Welsh
Welsh is a language group of the Celtic island of the family of Indo-European , near the Cornish and Breton , with whom he formed the branch known as Brythonic Celtic languages. Spoken mainly in Wales , but also in England and Argentina , the Welsh language Celtic now has the largest number of speakers. The language uses to designate itself the term Cymraeg, hence its former name or alternative Cymric cymrique French, whose origin is the Celtic word meaning or compatriots (see also Cambria ). Not to be confused with Kimris also used the name of Cimbri and Cimmerians. Welsh is a person who speaks Welsh.
Summary |
Classification and varieties
Welsh form with Breton and Cornish branch Brythonic of Celtic languages , which include the Gaelic languages ( Irish , Scottish and Manx ) as well as continental Celtic languages extinct. In Brythonic languages, Breton and Cornish are closer together than each is to the Welsh. The group once included a fourth member, the Cambrian , off the Middle Ages and is known by only a few glosses.
Welsh has various varieties , but the dialects are less differentiated than those of Breton. The largest division separates the northern Welsh than the south, on the basis of some facts of pronunciation, lexical differences and specific phrases.
There is also a strong distinction of language register between the current Welsh (Cymraeg llafar) and literary Welsh (Cymraeg llenyddol) - both existing together in writing. Compared to the former states of the tongue, it is much more conservative in its syntax and morphology clearly synthetic , while the Welsh current developed in a more analytical. The vocabulary is different, the Welsh literary preserving many words out of current use, while current Welsh has many borrowings from English (more or less acceptable). Today, apart from artistic contexts, the Welsh language was based mainly on the current language.
Current status of the language
Geographic distribution
Welsh is used in Britain , mostly in Wales but also in England. In Wales, it is practiced by about 611 000 people, more than 22% of the population in some regions, mainly in North and West, over 60% of the population speaks Welsh. There are approximately 150,000 Welsh speakers in England, both due to migration towards industrial centers as English because of the existence of indigenous communities-speakers, sometimes as long as the majority Oswestry , town bordering Monaco (where weekly Y Cymro - Welsh - has long been published).
There is also a small community of Welsh in Argentina , a legacy of a Welsh settlement in the nineteenth century in the valley of the Rio Chubut , particularly in Trelew and Puerto Madryn in Patagonia.
Official status
Deddf Iaith Gymraeg since (Welsh Language Act) in 1993 , the Welsh grew up in institutions: the authorities must be able to offer their services in both languages.
The bilingual road signs is standardized in Wales, and Welsh is recognized as a regional language according to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.
Education
In education, Welsh has a remarkable place, with 20% of children in Wales are educated in Welsh first language and that the study is compulsory until sixteen years for all schoolchildren. Logical consequence, it is in the age groups younger than you find most Welsh.
Literature
That Welsh poetry that remains as close to the heart of Welsh ever since the Middle Ages. At the National Eisteddfod (Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Cymru), a great annual competition, a festival of language and showcase of Welsh culture, the poet's winning the grand prize that is awarded the throne bardic. Stringent forms of poetry require Welsh alliteration formal heart worms, called cynghanedd principle.
One of Wales' most famous Western literature is the Mabinogion (a word clearly derived from Welsh "son"), a collection of stories related to Celtic mythology.
Media
There is a national radio in Wales: Radio Cymru, which broadcasts on FM and online. There are also many regional chains.
There is also a television in Welsh: Sianel Pedwar Cymru (Wales four string in translation of logogram S4C). Its most popular show is a soap-river that has lasted more than 20 years: Pobol y Cwm (People of the valley).
It is regrettable that the image of Welsh in the media a little too closely associated with the campaign and the past while now, and probably increasingly, Welsh and will be is a young city.
Pronunciation and Writing
Accent tonic
The Welsh language is a main stress , which usually strikes the penultimate syllable of polysyllabic words and monosyllabic single syllable of lexical. However, there are a number of polysyllabic words accented on the last syllable - including the very name of the language, Cymraeg. Welsh familiar tends to eliminate the initial vowels unaccented in pronunciation ( apheresis ) , .
Consonants
Welsh has the consonants following transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet , the graphemes corresponding to the Welsh alphabet below in bold.
