• Zambia is rich in prehistoric remains, such as the skull of Homo rhodesiensis would have between 100,000 and 300,000 years discovered in 1921 in Broken Hill, in a mine zinc in the town of Kabwe , Switzerland by Tom Zwiglaar.
• The first inhabitants of Zambia were Bushmen living hunting and gathering.
• From the ^fourth century many peoples of Bantu-speaking chiefdoms settle and form, a kind of autonomous principalities, private property is not known and the land is still cultivated in the community. Populations barterers however Ethnically croslets adopt different weights of copper as money from the ^ninth century.
• v 1700: The Bemba, related to Arab slave, founded an empire on an area from the Congo to the current Lake Tanganyika. They participate in the slave trade primarily for the benefit of the Sultans of Zanzibar.
• In 1838 - 1,864 : Protectorate temporary Kololo on Lozi (related to Sotho).
• 1890 : Lewanika, king of the Lozi, the top-Zambezi place under the protection of the British South African Company ( BSAC ) of Cecil Rhodes.
• 1891 : The territory, briefly called the northern Zambezia is administered by the British South African Company ( BSAC ) of Cecil Rhodes eliminating the slave trade. The Bemba briefly opposed to BSAC.
• 1898 - one thousand eight hundred and ninety-nine : Organization of the administration of Rhodesia's north-east (later Malawi ) and north-west.
• 1911 : Constitution and final settlement of the frontiers of Rhodesia Northern administered the BSAC.
• In the 1920's and 1930 Americans discovered major mineral deposits, mining activities promotes regional development and immigration.
• 1923 , Northern Rhodesia became a British protectorate under the control of the British Colonial Office, while Southern Rhodesia became a colony independently.
• 1948 : Establishment of the first African political party from Northern Rhodesia, then a segregationist state.
• 1951 : Establishment of "African National Congress (ANC) of Northern Rhodesia led by Harry Nkumbula
• 1953 , both Rhodesia and Nyasaland are incorporated in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
• 1955 : Roy WELENSKY , a white member of Northern Rhodesia became prime minister of the federation.
• 1958 : Foundation of the National Unity Party for the Independence (UNIP), a division of the ANC, hostile to the federation.
• 1962 : The ANC wins the elections Nkumbula in Northern Rhodesia and allied himself with UNIP of Kenneth Kaunda.
• 1963 : Dissolution of the Federation, could not overcome the racial and nationalistic antagonism between whites and blacks.
• 1964 :
  • January: The general elections are largely won by UNIP (50 members) relegating the 10 elected Nkumbula in opposition with 10 members white.
  • October 24 : Independence of Northern Rhodesia under the name of Zambia. Government led by the United National Independence Party or UNIP (United National Party for the Independence) of Kenneth Kaunda , president of the republic.
• 1971 : The constitution is amended. Adoption of the principle of participatory democracy one party.
• In the 1970s, Zambia has a rear base of the liberation movements and guerrilla warfare in Southern Rhodesia, in Namibia and South Africa
• In the 1980s , the economy falters and 1990 are marked by falling prices of copper and droughts.
• 1991 : First political change : UNIP of Kenneth Kaunda was defeated by the Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD (Movement for Multiparty Democracy) by Frederick Chiluba.
• 1996 : Progress of the opposition parties during elections.
• 2001 : According to the constitution after two terms, Chiluba was replaced in December 2001 and Levy Mwanawasa , who spearheaded the MMD was elected president.
• 2008 : Rupiah Banda in October 2008 became the 4th president of Zambia, following the death of Levy Mwanawasa in August 2008.

Politics

Zambia is a republic parliamentary. The right to vote is granted to all citizens over 18 years. The law is based on the British system. Legislative power is vested in a single chamber composed of 150 seats renewed every 5 years.

