeared at windmills. Peak of deforestation. First charter franchise ( Lorris in Gtinais and Beaumont in Argonne ), which provide farmers freedoms. They codify the practice, specify the duties of dependents they remove the toughest requirements.
• The first arms appear about 1130 and use became widespread during this century.
• Building castles in Western Europe.
• Construction of the largest Italian castle, the castle of Vicenza.
• English Civil War (1135-1154).
• In the twelfth ^century the tribes Lithuanian are fighting against the Kures and Lives to try to reach the Baltic they are open and cons of the Russian principalities inside.
• ¹ March 1146 : Pope Eugenius III called the Second Crusade.
• 1187 : Pope Gregory VIII called for the Third Crusade.
• 1198 : Pope Innocent III called the Fourth Crusade that ends in the early ^thirteenth century.

Art and culture

Architecture

• Appearance of the art Gothic in Western Europe and the Middle East where it is imported by the Crusaders , we begin to build basilicas or cathedrals , first in Ile de France : Saint-Denis Basilica , Notre Dame Noyon , Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Laon , Notre-Dame de Paris.
• Appearance of the first buildings of stone and brick to Ceylon in Polonnaruwa.
• Construction stavkirke (stave churches) in Norway from the ^twelfth century to 1350.
• Construction of the Koutoubia in Marrakesh , the Hassan Tower in Rabat and the Giralda in Seville , three masterpieces of art and Almohad Almoravid.

Literature and Language

• Etymological dictionary of David Kimhi , Jew of Narbonne (XII ^century).
• Movement goliards or vagants clerics over the ^twelfth and ^thirteenth centuries in Western Europe. These are often students who engage in "intellectual vagrancy," clerics "escaped" from the binding order of society, artists, poets and clowns. By their lifestyle, they criticize the established order, primarily the church and are anti-military.

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

• In Europe between 1120 and 1190, second wave, the most important, the introduction of Arabic science and technology in the West (Toledo, Palermo , Pisa , Rome , Venice ): mathematics, astronomy , geography , algebra, medicine, chemistry, pharmacy, mechanical (hydraulics, hoists), architecture, music ...

Philosophy

• Introduction of Greek Philosophy: Aristotle and many others.

Science

Introduction of Greek science and Arab-Muslim:

• Geometry ( Euclid ).
• Geography (from Ptolemy ): Description of the world.
• Geography : world map of geographer Arab Al-Idrisi , a synthesis between the data of Greek science and notions of Arab travelers, conducted in 1154 for King Roger II of Sicily.
• Medicine : Galen , Hippocrates , etc..

Technical navigation

• Invention of magnetic compass to 1100,

Techniques

• Horseshoe.
• Introduction of Collier shoulder (or collar harness), known in China, enables the development of agriculture.
• Introduction of the bracket in the West (known in China around 200 BC. - 200 AD.).
• Appearance of plows wheel (plgr) in Scandinavia, attested in the archaeological excavations from the twelfth ^century. They replace the crude plows (ardhr) used since prehistoric times.
• Use west of hoists sites cathedrals (top sites from 1137 to 1180).

Technologies (in China )

• Canon.
• Gunpowder.
• Development of the iron industry (industrial revolution).

Music

• Polyphony in music (School of Notre Dame).
• Introduction of the lute , the psaltery , small cymbals , and the lyre with three strings (the Arabs).
• Invention of the musical staff , improvement over the horizontal line introduced by Guido d'Arezzo in the ^eleventh century.

Significant Figures

Political Leaders

• Philippe Auguste ( 1 165 - one thousand two hundred twenty-three ), king of France,
• Roger II of Sicily ( 1095 - 1,154 ), first Norman king of Sicily, made with advanced geography Al-Idrisi ,
• Saladin ( Mesopotamia , 1138 - Damascus , 1193 ), sultan of Egypt , winner of the Crusaders at Hattin reconquered Jerusalem ,
• Genghis Khan (ca 1155 - 1227 ), Great Khan of the Mongol empire.

Writers

Show:

• French writers born in the twelfth ^century
• Italian writers born in the twelfth ^century

Scientists

• Omar Khayyam ( one thousand and forty-eight - in 1131 ), astronomer Persian
• Al-Idrisi (ca 1100 , between 1164 and 1180 ), geographer and botanist Arab, who worked at Palermo for King Roger II of Sicily , author of a world map ( 1154 ).

Religious

• Suger ( 1080 or 1081 - 1151 ) clergyman and statesman French, behind the Basilica of Saint-Denis , the first Gothic basilica.
• Peter Abelard (1079-1142)
• Bernard of Clairvaux ( one thousand and ninety - 1 153 ), founder of the Abbey of Clairvaux , develops the Cistercian order (1115),

Philosophers and theologians

• Peter Abelard ( 1,079 - 1142 ), one of the founders of scholasticism
• Gerard of Cremona (ca 1114 , ca 1187 ), translator of Greek works and Arab ( Ptolemy , Aristotle , Al-Kindi , Al-Razi ...)
• Averroes ( 1126 - 1,198 ), Muslim philosopher,
• Maimonides ( 1 135 - 1204 ), Jewish philosopher and theologian.

See also

• Renaissance of the twelfth ^century

References

• Time portal
• Portal of the Central Middle Ages

Leave a Reply

Frequently Asked Questions