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bilabial | labiodental | labio-velar | Central | side | ||||||
| Occlusive | p w b b | t t d d | k c g g | |||||||
| Nasal | m mh m m | n nh n n | NGH ng | |||||||
| Affricate | ( ) tsi, tsh, nts ( ) j | |||||||||
| Fricative | f f, ph v f | th dd | s s | ll | so, sh, s | x c. | h h | |||
| Pellets | r rh r r | |||||||||
| Spirant | w w | l l | j i | |||||||
Notes:
- When a box contains two signs, the first refers to a voiceless consonant and the second consonant sound relevant.
- Plosives and nasal deaf are made aspirated , and voiced stops tend to deafen herself at a word and after s in combinations sb and sg.
- Nasals deaf appear mainly as results of the mutation by nasalization of the voiceless.
- The sound appears before a vowel where it normally is written so: ex. Siarad "boutique" in the other positions, transcription sh used for loans or dialectal uses. Welsh South, s is hissing in in contact i: for example, set "month" or Sir "county" it pronounced and (cons and in the north ).
- Affricates and occur in words borrowed from English, the transcript is not entirely settled, and to replace some uses sound Vowels
Modern Welsh has six or seven monophthongs basic variable quantity , and numerous diphthongs. The amount of monophthongs is largely related to the environment and the phonetic emphasis, according to rules rather complex, but there are objections to swim in a few positions that differentiate certain words (eg, for "Car" / For " friend, parent, "your" wave "/" your "song"). The amount has an influence on the stamp: the long vowels are generally pronounced more closed than the short. John Morris-Jones described the early twentieth century three quantities (short, medium long, long), the following system :
- all unstressed vowels are short.
- in the final syllable, vowels are long when they are highlighted and followed by single consonants (the northern Welsh does not differentiate these diphthongs in final syllable). Further reductions are dialectal vowel system.
Spelling
Main article: Welsh alphabet.While conventions are sometimes surprising for a francophone, the spelling of Welsh rather accurately indicates the pronunciation. The main differences are:
- The are two possible values, in final syllables ("clear") and elsewhere ("dark") , stamp closest u French or Breton (but articulated further back).
- w i and note both vowels and turns, which can create ambiguity, especially in the group wy. Note that w is often Pobl "people" is pronounced .
- the ultimate f-often falls into the common pronunciation: tref "town" is pronounced then in the South.
- few grammatical words have irregular pronunciations.
Grammar
Main article: Welsh Grammar.Welsh grammar shares many traits in common with that of other Celtic languages island :
- a morphological type mainly inflectional patterns with analytical
- a morphophonology complex involving consonant mutations in initial and in-house ( lenition , nasalization , spirantisation more provection and aspiration internally only) and vowel alternations (for apophonie and metaphony ), using them for grammatical
- organization of the sentence type Verb-Subject-Object
- organization of the noun in the order determinant - name - adjective epithet or add name
- the involvement of particles in the verbal articulation of the sentence
- the important role played by a verbal noun expressing its object by possessive pronouns , involved in training many times periphrastic
- the existence of an impersonal form in specific conjugation
- the prepositions "coupled", that is to say, taking different forms depending on the person
- two parallel systems of grammatical number (relates Brythonic language-specific), pitting one part of singular and plural, second class and singulative
- a distinction of grammatical gender between male and female largely ensured by mutations distinguishing consonant
- a numerical system type vigesimal.
There are few grammatical differences between dialects of the North or South: details of morphology and some specific buildings, including one for "have". However, these differences are negligible compared to much more trenches that separate the current Welsh of Welsh literary
Text bilingual Welsh / English on a commemorative plaque. - the system changes the initial consonant is more strictly applied in Welsh literature, Welsh more fluid stream where some mutations disappear or are replaced by the more common of these, the lenition
- the verbal system is markedly different: the current Welsh has simplified the combination reduces the number of times , and some have changed in value, in parallel, the role of increased time periphrastic
- Welsh literature has a subjunctive that the current Welsh keeps only in idioms
- Welsh has developed a common periphrasis special prohibition, while the Welsh literary uses of the negation of the imperative. Eg literary Na chysgwch! Current Peidiwch ~ chysgy! / Peidiwch Cysgu! "Do not sleep! "
- Welsh literary uses particles at the beginning of a sentence to express the interrogation and negation , that Welsh elides current (while retaining the mutations that trigger consonant) in parallel, the current Welsh has developed a new particle of negation placed after the verb. Eg literary Ni ~ chysgaf current Chysga / i PMID Gysga "I will not sleep."