Presidents of the Republic

• In 1964 - in 1991 : Kenneth Kaunda
• One thousand nine hundred ninety-one - in 2002 : Frederick Chiluba
• 2 002 - 2 008 : Levy Mwanawasa (provided by the Acting Vice-President Rupiah Banda )
• 2008 - ... : Rupiah Banda

Provinces

Subdivisions of Zambia

The country is divided into 9 provinces (the provincial capitals are noted in parentheses):

1. Central Province ( Kabwe )
2. Copperbelt Province ( Ndola )
3. Eastern Province ( Chipata )
4. Luapula Province ( Mansa )
5. Lusaka Province ( Lusaka )
6. Northern Province ( Kasama )
7. Northern Province North ( Solwezi )
8. Southern Province ( Livingstone )
9. Western Province ( Mongu )

Geography

Surrounded by Angola , the Democratic Republic of Congo , the Malawi , the Mozambique , the Namibia , the Tanzania and Zimbabwe , Zambia occupies an area of 752,614 sq. km. The crescent-shaped country is a kind of border Central Africa, Southern and Eastern Africa. The natural landscape is hills, highlands and jungle. Rivers like the Zambezi and the Kafue traced valleys in the landscape. The country also has many lakes (Bangwelu, Mweru, Tanganyika, Kariba).

Zambia's climate is tropical , though more moderate altitude. The rainy season begins in October and ends in April. The main river is the Zambezi , whose dam Kariba provides the country in hydropower.

Natural resources are the copper , the cobalt , the zinc , the lead , the coal , and emeralds , the gold , the silver and uranium. Yet the economy remains primarily agricultural.

Some towns of Zambia: Lusaka , the capital, Kitwe , Livingstone , Kabwe , Kasumbalesa and Ndola.

Economy

Victoria Falls (Victoria Falls)

Zambia's economy depends on agriculture, mining copper and cobalt , and on tourism.

Zambia produces corn . The government is trying to develop export agriculture with peanuts and tobacco. Zambia is a major exporter of copper and cobalt. However, deposits are more inaccessible and less wealthy. Zambia has the largest African National Parks (subject to Kafue) in the hands of private owners and most impressive waterfalls in Africa, the Victoria Falls.

The school has made considerable progress since independence in 1964. In 1997 , 82% of children aged 6 to 12 years were enrolled, but this percentage drops to 28% for every 12 to 18 years and the rate of university education is even lower, so a company that manages to give an education base to ground but that's hard to form an elite.

On ¹ January 2007, Zambian President Levy Mwanawasa has rejected guidelines Monetary Fund (IMF) to introduce new taxes in 2007 in his country, one of the poorest in southern Africa.

Tourism

The country opened to tourism in the year 1990. The area has many national parks such as the South Luangwa, the plain Liuva, the Kafue or Isangavo. Tourists also come to admire the waterfalls (Kasanga Falls, Falls Cahvuma, Ngambwe Rapids Wonder Gorge, Victoria Falls ). The Livingstone Memorial is one of the few monuments in the country.

Demographics

Demographic changes between 1961 and 2003 (figure in FAO , 2005 ). Population in thousands.

Zambia has a population of about 10 million inhabitants (2001 census). The urbanization rate is 43% of the total population. The literacy rate reached 75% ( 2005 ), and 73% of the population lives below the poverty line. The country's external debt is 6.5 billion.

Education

Zambia is a country without compulsory schooling. A significant minority of the population is illiterate. The majority of illiterates are women.

Health

The life expectancy was 40 years in 2004 . There were 12 doctors per 100 000 people . AIDS is of high importance .

Culture

International Codes

Zambia has the code:

• FL , according to the list of prefixes ICAO airport codes ,
• Z , according to the list of international codes of plates ,
• ZA , according to the list of country codes used by NATO , alpha-2 code,
• ZAM , according to the list of country codes IOC ,
• ZM , according to the standard ISO 3166-1 (list of country codes), code alpha-2
• . Zm , as the codes of Internet domains,
• ZMB , according to the standard ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 (list of country codes)
• ZMB , according to the list of country codes used by NATO , alpha-3,

See also

Bibliography

• Jean-Pascal Daloz and John D. Chileshe, contemporary Zambia, Karthala, Paris, 1996, 382 p. ( ISBN 9782865376582 )

External link

Zambia class directory dmoz

References

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