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Twentieth Century

Millennium:

^First Millennium ^Second Millennium ^Third Millennium
Centuries:
XIX ^century XX ^century XXI ^century

The twentieth ^century of the Common Era began on ¹ January 1901 and ends on 31 December 2000.

Summary

/ / Calendar

List of decades and years of the twentieth ^century

Decades:

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Years:

1901 1902 1903 1904 1905
1906 1907 1908 1909 1910

1911 1912 1913 1914 1915
1916 1917 1918 1919 1920

1921 1922 1923 1924 1925
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930

1931 1932 1933 1934 1935
1936 1937 1938 1939 1940

1941 1942 1943 1944 1945
1946 1947 1948 1949 1950

1951 1952 1953 1954 1955
1956 1957 1958 1959 1960

1961 1962 1963 1964 1965
1966 1967 1968 1969 1970

1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Types Table of years

Year period 1900-1999
expressed in letters Sunday
Decades	... 0	... 1	... 2	... 3	... 4	... 5	... 6	... 7	... 8	... 9
190 ...	G	F	E	D	CB	A	G	F	ED	C
191 ...	B	A	GF	E	D	C	BA	G	F	E
192 ...	DC	B	A	G	FE	D	C	B	AG	F
193 ...	E	D	CB	A	G	F	ED	C	B	A
194 ...	GF	E	D	C	BA	G	F	E	DC	B
195 ...	A	G	FE	D	C	B	AG	F	E	D
196 ...	CB	A	G	F	ED	C	B	A	GF	E
197 ...	D	C	BA	G	F	E	DC	B	A	G
198 ...	FE	D	C	B	AG	F	E	D	CB	A
199 ...	G	F	ED	C	B	A	GF	E	D	C

Events

1912 : Sinking of the Titanic. Drawing by Willy Stwer

From a historical perspective, historians are beginning the ^twentieth century in 1914 (beginning of the First World War ). As to determine historically the end of the century, several dates are available:

9 November 1989 : the fall of the Berlin Wall.
26 December 1991 : dissolution of the USSR.

These two dates are close in time and on the geopolitical front, marked the end of the Cold War , which began shortly after the end of the Second World War between, on one hand, the United States of America and its allies and on the other, the USSR and its allies.

September 11, 2001: Terrorist attacks in the United States.

From a political standpoint, the twentieth ^century is characterized in its first half by two world wars ( World War between 1914 and 1918 ; Second World War between 1939 and 1945 ) and, from that date, by clashes between two ideological superpowers: the United States and the USSR , which lead to the dissolution of the USSR on 26 December 1991.

Rivalries between European powers led to their decay; also the necessities of decolonization in the second half of the century, have led European countries to reach agreement through the process of European construction.

From an economic perspective, the monetary and financial crises have increased, compounded by higher oil prices and the emergence of risk green. The summits of the earth trying to establish global governance.

Before 1914

Between 1914 and 1945

First World War ( one thousand nine hundred and fourteen - 1918 )
Armenian genocide , beginning in 1915.
Russian Revolution ( 1917 )
Between the two world wars.
the birth of communism with the Third International
Great Depression ( 1929 )
Rise of Fascism.
- Benito Mussolini , March on Rome ( 1922 )
Spanish Civil War ( 1 936 - one thousand nine hundred and thirty-nine )
Invasion of Manchuria.
Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).
Seizure of power by Hitler in 1933.
Creating the Third Reich , rise of Nazism , Third Reich's rearmament.
Second World War ( one thousand nine hundred and thirty-nine - 1 945 )
- Invasion of France (May-June 1940)
- The German army invaded the USSR (June 1941)
- Normandy invasion (June 1944)
- Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ( 1945 )
Holocaust.

Between 1945 and 1973

The first step of Neil Armstrong on the moon in 1969.

The wars in Indochina ( 1 945 - 1954 ) of Korea ( 1.95 thousand - one thousand nine hundred and fifty-three ), between India and Pakistan.
The creation of the State of Israel ( 1948 )
Death of Joseph Stalin ( 1953 )
The war boom ( one thousand nine hundred forty-five - one thousand nine hundred and seventy-three )
The European construction.
The Decolonization.
The Cold War.
the Budapest insurrection ( 1956 )
The war in Algeria - ( in 1954 - 1962 )
The war in Biafra ( in 1967 - one thousand nine hundred seventy ), war in Mozambique , in Angola , in Congo , in Liberia
The Decolonization ( 1960 )
The Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 )
The assassination of John F. Kennedy ( 1963 )
The Vietnam War ( one thousand nine hundred sixty-four - in 1975 )
Greece, Dictatorship of the Colonels ( 1967 - in 1973 )
The green revolution with the growth of agricultural resources and the decline of famine
The economic growth.
- German economic miracle
- Japanese economic miracle
The conquest of space.
- First artificial satellite ( 1957 )
- First Man in Space ( 1961 )
- First Man on the Moon ( 1969 )