- Welsh literary employs the personal pronouns subjects to emphasize that while the current Welsh generally expressed. Eg literary Cysgaf current Cysga ~ i "I sleep"
- similarly, the current Welsh expresses personal pronouns after a preposition subjects combined, that does not Welsh literature. Eg literary arnaf ~ arna i know "about me"
- Current Welsh ignores some pronominal forms of archaic literary language.
Vocabulary
Elements of the lexicon
The fund's Welsh language is of Celtic origin, closely related to other Brythonic languages, more remote than the Gaelic language, is illustrated in the table below, which presents a series of related words in Welsh and Breton (Britton) and in Irish (Gaelic).
Despite the obvious relationship with the Breton, the separation between the two ancient languages has resulted in substantial differences even in the basic vocabulary: for example, in parts of the body, the Welsh words Trwyn, cluster, Llaw "nose, ear, hand "not found in Breton, which instead uses fri, skouarn, dorn. This word illustrates another type of divergence, the false friends , due to changes in direction different from cognates: Welsh knows dwrn indeed the word but the sense of "fist grip".
Welsh shares with other languages Brythonic a set number of loanwords in old Latin. This includes many common words in the vocabulary past the time of Roman Britain , for example. wall "wall" (from murus) ffenestr "window (fenestra), deck" bridge "(pons, genitive pontis) fynnon "fountain, spring" (Fontana) cannwyll "candle" (candle), ffrwyth "fruit" (fructus), ffa "bean (faba), pysgod" fish "(pisctum), Gwin 'wine' (vinum) caws "cheese" (caseum) llaeth "milk" (Lake, genitive lactis) carchar "prison" (TARC) Saeth "arrow (sagitta), perygl" danger "(periculum) parod Ready (paratus). Others take a more bookish, to be compared with the significant role of Latin in education at Middle Age : Llyfr "book" (released), llythyr 'letter' (littera) gramadeg "grammar" ( grammatica), erthygl "article" (articulum) ysgrifennu "write" (scribere) dysgu "learn" (discere). Similarly, the religious vocabulary is of course Latin: Eglwys "church" (Ecclesia) Mynach "Monk" (monachus) pregeth "sermon, preached" (praedicatio) pechod 'sin' (peccatum) uffern "hell (infernus ). The meaning of certain words could change significantly: thus mynwent of monumentality "monuments" means "cemetery" and swydd of sedes "seat" has meaning for today "post, office, employment."
Later, Welsh has borrowed words in different languages of the British Isles as the Old Irish ( Welsh cnocc cnwc "hump, ema Welsh drws" gate "), the Old Norse ( Welsh garr gardd "Garden," Earl Welsh iarll "Earl, Earl "), but above all the English , whose influence has been constant since the Anglo-Saxon conquest of England , to which Welsh has borrowed and continues to borrow a considerable number of words.
Sign with two borrowings from English: lifft "lift" and platfform "dock" and a layer: Ffordd allan "exit". The earliest borrowings from English back in the early days of the presence Anglo-Saxon , as evidenced by certain words that preserve characteristic forms of Old English : ex. Cusan "kiss" (Old English cyssan modern kiss) crefft "business" (will crft, modern craft), Betws "chapel" (will bdhs). The loans cover all subjects and all records, many are obvious, although writing the mask somewhat systematically by applying the conventions of the Welsh spelling. However, they often suffer alterations by lexicalizing that may relate to their pronunciation (eg cwpwrdd "closet" and cupboard; SIACED "jacket" and jacket) or sense (eg tocyn "ticket", which has token the more general sense of "brand"; smwddio "board (a garment)," smoothie, which means "smooth").
In spoken language, borrowings from English can be done piecemeal, without being lexicalized: it is a form of alternation of linguistic code. Written language tends towards more purist and tries to avoid too anglicisms lights in various ways:
- of layers , which are to resume foreign structure with local elements: ex. Rhan "share" + amser "time" Rhan amser "part time" (cf. English part-time); pel "ball, ball" + troed "foot" peldroed "football" arch-"super" + marchnad "market" archfarchnad "supermarket"
- of neologisms : ex. cyfrifiadur "computer" and cyfrif "count"; cymdeithaseg "sociology" of Cymdeithas "Company"; peiriannydd "engineer" of peiriant "machine"
- by simply giving loans Welsh form: ex. bywgraffiad "biography" (based BYW "living"); teledu "television"; twristiaeth "tourism" (with the suffix-Aeth abstract).