Assassination of Martin Luther King ( 1968 )
The Prague Spring ( 1968 )
May 1968

Between 1973 and 2000

Wars in the Middle East : Kippur ( 1973 )
First oil shock ( 1973 )
Death of Salvador Allende ( 1973 )
Resignation of Richard Nixon ( Watergate , 1974 )
Death of General Franco ( 1975 ) in Spain , end of dictatorship and the beginning of the democratic transition ( 1975 - 1982 )
Seveso disaster ( 1976 )
Iranian Revolution ( 1979 )
Second oil shock ( 1979 )
Iran-Iraq War : ( in 1979 - one thousand nine hundred and eighty-eight )
First peaks of the earth :
- The Earth Summit in Stockholm ( 1972 )
- The Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro ( 1992 )
Bhopal ( 1984 )
Chernobyl disaster ( 1986 )
The fall of the Berlin Wall ( 1989 ) and the collapse of the Soviet regimes in Eastern Europe
The overcrowding World , the world population exceeding 6 billion people.
Multiplication of currency and financial crises
End of Apartheid ( one thousand nine hundred forty-six - 1986 - 1991 )
Dissolution of the USSR ( 1991 )
Gulf War ( 1990 - one thousand nine hundred and ninety-one )
Genocide in Rwanda ( 1994 )
Wars in Yugoslavia ( 1991 - 2001 )
Two storms exceptional 26 and 28 December 1999 , hurricane Lothar
Y2K ( Year 2000 bug )

Personalities significant

Politicians

Natural Sciences

Albert Einstein , Kurt Godel , John von Neumann , Niels Bohr
Henri Poincar , mathematician and physicist,
Maurice Allais , economist and physicist,
Marie Curie , chemist and physicist,
Max Planck , physicist
Francis Crick , a chemist and biologist,
Jacques Monod , Francois Jacob , biologists, geneticists,
Maud Menten , biochemist,
Konrad Lorenz , ethologist,
Linus Pauling , a chemist,
Johannes Diderik van der Waals , Physicist,
Erwin Schrdinger , physicist,

Industrial

Mathematicians and computer scientists

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Famous People in IT

Some key figures:

Economists

Maurice Allais
Milton Friedman ,
Friedrich Hayek ,
John Maynard Keynes ,
Simon Kuznets , inventor of the gross domestic product

Explorers and airmen

Main article: List of ace.

Writers

Main article: List of French-language writers in chronological order.

Linguists

Leopold Sedar Senghor ( in 1906 - two thousand and one ), first person speaking non-French nationality at birth entry to the French Academy , Vice-President of the High Council of the Francophonie , the first African holder of aggregation: in grammar (1935).
Grevisse Maurice ( 1895 , 1980 ), author of the reference grammar Le Bon Usage

Philosophers

Main article: Philosophers, in chronological order.

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin Psychology and Psychoanalysis

Artists , painters

Stage Directors ( Theater )

Main article: List of directors.

Cinema

Actors

Directors

Composers

Alban Berg , Bela Bartok , Luciano Berio , Pierre Boulez , Benjamin Britten , John Cage , Claude Debussy , Philip Glass , Gustav Mahler , Olivier Messiaen , Luigi Nono , Carl Orff , Maurice Ravel , Steve Reich , Erik Satie , Arnold Schoenberg , Dmitri Shostakovich , Karlheinz Stockhausen , Richard Strauss , Igor Stravinsky , Edgar Varese , Anton Webern.

Singers and bands

Edith Piaf , Michel Berger , Daniel Balavoine , Johnny Hallyday , Yves Montand , Georges Brassens , Jacques Brel , Charles Aznavour , Serge Gainsbourg , Dalida , Celine Dion , Renaud
Elvis Presley , Michael Jackson , James Brown , Frank Sinatra , Bob Dylan , The Beatles , The Rolling Stones , The Who , Pink Floyd , Jimi Hendrix , Bob Marley , The Sex Pistols , Led Zeppelin , Black Sabbath , Queen , AC / DC , Kiss , Madonna , U2 , Metallica , Iron Maiden , Guns N 'Roses , Blur , Oasis , The Scorpions Nirvana

Religious

Inventions, discoveries, technological advances

Economy

Invention of the gross domestic product by Simon Kuznets

Astrophysics

The radio telescopes and space telescopes ;
New theories cosmological ( expanding universe );
Understanding the life cycle of stars ;
The discovery of celestial bodies ( quasars , pulsars , black holes, ...
The discovery of the nature of the physical planets (after the stars)

The development of broadcasting
- The transistor ;

The development of the film :
- Talkies,
- Color;
- Panoramic rooms, Dolby ...