Word formation
The processes of word formation are comparable to those of French and other European languages:
- conversion : a word changes its nature without changing shape, comprising mostly of substantivation adjectives and verbs (eg Drwg "bad" y Drwg "evil" gwyrdd green y gwyrdd 'green "dechrau 'Start' y dechrau" the beginning ")
- derivation by affixes : suffixes (eg Yasha "healthy, well-wearing" iechyd "health," Dyn "man" Dynol "human" cwsg "sleep" Cysgu "sleep") or prefixes (calon "heart" digalon "discouraged" pwys "weight" gwrthpwys "counterweight" lladd "kill" ymladd "fight")
Sample phrase with name and epithets: man 'place' + Cadw "keep" + troliau 'carts' =' filing carts " - composition : compound words are fairly common. It is customary in Welsh grammar to distinguish specific compounds, built to order determinant + determined, usually with sound shift to the initial of the second element (eg dwr "water" + ci "dog" dwrgi "otter" , Llyfr "book" + cell "firm" llyfrgell 'library' uchel 'high' + gwr "man, husband" uchelwr "noble gentleman"), and compounds unfit in the usual syntactical order determining and determined + without mutation, which are in fact simple phrases condensed into one word (eg gwr "man, husband" + cath "cat" gwrcath "tomcat" pen "head end" + shooting "earth ground" Carpenter "promontory"). The compounds are particularly unsuitable represented in the names of places: Aberystwyth "mouth of the Ystwyth " Cwmtwrch "valley of the boar, Pentraeth "end of the beach."
Welsh also creates many lexical phrases on the model name + epithet. Examples: Ty Bach "toilet" (ty 'house' + bach 'small'), safle bws "bus stop" (safle "position, station, position" + bws "bus"), peiriant golchi llestri "dishwasher" (peiriant "machine" + golchi "wash" llestri + Variations dialectal
Besides differences in pronunciation mentioned above, there are a number of lexical differences in vocabulary between Welsh dialects. The table below gives some typical examples of differences between North and South.
Meaning North Wales South Wales grandfather Taid tad-cu grandmother dwarf mam-gu Women dynes benyw milk llefrith llaeth table bwrdd edge outside allan i maes now Rwandan Nawras want eisiau monk resemble edrych yn debyg disgwyl yn debyg it o, fo e fe with gan, efo Gyda I have a car. Mae gen i gar. Mae car 'da fi. Sometimes it is about differences in the semantic extension of certain words and the South Wales employs merch for "girl (as opposed to son)" and "girl (as opposed to boys), while the Welsh North Gnthique in the latter sense, and conversely, the North Wales employs agoriad "opening" within the meaning of "key" while South Wales has the word for that specific tific allwedd.
Examples
Word Translation Standard pronunciation in the IPA Breton equivalent (S) / (N) Douar sky awyr, wybr (S) / (N) (S) / (N) oabl water dwr dour fire Tan tan man dyn GWR (S) / (N) den, gur Women menyw, gwraig (S) / (N) Maou gwreg Dining bwyta (S) / (N) debri drink yfed evet, Evan great mawr murderous, arms small Bach Bychan bihan night our noz day Dydd (S) / (N) deiz - Bore da Hello (morning)
- Da boch chi (north), Hwyl (south) Goodbye
- Os gwelwch yn dda Please
- Diolch Thanks
- Iechyd da! To your health!
- Siwmae? Are you okay?
- Da iawn, diolch. Very well, thank you.
- Cymru Wales
Notes
References
- Ball & Fife 2002 , p. 302
- pronunciation of south north would rather Bibliography
: Source used for this article - (In) Martin J. Ball (ed.), James Fife (ed.), The Celtic Languages, Routledge, coll. "Routledge Language Family Descriptions", London, New York, 2002 (reprint 2005), paperback, XI-682 p. ( ISBN 0-415-28080-X ), chap. 7 & 12 ("The Sociolinguistics of Welsh & Welsh "), p. 289-348 & 536-605. Synthetic work on the Celtic languages in general.
- (In) Gareth King, Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar, Routledge, coll. "Routledge grammars", London, 1993 (reprint 1996), paperback, VIII-340 p. ( ISBN 0-415-09269-8 ). Grammar use of Welsh contemporary trend.
- (In) David A. Thorne, A comprehensive Welsh grammar = Gramadeg Cymraeg cynhwysfawr, Blackwell, al. "Blackwell Reference Grammar", Oxford, 1993, hardcover, X-491 p. ( ISBN 0-631-16407-3 ). Detailed grammar based on the literary language, with insights into the current language.