The Telecommunications :
- The radar
- The artificial satellites for telecommunications
- Telephone exchanges
- Mobiles

The television :
- Black and white;
- Color;
- Digital;
- Camcorders.

Chains and their high fidelity components

Information Theory
- Claude E. Shannon is often considered the father of information theory : in 1948 he published a two-part article, A Mathematical Theory of Communication;
- This article was taken in 1949 in book form with the addition of Warren Weaver. This book is centered around the issue of transmission of information from a transmitter to a receiver.
- See articles Communication and use of theories of Ivan Pavlov (classical conditioning, Pavlov's dog ) in these theories;
- In these publications, Shannon popularized the use of the word bits to represent the basic element of a source of digital information.

Applications of information theory:
- The computer ;
- The development of information processing : computer languages , software , software engineering workshops
- The micro-computer
- The networks : Intranet , Extranet , Internet ;
- The archiving of electronic information.

Sciences

The discovery of the structure of DNA in genetics;
The development of ecology today.

Geology

The tectonic plates.

Transportation

In aviation , the Wright brothers made the first flights approved after Clement Ader ;
Industries aeronautical ;
Industries Aerospace.

Art and culture

Dadaism ;
Development of mass culture.

Painting

Music and dance

The music of the 20th century are diverse:

Jazz (approximately 1910 to present);
Ballet of the twentieth ^century ;
Harpsichordists twentieth ^century ;
Modern music ;
Contemporary music ;
Rock (1950s-present), separated into several categories, including rock 'n' roll and hard rock ;
The rock gave birth to heavy metal ;
Pop (1960 to present);
Hip hop (1970-present);
Electronic music (1950s-present).

Literature

See: Literature of the twentieth ^century ;
Appearance of the cartoon , for a wide audience.

Cinema

The Blum-Byrnes Agreement ( 1946 ) authorizes the distribution of American films in French cinemas.

Religion

At the conference Seelisberg in 1947 , representatives of Jewish, Protestant and Catholic examine the causes of antisemitism. The historian Jules Isaac is involved.

Second Vatican Council , opened by Pope John XXIII in 1962 , and closed by Pope Paul VI in 1965.
Paul VI proclaims the principle of collegiality among the bishops and the Pope , he continued to enjoy legal superiority.
In its constitution Gaudium et Spes , the Church acknowledges its past mistakes, advocates an economic development in the service of man , condemn war and preaches brotherhood universal and reaffirms its commitment to the sanctity of marriage and family , and that property right.
the Church turns to other religions , recognizes that she is not alone in holding the truth , claims religious freedom for all, denounced the anti-Semitism and the innocent Jews , taken collectively, the death of Christ. The inter-religious dialogue is the subject of the declaration Nostra Aetate of Paul VI on October 28 1965.
The liturgy has changed, particularly the reference to " pro perfidis Iudaeis "(for Jews traitors) in the liturgy of Good Friday is removed, the Latin is abandoned, the priest says the Mass in the vernacular , facing the crowd.
The clerics are allowed to retire at age 75. The Curia was reformed, the secretary of state plays a dominant role. The Holy Office was replaced by a Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and the index is deleted.
In 1978 , Karol Wojtyla was elected pope under the name John Paul II. This is the first pope non-Italian since 1522 and the first Polish pope. During his pontificate, the third longest in the history of Christianity, he made numerous trips, visiting 129 countries. It is believed that his action helped to block the road peacefully many ideologies , primarily the communism in his homeland. He pays close attention to relations with science (updated position of the Church in Galileo , encyclical Fides et Ratio ), he launched the World Youth Days , published a new catechism in 1992 and intensifying the dialogue Inter. He asked forgiveness for errors committed by the Church in the history , through repentance of 1998 and the year 2000.

Bibliography on the history of the twentieth ^century

Age of Extremes (The Age of Extremes) is a book by the historian Eric Hobsbawm.
Twentieth Century. History Review is a journal of political and cultural history founded in 1984.

References

also Jesuit and paleontologist

Portals of the twentieth ^century
Early twentieth ^century a ^World War Between the two world wars ² nd World War The 1950 The 1960 The 1970 The 1980 The 1990 XXI ^century

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