- (In) Stephen J. Williams, A Welsh grammar, University of Wales Press, Cardiff, 1991, paperback, XI-184 p. ( ISBN 0-7083-0737-X ). Grammar use of literary language.
- (In) Kenneth H. Jackson , Language and History in Early Britain: a chronological survey of the languages Brittonic 1st to 12th c. A. D, Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2000, XXVI-752 p. ( ISBN 1-85182-140-6 ). Brythonic languages and history of historical phonetics of Old and Middle Welsh.
- (In) John Morris-Jones, A Welsh grammar, historical and comparative. Phonology and Accident, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1955, XXVIII-478 p. History of Welsh grammar (phonology and morphology).
- Alain Rouveret, Syntax of Welsh: general principles and typology, CNRS Editions, coll. "Language Sciences", Paris, 1994, paperback, 460 p. ( ISBN 2-271-05216-5 ). Typological approach of Welsh among SVO languages, with a view generative.
Related articles
- (In) Martin J. Ball (ed.), James Fife (ed.), The Celtic Languages, Routledge, coll. "Routledge Language Family Descriptions", London, New York, 2002 (reprint 2005), paperback, XI-682 p. ( ISBN 0-415-28080-X ), chap. 7 & 12 ("The Sociolinguistics of Welsh & Welsh "), p. 289-348 & 536-605.
- Language
- Brythonic languages:
- Welsh literature Celtic
- English Welsh
- Wales
External Links
Visit in Welsh.- (Cy) (en) Prifysgol Cymru Geiriadur Historical Dictionary of the Welsh language at the University of Wales.
- (Cy) (en) Geiriadur ar-lein Online Dictionary classic.
- (Cy) (en) Geiriadur sylfaenol Dictionary fundamental] Welsh-French vocabulary base.
- (Cy) (fr) Cymraeg Welsh Lexicon thematic vocabulary.
- (En) A list of resources on language portal Lexilogos.
- (Fr) Presentation of the language and list of resources on the Omniglot site.
- (In) Gwybodiadur - A Welsh Informationary Resource Directory on the Welsh language.
- (Cy) (en) Uwchefrydiau Cymreig Canolfan Prifysgol Cymru has Cheltaidd - University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies Centre for Welsh and Celtic Studies, University of Wales.
Leave a Reply
Frequently Asked Questions
- who is better Shania Twain or Lady Gaga?" shania and I prefer you guys a href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAASnrtFhttpanswersyahoocomquestionindex..."
- According to the Bible, Jesus was a historic gay?"a href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAArCNhttpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAArCNa..."
- keygen.exe for the sims 3 AROUND THE WORLD?" is to expand AROUND THE WORLD a href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAAbcrhttpanswersyahoocomquestionindex..."
- Can you see a baby bump at 12 weeks?"This girl at my school Im shes is pregnant She has already been pregnant once before I dont agree with it however thats not my question..."
- who is bigger or crb csa of Alagoas?" If you mean ta ASA instead of CSA ASA undoubtedly the champion Alagoas a href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAAdBAz..."
- My Best Friend From High School Isn'T Really Doing Anything With Her Life. Does This Mean Our Friendships Over?"My best friend from high school isnt really doing anything with her life Does this mean our friendships overa href httpanswersy..."
- ¿porqe a los hombres les gustan mas las chikas de ojos de color?" always describe his ideal woman with eyes the color porqe a href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAAyYKechttpans..."
- Mengapa slalu aku yg mengalah, tak pernahkah kau berfikir sedikit tentang hatiku T_T?" om do not cry here dong TT a href httpanswersyahoocomquestionindexqidAArqqIhttpanswersyahoocomquestioninde..."
- Best places to get married if it's just you and the groom?"It will be just me and my fiance that will be at the ceremony and we need some help finding destinations without feeling awkward that its just us tw..."
- Are you proud of Obama?"for invading a sovereign nation to act unilaterally on intelligence from interrogations from secret prisonsa href httpanswersyahoocomquesti..."
- Is it ok for a 16 year old guy to have a shirtless picture taken of him?"Like legality wise I was at a pool party but you cant see my friends trunks too well that not child porn righta href httpanswersyahoocomq..."
- looking for a song on this basis?" was thrown into ace fm maxima do not know how but all the versions that I can say is that this brings the base and a guy sings but it is not eminem ..."
(1 votes, average: 4.00 out of 5, rated)
Loading ...